An international multidisciplinary consensus on pediatric metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease.

BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly prevalent in children and adolescents, particularly those with obesity. NAFLD is considered a hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome due to its close associations with abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Experts have proposed an alternative terminology, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), to better reflect its pathophysiology. This study aimed to develop consensus statements and recommendations for pediatric MAFLD through collaboration among international experts. METHODS: A group of 65 experts from 35 countries and six continents, including pediatricians, hepatologists, and endocrinologists, participated in a consensus development process. The process encompassed various aspects of pediatric MAFLD, including epidemiology, mechanisms, screening, and management. FINDINGS: In round 1, we received 65 surveys from 35 countries and analyzed these results, which informed us that 73.3% of respondents agreed with 20 draft statements while 23.8% agreed somewhat. The mean percentage of agreement or somewhat agreement increased to 80.85% and 15.75%, respectively, in round 2. The final statements covered a wide range of topics related to epidemiology, pathophysiology, and strategies for screening and managing pediatric MAFLD. CONCLUSIONS: The consensus statements and recommendations developed by an international expert panel serve to optimize clinical outcomes and improve the quality of life for children and adolescents with MAFLD. These findings emphasize the need for standardized approaches in diagnosing and treating pediatric MAFLD. FUNDING: This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82070588, 82370577), the National Key R&D Program of China (2023YFA1800801), National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding (2022-PUMCH-C-014), the Wuxi Taihu Talent Plan (DJTD202106), and the Medical Key Discipline Program of Wuxi Health Commission (ZDXK2021007).

Incretin effect determines glucose trajectory and insulin sensitivity in youths with obesity.

In youths with obesity, the gut hormone potentiation of insulin secretion - the incretin effect - is blunted. We explored the longitudinal impact of the incretin effect during pubertal transition on ß cell function and insulin sensitivity. Youths with obesity and 2-hour glucose level ≥ 120 mg/dL underwent a 3-hour oral glucose-tolerance test (OGTT) and an isoglycemic i.v. glucose infusion to quantify the incretin effect. After 2 years, 30 of 39 participants had a repeated OGTT and were stratified into 3 tertiles according to the baseline incretin effect. The high-incretin effect group demonstrated a longitudinal increase in ß cell function (disposition index, minimal model [DIMM]), with greater insulin sensitivity at follow-up and stable insulin secretion (φtotal). A lower incretin effect at baseline was associated with higher 1-hour and 2-hour glucose level at follow-up. The high-incretin effect group displayed a greater increase of GLP-17-36 than the moderate- and low-incretin group at baseline, while such a difference did not persist after 2 years. Glucagon suppression was reduced at follow-up in those with low-baseline incretin in respect to the high-incretin group. The incretin effect during pubertal transition affected the longitudinal trajectory of ß cell function and weight in youths with obesity.

Trabecular Bone Score Preceding and during a 2-Year Follow-Up after Sleeve Gastrectomy: Pitfalls and New Insights.

Bariatric surgery (BS) can have negative effects on bone health. Bone microarchitecture quality evaluation using the trabecular bone score (TBS) has not been described in patients after sleeve gastrectomy (SG). To test the hypothesis that the TBS is clinically useful for this population, we evaluated changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and the TBS in a longitudinal cohort study following SG. The measurements before surgery and after 12 and 24 postoperative months were as follows: weight, height, BMI, waist circumference (WC), BMD and TBS. The results at baseline showed the following: a mean BMI of 43 ± 0.56, TBS of 1.25 ± 0.02, lumbar spine BMD T-score of -0.4 ± 0.93, TBS T-score of -2.30 ± 0.21, significantly lower than BMD-T-score, and associated with a BMD-T-TBS-T gap (T-gap) of -2.05 ± 1.26 (-0.24 ± 0.13). One year after surgery, the TBS had significantly improved (+12.12% ± 1.5), leading to a T-gap of -0.296 ± 0.14, which remained stable at 2 years post-surgery. A correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between the T-gap and WC (r = -0.43 p = 0.004). Our interpretation is that abdominal fat may interfere with image acquisition via increased tissue thickness, leading to a false low TBS at baseline. In conclusion, TBS should be interpreted with caution in patients with obesity and elevated WC. Additionally, we show that after SG, the LS microarchitecture measured using the TBS is partially degraded in up to 25% of patients. Further studies are warranted to assess hip bone microarchitecture changes after bariatric surgery.

