Mobilização precoce no paciente pediátrico criticamente enfermo: conhecimento e percepção da equipe multiprofissional de um hospital universitário / Early mobilization in critically ill pediatric patient: knowledge and perception of the multidisciplinary team of a university hospital

Introdução: A falta de conhecimento sobre a mobilização precoce em pacientes pediátricos criticamente enfermos e a pouca percepção da sua importância têm sido descritos como contribuintes para a sua pouca difusão na área. Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento e a percepção da equipe multiprofissional de um hospital universitário acerca da mobilização precoce em pacientes pediátricos criticamente enfermos. Metodologia: Estudo observacional seccional analítico por meio de aplicação de questionário autopreenchido pelos profissionais da equipe multiprofissional que atuavam na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica de um hospital universitário. Resultados: 60 profissionais responderam ao questionário, dentre eles: cinco (8,3%) fisioterapeutas, 19 (31,7%) médicos, 12 (20%) enfermeiros e 24 (40%) técnicos em enfermagem. Entre os participantes, 35 (58%) responderam que os estudos existentes na área pediátrica sugerem benefícios, enquanto 18 (30%) relataram não ter opinião formada sobre o assunto. Com relação à percepção da importância da mobilização precoce, 14 (23,3%) consideram-na crucial, 24 (40%) muito importante, 18 (30%) importante e quatro (6,6%) pouco importante ou sem opinião sobre o assunto. Houve correlação positiva significativa entre o conhecimento e a percepção (P = 0,0075). Conclusão: A maioria dos participantes possui conhecimento acerca do tema e reconhece a sua importância, existindo uma relação positiva entre essas variáveis.

Introduction: The lack of knowledge about early mobilization in critically ill pediatric patients and the low perception of its importance have been described as contributing to its low diffusion in the area. Objective: To evaluate the knowledge and perception of the multiprofessional team of an university hospital about early mobilization in critically ill pediatric patients. Methodology: Analytical sectional observational study through the application of a self-administered questionnaire by professionals from the multiprofessional team working in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of an university hospital. Results: 60 professionals answered the questionnaire, among them: five (8.3%) physiotherapists, 19 (31.7%) physicians, 12 (20%) nurses and 24 (40%) nursing technicians. Of the participants, 35 (58%) answered that existing studies in the pediatric area suggest benefits, while 18 (30%) reported having no opinion about the subject matter. Regarding the perception of early mobilization importance, 14 (23.3%) considered it to be crucial, 24 (40%) very important, 18 (30%) important and four (6.6%) were of little importance or no opinion about the subject matter. There was a significant positive correlation between knowledge and perception (P = 0.0075). Conclusion: Most of the participants have knowledge about the topic and recognize its importance, and there is a positive relationship between these variables.

A relação linguagem, pensamento e ação na microgênese das funções psíquicas superiores / The relationship between language, thought, and action in the microgenesis of higher mental functions

O objetivo deste artigo é demonstrar, de forma concreta, a mediação da fala na constituição das funções psíquicas superiores do sujeito, buscando articular autores da vertente histórico-cultural, como Vigotski,1 com a perspectiva metodológica de Heloisa Marinho, pesquisadora brasileira que centrou na linguagem sua contribuição pioneira no âmbito do desenvolvimento infantil. A metodologia utilizada fundamentou-se no estudo da relação oral-gráfica (MARINHO; WERNER, 1982), em amostra constituída por três mil crianças, foi realizada a análise microgenética-indiciária (WERNER, 1999, 2001) da atividade gráfica de menino de dois anos de idade cronológica, oriundo da creche UFF. Como resultado, foi possível ilustrar como, na vigência de processo de interação-interlocução adulto-criança e criança-crianças, ocorrem transformações qualitativas nas funções psíquicas (microgênese), nas quais a mediação, por meio dos signos da linguagem (mediação semiótica), reveste-se de papel fundante e constitutivo.(AU)

Objective to concretely illustrate the role of language mediation in the constitution of the subject’s higher mental functions, seeking to articulate authors of a cultural-historical background, such as Vygotsky, along with the methodological perspective of Heloisa Marinho, a Brazilian researcher who focused on language and was a pioneering contributor to the area of child development. Methodology based on the study of the relationship between the oral and graphic mode of communication (MARINHO; WERNER,1982) and using Werner’s (2012) observation script, a microgenetic analysis of graphic activity (WERNER,1999,2001) was conducted with a sample of 3000 children on a two-year-old boy from the university nursery. Result it was possible to illustrate the way in which, in the setting of adult-child and child-child interactions, qualitative transformations occur in psychological functions in which semiotic mediation has a foundational and constitutional role. .(AU)

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the metabolic constitution of brain areas through proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in children affected with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder compared with normal children. METHOD: The sample of this case-control study included eight boys with epidemiologic history of in utero exposure to alcohol (median age 13.6+/-3.8 years) who were diagnosed with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, and eight controls (median age 12.1+/-3,4 years). An 8 cm(3) single voxel approach was used, with echo time 30 ms, repetition time 1500 ms, and 128 acquisitions in a 1.5T scanner, and four brain areas were analyzed: anterior cingulate, left frontal lobe, left striatum, and left cerebellar hemisphere. Peaks and ratios of metabolites N-acetylaspartate, choline, creatine, and myo-inositol were measured. RESULTS: Children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder showed a decrease in choline/creatine ratio (p=0.020) in left striatum and an increase in myo-inositol/creatine ratio (p=0.048) in left cerebellum compared with controls. There was no statistically significant difference in all peaks and ratios from the anterior cingulate and frontal lobe between the two groups. CONCLUSION: This study found evidence that the left striatum and left cerebellum are affected by intrauterine exposure to alcohol. Additional studies with larger samples are necessary to expand our knowledge of the effects of fetal exposure to alcohol.

