Acute computed tomography findings in patients with acute confusion of non-traumatic aetiology.

BACKGROUND: A retrospective review was undertaken of all patients referred for computed tomography (CT) scans of the head for acute onset of confusion, not consequent on head trauma, during the period June 1, 2004 to May 31, 2007. METHOD: Data were obtained by Microsoft Word search of the reports of the Radiology Department of the University Hospital of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica. Two hundred and twenty-one patients were reviewed: 103 men and 118 women. The mean age of the sample was 64 years; 168 patients (76%) were 50 years old or older. RESULT: Computed tomography scans were reported normal in 170 (76.9%) patients; 45 patients (20.4%) had definite acute intracranial CT findings. Findings were equivocal in three patients (1.4%) and unavailable for three (1.4%); 23.2% and 15.6% of patients above and below the age of 50 years respectively showed acute abnormalities on CT The most common acute finding on CT scan was an ischaemic infarct (68%). Other abnormalities included intracerebral haemorrhage and metastases 6.2% each, toxoplasmosis and primary brain tumour 4.2% each and subdural haematoma and meningitis 2.1% each. The diagnoses of toxoplasmosis were made based on appearances typical of toxoplasmosis on CT scans in patients whose request stated that they were HIV positive. CONCLUSION: In the sample reviewed, most patients who presented with acute confusion were above the age of 50 years. Overall, 20.4% of patients from all age groups had acute abnormalities on CT with a relative higher proportion, 23.2% versus 15.6% of those over 50 years, having acute pathology. The most common abnormality was an ischaemic infarct. This finding is similar to that in developed countries and unlike that seen in other developing countries where infectious aetiologies predominate.

Cholelithiasis on imaging--an analysis of clinical presentations by age and gender in a Jamaican population.

OBJECTIVE: This study is a descriptive analysis of the clinical presentations in which cholelithiasis was diagnosed on imaging over a five-year period at the University Hospital of the West Indies, Jamaica and how the clinical presentation varied with age and gender. METHOD: A retrospective review was done of all cases of cholelithiasis recorded in the reports of the Radiology section during the period January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2006. Patients' age and gender were noted. Each case was assigned to one of four clinical categories based on the clinical scenario at the time of referral for imaging: Acute abdomen-Incidental: (not referable to the biliary tract); Acute abdomen-Biliary (biliary colic/acute cholecystitis); Non-acute-Incidental: (not referable to the biliary tract) and Non-acute-Biliary (suspected cholelithiasis). The data were analyzed using post-hoc cross-tabulations, ANOVA, and post-hoc Tukey-tests. RESULTS: Three hundred and forty-four females and 137 males were diagnosed with cholelithiasis with the mean age at diagnosis being 49 and 50 years respectively. Females were diagnosed with cholelithiasis at higher rates in the context of acute abdominal symptoms both referable and unrelated to the biliary tract, while males were diagnosed at higher rates as an incidental finding in a non-acute presentation. There was no significant difference between the genders in the rate of diagnosis of cholelithiasis when this was suspected clinically in the non-acute setting. CONCLUSION: More females were diagnosed with cholelithiasis. There was no gender-related difference in the mean age at which cholelithiasis was diagnosed. There were statistically significant differences between the genders in the rates at which cholelithiasis was identified in different clinical scenarios.

Stroke subtypes on imaging in a Jamaican population: a hospital-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the pattern of stroke subtypes found on Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI), Kingston, Jamaica. METHOD: A retrospective review was conducted for all patients diagnosed with stroke and who were subjected to CT or MRI evaluation at UHWI between January 2001 and December 2004. Data were collected for patient age and gender and type of stroke. RESULTS: Four hundred and thirty-three patients were identified and classified as having cerebral infarct, intra-parenchymal haemorrhage or subarachnoid haemorrhage. There were 414 patients who had CT scans and 19 had MRI scans. Within and across genders, over 80% suffered infarcts with no significant statistical difference between male and female patients. Subarachnoid haemorrhage was the least frequent subtype and occurred in younger patients. CONCLUSION: The pattern of stroke subtypes seen in this population was similar to that of Australian and European cohorts of patients but differed from that reported in Asians. Ischaemic infarct was the most frequent stroke subtype followed by intra- parenchymal haemorrhage and subarachnoid haemorrhage. There was no gender predilection for any specific type of stroke.