Adipose Tissue Insulin Resistance Is Not Associated With Changes in the Degree of Obesity in Children and Adolescents.

CONTEXT: The "carbohydrate-insulin model" claims that adipose tissue insulin sensitivity explains development of obesity via adipocyte energy storage and/or low postprandial metabolic fuel levels. OBJECTIVE: We tested whether adipose tissue insulin sensitivity predicts changes in the degree of obesity over time. METHODS: This secondary analysis of an observational study of youth with obesity included 213 youths at a pediatric weight management clinic. Adipose tissue insulin sensitivity/resistance and whole-body insulin sensitivity were evaluated using oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)-derived surrogates in the face of changes in the degree of obesity over time. The main outcome measure was change in body mass index (BMI) z score. RESULTS: Mean BMI z change was 0.05 ± 0.28 (range, -1.15 to 1.19), representing a broad distribution of changes in the degree of obesity over a follow-up period of 1.88 ± 1.27 years. Adipose tissue insulin resistance was not associated with changes in the degree of obesity in univariate or multivariate analyses (adjusted for baseline age, BMI z score, sex, ethnicity, and time of follow-up). Low postprandial free fatty acid concentrations or their suppression during the OGTT were not associated with changes in the degree of obesity in univariate or multivariate analyses. Whole-body insulin sensitivity was not associated with changes in the degree of obesity in univariate or multivariate analyses. CONCLUSION: In this secondary analysis, in youth with obesity, adipose tissue insulin resistance is not protective from increases of the degree of obesity and skeletal muscle insulin resistance is not associated with increases of the degree of obesity.The analysis was performed using data derived from NCT00000112 and NCT00536250.

Food-seeking behavior is triggered by skin ultraviolet exposure in males.

Sexual dimorphisms are responsible for profound metabolic differences in health and behavior. Whether males and females react differently to environmental cues, such as solar ultraviolet (UV) exposure, is unknown. Here we show that solar exposure induces food-seeking behavior, food intake, and food-seeking behavior and food intake in men, but not in women, through epidemiological evidence of approximately 3,000 individuals throughout the year. In mice, UVB exposure leads to increased food-seeking behavior, food intake and weight gain, with a sexual dimorphism towards males. In both mice and human males, increased appetite is correlated with elevated levels of circulating ghrelin. Specifically, UVB irradiation leads to p53 transcriptional activation of ghrelin in skin adipocytes, while a conditional p53-knockout in mice abolishes UVB-induced ghrelin expression and food-seeking behavior. In females, estrogen interferes with the p53-chromatin interaction on the ghrelin promoter, thus blocking ghrelin and food-seeking behavior in response to UVB exposure. These results identify the skin as a major mediator of energy homeostasis and may lead to therapeutic opportunities for sex-based treatments of endocrine-related diseases.

The Relationships of Fibrinogen and C-Reactive Protein With Gait Performance: A 20-Year Longitudinal Study.

Background: Gait speed, a central marker of aging, has been linked to various health outcomes, such as cognitive and physical functions in middle-aged adults. Although long-term systemic low-grade inflammation is considered a mechanism underlying a variety of aging-related risk factors, the longitudinal associations between inflammation markers and gait speed are yet to be fully investigated. Objective: To explore the associations of CRP and fibrinogen levels, measured two decades ago, with gait speed among community dwelling adults, considering the contribution of cardio-metabolic factors and cognition. Methods: Study participants took part in two phases of the of the "Kibbutzim Family Study" (i.e., Phase II, 1999-2000 and Phase III, 2017-2019). Blood samples collected in Phase II (baseline) were used to determine level of inflammatory markers. Gait speed was assessed under single-task (ST) and dual-task (DT) conditions in Phase III. Demographic, anthropometric and clinical data were collected in both phases. Linear regression models were used to assess the adjusted associations of inflammation and gait speed. Results: A total of 373 individuals aged 34-99 (mean 64 ± 13 years) in Phase III were included in the study. Gait speed under ST was negatively associated with baseline levels of fibrinogen (b per standard deviation (SD) = -0.053, p = 0.0007) and CRP (b per SD = -0.043, p = 0.010), after adjusting for baseline and concurrent cardiometabolic risk factors. Accounting for executive functions, associations of fibrinogen with gait under ST were somewhat attenuated, yet associations remained statistically significant (p < 0.05). Associations with CRP were attenuated to the null. In contrast, there were no associations between inflammation markers and gait under DT. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that in a sample including younger to older adults, higher systemic inflammatory activity was linked with gait 20 years later, beyond age and cardiometabolic health, and to a certain extent, beyond executive functions. Thus, systemic inflammation may serve as an early marker to identify individuals at risk for gait decline.