Child sexual abuse in clinical and forensic psychiatry: a review of recent literature.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To review papers from the recent literature on child sexual abuse and to highlight the clinical and forensic issues raised and how these have been addressed. Also, to identify new demands and recommend future research. RECENT FINDINGS: The validity of forensic evaluations depends on the quality of the protocols used and the training of the forensic mental health practitioners involved. Diagnosis of child sexual abuse still depends mainly on the child's allegation of abuse, while anogenital examination yields minimal medical evidence of sexual abuse. The relationship between child sexual abuse and victims' mental health is increasingly being proven, underlining the importance of correct clinical and forensic diagnosis of abuse to permit preventive, therapeutic and legal measures. Sexual offences via the internet have raised new demands. SUMMARY: Forensic child and adolescent practitioners need to be very highly trained. Evaluation of sexually abused children and adolescents must be accurate to ensure legal validity and be performed with diligence so that alleged victims do not experience recurrence. Practitioners' actions must be referenced against appropriate instruments and they must be prepared for the ethical and forensic dilemmas and new demands that arise in this field.

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in school-aged autistic children.

PURPOSE: This study aims to assess cerebral metabolites in school-aged autistic patients through proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. METHODS: This case-control study included 10 right-handed male children (median age, 9.53 years +/- 1.80) with autism according to DSM-IV criteria, and 10 healthy age- and sex-matched healthy controls (median age, 8.52 years +/- 1.42). Imaging was performed on a 1.5-T scanner utilizing a single voxel point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) technique (TR = 1,500 ms, TE = 30 ms). Four cerebral areas were evaluated: bilateral anterior cingulate, left striatum, left cerebellar hemisphere, and left frontal lobe. Peak areas and ratios to creatine (Cr) of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), and myo-inositol (mI) were analyzed. RESULTS: Compared with controls, autistic children showed a significant increase in mI (P= .021) and Cho (P= .042) peak areas in anterior cingulate and in mI/Cr ratio in anterior cingulate (P= .037) and left striatum (P= .035). The remaining metabolites and ratios were not significantly different between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study found a statistically significant increase in myo-inositol and choline in anterior cingulate and left striatum of autistic children compared with controls. In contrast to previous studies, NAA peak area and NAA/Cr and NAA/Cho ratios had no statistically significant decrease in any of the 4 brain regions.

[ADHD prevalence in four Brazilian public schools]. / Prevalência de TDAH em quatro escolas públicas brasileiras.

OBJECTIVE: To define the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children from four Brazilian public elementary schools. METHOD: Study population consisted of all students from the first through fourth grades, age range 6-12 years, who attended four public elementary schools (CIEPs). This prevalence study comprised two steps. During the first step, school teachers screened their own pupils for ADHD using diagnostic criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders - Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). Screening resulted in two groups of children: suspects and non-suspects. In the second step, parents of suspect children were invited for an interview with the researchers, during which they filled ADHD symptoms questionnaire, and in addition a complete history, pediatric physical exam, and neurological exam were performed. At the end of this step, students were classified as "cases" or "undetermined", i.e., those who partially met ADHD diagnostic criteria. RESULTS: From a population of 602 students, 461 were recruited. Considering all four elementary schools, ADHD prevalence was 13%. Male to female ratio was 2:1. The most frequent ADHD subtype was the combined one, accounting for 61.7% of all cases. CONCLUSION: ADHD prevalence in a sample of school-aged children (13%) was higher than the rate that traditionally has been mentioned (3-5%). Boys were more frequently affected than girls and the most prevalent ADHD subtype was the combined subtype, and the latter two findings are concordant with previous studies.

[Forensic psychiatry and human rights along the course of life: children, adolescents and elderly]. / Psiquiatria forense e direitos humanos nos pólos da vida: crianças, adolescentes e idosos.

OBJECTIVE: Children/adolescents and elderly are frequent victims of violent acts either because of their frailty and dependency or because they are not considered as reliable subjects to present cases of abuse against the perpetrators. There is an interesting relationship between civil capacities and legal responsibilities of minors and elderly. This is a critical review of minor and elder abuse that also presents and compares the Brazilian laws regarding the rights and responsibilities of elderly and minor subjects. DISCUSSION: Abuse may be examined regarding two aspects: 1) predictive factors of their occurrence (a profile of the abused and of the abuser), and 2) consequences for mental and physical health. CONCLUSION: This legislation is modern and protective of these vulnerable populations. Examining and diagnosing violence and abuse against children and elderly subjects must be part of the clinical and forensic practice of doctors and especially of psychiatrists.