Ultrasound and white blood cell counts in suspected acute appendicitis.

The use of radiological studies as diagnostic tools in patients with suspected acute appendicitis has increased recently. In this setting, abdominal ultrasonography is viewed as a possible means of avoiding unnecessary surgery. This retrospective study of patients who underwent laparotomy for suspected acute appendicitis was undertaken to determine the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound in diagnosing acute appendicitis and the frequency of leucocytosis in patients in whom the diagnosis was confirmed by histology. The ultrasound and surgery registers were reviewed to identify 254 referrals for abdominal ultrasound between January 2001 and December 2002 because of a clinical suspicion of acute appendicitis. Of these cases, 223 did not proceed to surgery. The study sample comprised 31 patients who had appendectomies after abdominal ultrasonography. The ultrasound reports, pathological diagnoses and white blood cell counts of these patients were obtained and formed the basis for the analysis. A histological diagnosis was available for 30 cases, in 17 of whom appendicitis was confirmed In these patients, positive ultrasound and leucocytosis were present in five (29%) and nine (53%) respectively. Ultrasound showed 92% specificity and 29% sensitivity for the pre-operative diagnosis of appendicitis. The positive predictive value of ultrasonography (83%) was higher than that of leucocytosis (69%). The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound and leucocytosis in this study indicate limited utility as preoperative diagnostic tools.

Ultrasound and white blood cell counts in suspected acute appendicitis / Ultrasonido y conteo de glóbulos blancos en casos de sospecha de apendicitis aguda

The use of radiological studies as diagnostic tools in patients with suspected acute appendicitis has increased recently. In this setting, abdominal ultrasonography is viewed as a possible means of avoiding unnecessary surgery. This retrospective study of patients who underwent laparotomy for suspected acute appendicitis was undertaken to determine the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound in diagnosing acute appendicitis and the frequency of leucocytosis in patients in whom the diagnosis was confirmed by histology. The ultrasound and surgery registers were reviewed to identify 254 referrals for abdominal ultrasound between January 2001 and December 2002 because of a clinical suspicion of acute appendicitis. Of these cases, 223 did not proceed to surgery. The study sample comprised 31 patients who had appendectomies after abdominal ultrasonography. The ultrasound reports, pathological diagnoses and white blood cell counts of these patients were obtained and formed the basis for the analysis. A histological diagnosis was available for 30 cases, in 17 of whom appendicitis was confirmed In these patients, positive ultrasound and leucocytosis were present in five (29) and nine (53) respectively. Ultrasound showed 92specificity and 29sensitivity for the pre-operative diagnosis of appendicitis. The positive predictive value of ultrasonography (83) was higher than that of leucocytosis (69). The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound and leucocytosis in this study indicate limited utility as preoperative diagnostic tools.

El uso de estudios radiológicos como herramientas de diagnóstico en los pacientes con sospecha de apendicitis aguda ha aumentado recientemente. En este escenario, la ultrasonografía abdominal se ve como un posible medio de evitar una cirugía innecesaria. Este estudio retrospectivo de pacientes sometidos a laparotomía por sospecha de apendicitis aguda, fue realizado a fin de determinar la sensibilidad y especificidad del ultrasonido a la hora de diagnosticar la apendicitis aguda así como la frecuencia de leucocitos, en pacientes en quienes el diagnóstico fue confirmado mediante histología. Se revisaron las historias de ultrasonido y cirugía con el propósito de identificar 254 remisiones para la realización de ultrasonido abdominal entre enero de 2001 y diciembre de 2002, debido a una sospecha clínica de apendicitis aguda. De estos casos, 223 no pasaron a cirugía. La muestra del estudio abarcó 31 pacientes a los que se les realizaron apendicectomías tras del ultrasonido abdominal. Se obtuvieron los reportes de los ultrasonidos, los diagnósticos patológicos y los conteos de glóbulos blancos de estos pacientes. Estos reportes constituyeron la base del análisis. Se tuvo a disposición un diagnóstico histológico en 30 casos, en 17 de los cuales se confirmó apendicitis. En estos pacientes, el ultrasonido resultó positivo en cinco casos (29%) y la leucocitosis estuvo presente en nueve (53%). El ultrasonido arrojó un 92% de especificidad y 29% de sensibilidad para el diagnóstico preoperativo de la apendicitis. El valor predictivo positivo de la ultrasonografía (83%) fue mayor que el de la leucocitosis (69%). En este estudio, la sensibilidad y especificidad del ultrasonido y la leucocitosis, indican una limitada utilidad tanto del ultrasonido como del conteo de glóbulos blancos como instrumentos preoperativos de diagnóstico.