Youth-onset type 2 diabetes in Israel: A national cohort.

BACKGROUND: Prevalence of youth-onset type 2 diabetes (T2D) has increased worldwide, paralleling the rise in pediatric obesity. Occurrence and clinical manifestations vary regionally and demographically. OBJECTIVES: We assessed the incidence, and clinical and demographic manifestations of youth-onset T2D in Israel. METHODS: In a national observational study, demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected from the medical records of children and adolescents, aged 10-18 years, diagnosed with T2D between the years 2008 and 2019. RESULTS: The incidence of youth-onset T2D in Israel increased significantly from 0.63/100,000 in 2008 to 3.41/100,000 in 2019. The study cohort comprised 379 individuals (228 girls [59.7%], 221 Jews [58.3%], mean age 14.7 ± 1.9 years); 73.1% had a positive family history of T2D. Mean body mass index (BMI) z-score was 1.96 ± 0.7, higher in Jews than Arabs. High systolic (≥ 130 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (≥ 85 mmHg) were observed in 33.7% and 7.8% of patients, respectively; mean glycosylated hemoglobin (A1c) level at diagnosis was 8.8 ± 2.5%. Dyslipidemia, with high triglyceride (>150 mg/dl) and low HDL-c (<40 mg/dl) levels, was found in 45.6% and 56.5%, respectively. Microalbuminuria and retinopathy were documented at diagnosis, 15.2% and 1.9%, respectively) and increased (36.7% and 4.6%, respectively) at follow-up of 2.9 ± 2.1 years. Criteria of metabolic syndrome were met by 224 (62.2%) patients, and fatty liver documented in 65%, mainly Jews. Psychosocial comorbidity was found in 31%. Treatment with metformin (45.6%), insulin (20.6%), and lifestyle modification (18%) improved glycemic control. CONCLUSION: Youth-onset T2D in Israel has increased significantly and presents a unique profile.

Lack of Evidence for a Causal Role of Hyperinsulinemia in the Progression of Obesity in Children and Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study.

OBJECTIVE: The carbohydrate-insulin model (CIM) claims that chronic exposure to hyperinsulinemia induced by dietary carbohydrates explains development of obesity via direct effects of insulin and/or low postprandial metabolic fuel levels. We aimed at testing whether indices of hyperinsulinemia and postprandial glucose levels can predict increases in the degree of obesity over time. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Children and adolescents with obesity attending a pediatric obesity clinic performed oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) and received standard obesity management. Indices of hyperinsulinemia and insulin secretion were derived from the OGTT and evaluated in the face of changes in the degree of obesity over time. RESULTS: A total of 591 children (217 males and 374 females) participated, and the mean follow-up was 1.86 ± 1.29 years. OGTT-derived area under the curve of insulin, peak insulin, fasting insulin, the insulinogenic index, or insulin at 30 min were not associated with greater changes in the degree of obesity in univariate or multivariate analyses (adjusted for baseline age, BMI z score, sex, and ethnicity). Low postprandial glucose <75 mg/dL was not associated with greater changes in the degree of obesity in univariate or multivariate analyses. In a subsample of 104 participants with a follow-up >4 years, none of these parameters was associated with greater increases in the degree of obesity. CONCLUSIONS: In children and adolescents with obesity, exposure to hyperinsulinemia, greater insulin secretion, or low postprandial glucose is not associated with greater increases in the degree of obesity over 2-4 years. The CIM should be evaluated in children with lower BMI and for longer follow-up periods.