Psiquiatria forense e direitos humanos nos pólos da vida: crianças, adolescentes e idosos / Forensic psychiatry and human rights throughout life: children, adolescents and the elderly

OBJETIVO: Crianças/adolescentes e idosos são alvo fácil para atos de violência, seja por sua fragilidade e dependência, seja por não serem considerados testemunhas confiáveis para denunciar os casos de abuso e maus-tratos. Temas como violência, capacidade civil e responsabilidade penal de crianças, adolescentes e idosos guardam correlações interessantes de serem avaliadas. Esse artigo faz uma revisão crítica do tema, compara e discute os Estatutos da Criança e do Adolescente e o Estatuto do Idoso no Brasil. DISCUSSÃO: Os abusos ou maus-tratos podem ser examinados a partir de dois aspectos: 1) fatores preditivos para sua ocorrência (perfil do abusado e do abusador) e 2) agravos à saúde física e mental. CONCLUSÃO: O Brasil conta hoje com legislação avançada para proteção dessas populações vulneráveis e o tema de violência e maus tratos contra crianças e idosos deve ser parte da preocupação de clínicos e psiquiatras que tratam desses pacientes

OBJECTIVE: Children/adolescents and elderly are frequent victims of violent acts either because of their frailty and dependency or because they are not considered as reliable subjects to present cases of abuse against the perpetrators. There is an interesting relationship between civil capacities and legal responsibilities of minors and elderly. This is a critical review of minor and elder abuse that also presents and compares the Brazilian laws regarding the rights and responsibilities of elderly and minor subjects. DISCUSSION: Abuse may be examined regarding two aspects: 1) predictive factors of their occurrence (a profile of the abused and of the abuser), and 2) consequences for mental and physical health. CONCLUSION: This legislation is modern and protective of these vulnerable populations. Examining and diagnosing violence and abuse against children and elderly subjects must be part of the clinical and forensic practice of doctors and especially of psychiatrists

[Contribution of psychosocial risk factors for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder]. / Contribuição dos fatores de risco psicossociais para o transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the contribution of psychosocial risk factors for the diagnosis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD: This is a retrospective, case-control study that analyzed 403 pupils from a public elementary school. DSM-IV symptom questionnaire and a specific psychosocial questionnaire were filled out, and a history and complete physical and neurological examinations were performed. RESULTS: The most statistically significant psychosocial risk factor was "marital discord in the past" (odds ratio = 11.66, p = 0.044). A total of 29 murders of subjects' close relatives were observed, and this variable was statistically relevant. CONCLUSION: Children that were exposed to marital discord in the past between parents underwent a 11.66-fold increase in the risk of ADHD diagnosis. Authors suggest that exposure to community violence be included among Rutters's indicators of adversity, which predispose infants and children to the future occurrence of ADHD and other neuropsychiatric disorders.

[Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder prevalence in an inner city elementary school]. / Prevalência do transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade numa escola pública primária.

OBJECTIVE: To define the prevalence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a sample school-aged children from a public elementary school. METHOD: The study population was composed of all pupils who attended the first five grades at a public state school. During the first stage, school teachers and parents filled a standardized questionnaire of 18 ADHD symptoms defined at DSM-IV. In the second stage, children who screened positive and their parents were invited for a medical visit at school. After signature of an informed consent, the following procedures were done: DSM-IV symptoms questionnaire, oriented history, physical exam and neurologic exam. ADHD diagnosis was subdivided into three types: predominantly hyperactive (H), predominantly inattentive (ADD), and mixed type ADD + H. RESULTS: Among 403 pupils recruited in the first stage, 108 screened positive. Of these, 101 were assessed. There were 68 boys and 33 girls. Median age was 9 years (Range, 6-15 years; standard deviation, 1.99). ADHD diagnosis was defined for 69 pupils (17.1%), including 27 children (39.1%) with ADD, 26 children (37.7%) with ADD + H, and 16 children (23.2%) with H without ADD. Among children who received a diagnosis of ADHD, 45 (65.2%) were boys and 24 (34.8%) were girls (ratio 1.9:1). CONCLUSION: ADHD prevalence in a sample of 403 school-aged children from a public elementary school was 17.1%.

Desenvolvimento e aprendizagem da crianca

Os autores abordam diferentes concepcao metateoricas e teorias sobre o processo de desenvolvimento e aprendizagem da crianca e fazem uma reflexao sobre suas repercussoes na pratica pedagogica. Demarcam, ainda, o modelo e a teoria que parecem mais adequados ao estabelecimento de uma proposta pedagogica promotora do processo de desenvolvimento e aprendizagem. Enfatizam, tambem, que as propostas voltadas para a crianca pre-escolar no Brasil, tem sido assistematicas, desiguais e insuficientes para demarcar o carater educativo (ditado pela Constituicao), contribuindo para um crescente processo de reproducao da seletividade social. Faz-se necessario, portanto, que os debates entre o Estado e a sociedade civil continuem cada vez mais presentes.