Disseminated donovanosis (granuloma inguinale) with osteomyelitis of both wrists.

Donovanosis is a sexually transmitted infection which presents with genital ulceration and inguinal lymphadenopathy. Rarely, it presents with extra-genital manifestations. We present a case of disseminated donovanosis with cervical ulceration, massive pelvic lymphadenopathy, osteomyelitis of the wrists and septic arthritis of the knees and right elbow. A 23-year-old gravida two presented with wasting, oedema, ascites, bilateral iliac lymphadenopathy, anaemia and a large ulcer of the cervix uteri. Two months later in the outpatient clinic, she was much improved but still had post-coital bleeding and a hyperaemic cervix, suggestive of persistent infection. The course of antibiotics was therefore repeated. Histopathological examination of a specimen from colposcopic biopsy of the cervix uteri revealed granuloma inguinale. She improved after several courses of antibiotics, blood transfusion, surgical débridement and aspiration of affected joints.

Disseminated donovanosis (granuloma inguinale) with osteomyelitis of both wrists

Donovanosis is a sexually transmitted infection which presents with genital ulceration and inguinal lymphadenopathy. Rarely, it presents with extra-genital manifestations. We present a case of disseminated donovanosis with cervical ulceration, massive pelvic lymphadenopathy, osteomyelitis of the wrists and septic arthritis of the knees and right elbow. A 23-year-old gravida two presented with wasting, oedema, ascites, bilateral iliac lymphadenopathy, anaemia and a large ulcer of the cervix uteri. Two months later in the outpatient clinic, she was much improved but still had post-coital bleeding and a hyperaemic cervix, suggestive of persistent infection. The course of antibiotics was therefore repeated. Histopathological examination of a specimen from colposcopic biopsy of the cervix uteri revealed granuloma inguinale. She improved after several courses of antibiotics, blood transfusion, surgical dÚbridement and aspiration of affected joints.

Ultrasonography of the lower limbs for deep vein thrombosis at the University Hospital of the West Indies. A five-year analysis.

A study was conducted on all patients referred to the ultrasound service of the radiology department of the University Hospital of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica, for evaluation of a clinical diagnosis of thrombosis of the deep veins of the lower limb, during the period January 1, 1995, to December 31, 1999. The calf veins were not routinely examined; this study was limited to the popliteal, superficial and deep femoral veins. Two hundred and seventy-four females and 104 males were referred. Seventy females and 32 males had ultrasound findings of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The significant findings were that the male:female ratio for confirmed DVT was approximately 1:2; 26% of referrals had DVT on ultrasound; DVT was more common on the left and the popliteal vein (48%) and the superficial femoral vein (47%) accounted for most documented cases of DVT but thrombosis of the profunda femoral vein was unusual accounting for only 5% of cases.

Ultrasonography of the lower limbs for deep vein thrombosis at the University Hospital of the West Indies. A five-year analysis

A study was conducted on all patients referred to the ultrasound service of the radiology department of the University Hospital of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica, for evaluation of a clinical diagnosis of thrombosis of the deep veins of the lower limb, during the period January 1, 1995, to December 31, 1999. The calf veins were not routinely examined; this study was limited to the popliteal, superficial and deep femoral veins. Two hundred and seventy-four females and 104 males were referred. Seventy females and 32 males had ultrasound findings of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The significant findings were that the male:female ratio for confirmed DVT was approximately 1:2; 26 of referrals had DVT on ultrasound; DVT was more common on the left and the popliteal vein (48) and the superficial femoral vein (47) accounted for most documented cases of DVT but thrombosis of the profunda femoral vein was unusual accounting for only 5 of cases.