Changes in bone mineral density following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: 2-year outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence suggests that sleeve gastrectomy (SG) leads to significant bone mineral density (BMD) losses, but there is a paucity of studies evaluating skeletal consequences beyond 12-months post-operatively. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate BMD changes 2 years postoperatively. SETTING: A university hospital. METHODS: Thirty-three women (mean age: 34.4 ± 12.3 years) who underwent SG and completed 24 months of follow-up were evaluated prospectively at baseline and at 3 (M3), 6 (M6), 12 (M12), and 24 (M24) months postoperatively. Data collected included BMD at the total hip, femoral neck, and lumbar spine measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and anthropometrics, biochemical, nutritional, and physical activity parameters. RESULTS: At M24, patients achieved a mean body mass index and excess weight loss of 32.4 ± 5.1 kg/m2 and 64.5 ± 21.4%, respectively; however, weight stabilized at M12. Femoral neck BMD decreased significantly from baseline to M24 (.924 ± .124 versus .870 ± .129 g/cm2, P < .001), with no change between M12 and M24 (P = .273). Total hip BMD decreased significantly from baseline to M24 (1.004 ± .105 versus .965 ± .132 g/cm2, P < .001) but increased between M12 and M24 (P = .001). No significant changes were noted in lumbar spine BMD. The percentage of changes in the femoral neck and the total hip BMD from baseline to M24 positively correlated with postoperative excess weight loss (r = .352, P = .045, and r = .416, P = .018, respectively). CONCLUSION: Despite notable weight loss, women who underwent SG experienced significant bone loss at the total hip and femoral neck more than 2 years postoperatively. Future studies should investigate intervention strategies to attenuate skeletal deterioration after SG.

Relation of glomerular filtration to insulin resistance and related risk factors in obese children.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Childhood obesity is associated with later development of significant renal morbidity. We evaluated the impact of the degree of insulin sensitivity on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and determined the factors associated with eGFR in obese children. We further tested the relation of eGFR to clinical outcomes such as blood pressure and microalbuminuria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated the relation of whole body insulin sensitivity and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) across the spectrum of obesity in children and adolescents. eGFR was calculated using the iCARE formula, which has been validated in obese children with varying glucose tolerance. RESULTS: 1080 children and adolescents with overweight and obesity (701 females and 379 males) participated. Insulin sensitivity was a strongly negatively associated with (B = -2.72, p < 0.001) eGFR), even after adjustment for potential confounders. Male sex emerged to be significantly associated with eGFR with boys having greater values than girls (B = 18.82, p < 0.001). Age was a positively associated (B = 2.86, p < 0.001) with eGFR. Whole body and hepatic insulin sensitivity decreased across eGFR quartiles. Adjusted eGFR was tightly positively associated with systolic blood pressure (B = 0.09, p = 0.003) and negatively associated with the presence of microalbuminuria (B = -2.18, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: eGFR tends to increase with greater degrees of insulin resistance in children and adolescents representing hyperfiltration and is associated with cardiovascular risk factors. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine the natural history of childhood insulin resistance related hyperfiltration in regards to future kidney disease.

Bariatric Surgery in Adolescents with Obesity: Long-Term Perspectives and Potential Alternatives.

BACKGROUND: Severe obesity among adolescent shows a worrisome trend in regard to its increasing prevalence and poses a great challenge for treatment. Conservative measures have modest effects on weight loss, usually fail in achieving a sustainable weight loss and resolution of comorbidities. This has led to greater utilization of bariatric surgery (BS) that offers a fast reduction in body mass index with little perioperative complications. Despite the increasing utilization of BS, data are still insufficient, regarding their long-term outcome in adolescents. We review short- and long-term effects of BS and their implications on bone health and nutritional deficiencies in adolescents. In addition, we discuss possible pharmaceutical alternatives. SUMMARY: BS results in a substantial weight loss of roughly 37% in the first-year post-operation and is superior to conservative measures in resolution of metabolic comorbidities. BS significantly improves health-related quality of life. Longer follow-up (F/U) shows weight regain in 50% of patients. Furthermore, reduced bone mass and nutritional deficiencies were reported in up to 90% of patients. Most recently, alternative to BS became more relevant with approval of GLP-1 analogues use in adolescents. GLP-1 analogues are potent enough to induce moderate clinically meaningful weight loss and improvement of metabolic component. KEY MESSAGES: We conclude that obese adolescents without major obesity-related complications may benefit from pharmacological interventions with lifestyle modification. We advise considering BS as treatment approach in adolescents with severe obesity and major obesity-related complications with proper preoperative preparation and postoperative F/U in excellence centers.

Defining paediatric metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease: an international expert consensus statement.

The term non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and its definition, have limitations for both adults and children. The definition is most problematic for children, for whom alcohol consumption is usually not a concern. This problematic definition has prompted a consensus to rename and redefine adult NAFLD associated with metabolic dysregulation to metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Similarities, distinctions, and differences exist in the causes, natural history, and prognosis of fatty liver diseases in children compared with adults. In this Viewpoint we, an international panel, propose an overarching framework for paediatric fatty liver diseases and an age-appropriate MAFLD definition based on sex and age percentiles. The framework recognises the possibility of other coexisting systemic fatty liver diseases in children. The new MAFLD diagnostic criteria provide paediatricians with a conceptual scaffold for disease diagnosis, risk stratification, and improved clinical and multidisciplinary care, and they align with a definition that is valid across the lifespan.

Bariatric Surgery-Associated Myelopathy.

Bariatric surgery is gaining acceptance as an efficient treatment modality for adults and adolescents with morbid obesity. The early postbariatric period has the potential to induce an immunomodulatory imbalance due to the development or worsening of nutritional deficiencies, changes in hormonal balance (specifically after sleeve gastrectomy), and a shift in the proinflammatory cytokine profile along with a major change in the gut microbiome and permeability. These changes may induce encephalomyelitic T cell activity, change neural barrier permeability, and induce gut dysbioisis, favoring a proinflammatory metabolic profile. Such changes, in genetically prone individuals or those with additional risk factors, may lead to the development of myelopathy, particularly MS. Key Message: Postbariatric myelopathy is rare but should be considered in bariatric patients with relevant complaints in the postoperative period.

Expanding the spectrum of endocrinopathies identified in Schaaf-Yang syndrome - A case report and review of the literature.

Schaaf-Yang syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the paternal allele of the MAGEL2 gene. Developmental delay, feeding difficulties, joint contractures and a high prevalence of autism spectrum disorders are characteristic of the syndrome. Endocrine abnormalities include mostly various pituitary hormonal deficiencies, presenting as hypoglycemia in 48% of reported cases. Persistent hyperinsulinism was only described in two siblings and responded to diazoxide treatment. We describe a unique case of an infant with Schaaf-Yang syndrome that presented with persistent hyperinsulinism unresponsive to diazoxide. Furthermore, we conducted a literature review of the endocrine abnormalities described in MAGEL2 related disorders. The case presented expands the clinical phenotype of Schaaf-Yang syndrome and emphasizes the importance of endocrine follow-up in these patients. Further investigation into the role of MAGEL2 in the regulation of pancreatic beta-cell insulin secretion, will improve our understanding of the abnormalities in glucose regulation in this syndrome.

The impact of preoperative vitamin administration on skeletal status following sleeve gastrectomy in young and middle-aged women: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The appropriate strategies to minimize skeletal deterioration following bariatric surgeries are inconclusive. This randomized controlled trial evaluated the effect of preoperative vitamin supplementation on bone mineral density (BMD) and biochemical parameters in females post-sleeve gastrectomy (SG). METHODS: Participants were randomized to a 2-month preoperative treatment with a multivitamin and vitamin D 4000 IU/d (intervention arm) or 1200 IU/d (control arm). Preoperative and 12-month postoperative follow-up evaluations included anthropometrics, biochemical parameters, and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). RESULTS: Sixty-two females (median age 29.7 years and median BMI 43.4 kg/m2) were recruited, 87% completed the 12-month follow-up. For the intervention and control arms, significant and similar reductions at 12-months post-surgery were observed in BMD of the hip (-6.8 ± 3.7% vs. -6.0 ± 3.6%; P = 0.646) and of the femoral neck (-7.1 ± 5.8% vs. -7.2 ± 5.5%; P = 0.973). For the intervention compared to the control arm, the 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) increment was greater after 2 months treatment, and vitamin D deficiency rates were lower at 3 and 6-months follow-up (P < 0.016). However, at 12-months postoperative, 25(OH)D values and vitamin D deficiency were comparable between the arms (P > 0.339). Predictors for BMD decline in the total hip were the percentage of excess weight-loss, age>50 years, and lower initial BMI (P ≤ 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: SG was associated with a significant decline in BMD of the hip and femoral neck in young and middle-aged women, and was unaffected by preoperative vitamin D supplementation. Females who are peri-menopausal or with greater postoperative weight-loss should be particularly followed for BMD decline.

Endothelin-1 levels are decreased in pediatric Type 1 diabetes and negatively correlate with the carotid intima media thickness.

AIMS: Better understanding of the timeline and risk factors for the appearance of complications in pediatric Type-1-diabetes is key for developing prevention strategies. We studied endothelial markers and their determinants in adolescents with Type-1-diabetes at different time points from diagnosis. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 58 adolescents, mean age 15.0 ± 2.4 years; 20 with recent-onset Type-1-diabetes, 20 with over 7 years of Type-1-diabetes and 18 controls. Clinical and biochemical data were collected. Fingertip arterial reactive hyperemia (EndoPAT) and carotid intima-media-thickness (cIMT) were measured to assess endothelial function and structure. RESULTS: Compared to controls, individuals with prolonged Type-1-diabetes had higher mean cIMT (0.49 ± 0.07 mm vs. 0.43 ± 0.05 mm p = 0.021) and maximal cIMT (0.61 ± 0.08 mm 0.52 ± 0.08 mm, p = 0.025). Endothelin-1 levels were significantly lower in subjects with prolonged Type-1-diabetes (1.2 ± 1.0 pg/ml) compared to controls (3.0 ± 1.7, p = 0.008 pg/ml); they negatively correlated with the mean cIMT (c = - 0.291, p = 0.031) and mean 6 months hemoglobin A1c (c = - 0.301, p = 0.022) and positively correlated with mean c-peptide levels (c = 0.356, p = 0.006) and the weekly exercise time (c = 0.485, p < 0.001). Endothelin-1 levels did not correlate with EndoPAT results. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the early years after the diagnosis of Type-1-diabetes are an important window for prevention of arterial damage in the pediatric population. The trajectories of relationships of Endothelin-1 with metabolic and vascular measures were opposite from the anticipated, yet consistent. Endothelin-1 related indirectly to adverse measures and directly to favorable measures. Decreased Endothelin-1 levels might reflect early stages in endothelial impairment in Type-1-diabetes, yet its' exact role in the development of complications is yet to be unraveled.

Food Addiction and Binge Eating During One Year Following Sleeve Gastrectomy: Prevalence and Implications for Postoperative Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Food addiction and binge eating are common among individuals with obesity. However, a paucity of studies prospectively examined the prevalence and implications of food addiction before and post-bariatric surgery. We aimed to examine the prevalence of food addiction and binge eating before and after sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and to assess their associations with behavioral and weight loss outcomes. METHODS: We followed at 3 (M3), 6 (M6), and 12 (M12) months postoperative, 54 women who underwent SG. Data collected including anthropometrics, nutritional intake, food tolerance, and physical activity measures. The Yale Food Addiction Scale and the Binge Eating Scale were used to characterize food addiction and binge eating, respectively. RESULTS: The mean baseline age and BMI were 32.1 ± 11.1 years and 44.9 ± 4.9 kg/m2, respectively. Pre-surgery, food addiction, and binge eating were identified in 40.7% and 48.1% of patients, respectively. The prevalence of food addiction decreased significantly up to M6, but increased to 29.3% at M12. The prevalence of binge eating decreased significantly through the follow-up up to 17.4% at M12. Those who met criteria for food addiction at M12 achieved significantly lower excess weight loss at M12 compared with those not meeting this criterion (P = 0.005). Food addiction scores at M12 negatively correlated with weekly physical activity (r = - 0.559; P < 0.001) and food tolerance scores (r = - 0.428; P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The reduction in food addiction observed at M6 was not maintained at M12. Food addiction at M12 was associated with poorer weight loss, eating, and lifestyle behaviors. Clinical practice should focus on the psychological aspects associated with obesity.

Childhood obesity and the associated rise in cardiometabolic complications.

Childhood obesity is one of the most serious global public-health challenges of the twenty-first century. Over the past four decades, the number of children and adolescents with obesity has risen more than tenfold. Worldwide, an increasing number of youth are facing greater exposure to obesity throughout their lives, and this increase will contribute to the early development of type 2 diabetes, fatty liver and cardiovascular complications. Herein, we provide a brief overview of trends in the global shifts in, and environmental and genetic determinants of, childhood obesity. We then discuss recent progress in the elucidation of the central role of insulin resistance, the key element linking obesity and cardiovascular-risk-factor clustering, and the potential mechanisms through which ectopic lipid accumulation leads to insulin resistance and its associated cardiometabolic complications in obese adolescents. In the absence of effective prevention and intervention programs, childhood obesity will have severe public-health consequences for decades to come.