Association of 1-deoxy-sphingolipids with steatosis but not steatohepatitis nor fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most important cause of chronic liver disease in the western world. Steatosis can be accompanied by inflammation and cell damage (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH), and even liver fibrosis. Sphingolipids are a heterogeneous class of lipids and essential components of the plasma membrane and plasma lipoproteins. The atypical class of deoxy-sphingolipids has been implicated in the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. AIM: To determine if circulating (deoxy)sphingolipids are associated with NAFLD and its different entities, steatosis, inflammatory changes (inflammation and ballooning) and fibrosis. METHODS: Sphingolipids were analysed by LC-MS after hydrolysing the N-acyl and O-linked headgroups in plasma of obese adults who underwent a liver biopsy in suspicion of NAFLD. RESULTS: Two-hundred and eighty-eight patients were included. There was no association between typical sphingolipids and NAFLD and its different entities. There was a significant association between the presence of steatosis and the concentrations of deoxy-sphinganine [exp(B) 11.163 with CI (3.432, 36.306) and p < 0.001] and deoxy-sphingosine [exp(B) 8.486 with CI (3.437, 20.949) and p < 0.001]. There was no association between these deoxy-sphingolipids and activity of the steatohepatitis, nor was there any association with fibrosis. Differences in deoxy-sphingolipids also correlated independently with the presence of the metabolic syndrome, but not diabetes. CONCLUSION: Deoxy-sphingolipids are elevated in patients with steatosis compared to those without fatty liver, but not different between the different NAFLD subtypes, suggesting that deoxy-sphingolipid bases might be involved in steatogenesis, but not in the further progression of NAFLD to NASH nor in fibrogenesis.

The Belgian Association for Study of the Liver Guidance Document on the Management of Adult and Paediatric Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is highly prevalent and associated with considerable liver-related and non-liverrelated morbidity and mortality. There is, however, a lot of uncertainty on how to handle NAFLD in clinical practice. The current guidance document, compiled under the aegis of the Belgian Association for the Study of the Liver by a panel of experts in NAFLD, from a broad range of different specialties, covers many questions encountered in daily clinical practice regarding diagnosis, screening, therapy and follow-up in adult and paediatric patients. Guidance statements in this document are based on the available evidence whenever possible. In case of absence of evidence or inconsistency of the data, guidance statements were formulated based on consensus of the expert panel. This guidance document is intended as a help for clinicians (general practitioners and all involved specialties) to implement the most recent evidence and insights in the field of NAFLD within a Belgian perspective.

The Risk of Malnutrition in Community-Living Elderly on Admission to Hospital for Major Surgery.

BACKGROUND: With prevalence rates varying from 10 to 60%, malnutrition in acute hospitals has been acknowledged as a persistent problem in older adults worldwide. This publication is to describe the nutritional condition and associated risk factors of malnutrition in free living elderly on admission to the hospital for major elective surgery. METHODS: A cross sectional, multi-center study in eight surgical wards in three Belgian hospitals. A total of 204 free living elderly, aged 74.8 ± 6.6 years (Mean ± SD), on admission to the hospital for major elective surgery and requiring at least 3 days of hospitalization, were consecutively recruited to the study. The nutritional status was assessed on admission and before surgery using the recommended NRS-2002. Data on possible associated factors were collected during post-operative stay using a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 107 patients (51.4%) were at high risk of malnutrition. In patients older than 70 years (n 150) the risk of malnutrition increased up to 66%. None of the included patients reported preoperative referral to a dietician or nutritional advice nor any prescribed preoperative nutritional supplement. In a multivariate regression analysis it appeared that none of the possible associated factors were significantly associated with malnutrition. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the high risk of malnutrition in community living elderly on admission to hospital for elective surgery. According to the NRS-2002 these patients might benefit from nutritional support. However, it appears that nutritional support is not yet commonly implemented in preoperative care for this population at risk.

Co-exposure to lead increases the renal response to low levels of cadmium in metallurgy workers.

PURPOSE: Research on the effect of co-exposure to Cd and Pb on the kidney is scarce. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of co-exposure to these metals on biomarkers of early renal effect. METHODS: Cd in blood (Cd-B), Cd in urine (Cd-U), Pb in blood (Pb-B) and urinary renal biomarkers, i.e., microalbumin (µ-Alb), beta-2-microglobulin (ß2-MG), retinol binding protein (RBP), N-acetyl-ß-d-glucosaminidase (NAG), intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) were measured in 122 metallurgic refinery workers examined in a cross-sectional survey. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The median Cd-B, Cd-U, Pb-B were: 0.8 µg/l (IQR = 0.5, 1.2), 0.5 µg/g creatinine (IQR = 0.3, 0.8) and 158.5 µg/l (IQR = 111.0, 219.3), respectively. The impact of Cd-B on the urinary excretion of NAG and IAP was only evident among workers with Pb-B concentrations ≥ 75th percentile. The association between Cd-U and the renal markers NAG and RBP was also evidenced when Pb-B ≥ 75th percentile. No statistically significant interaction terms were observed for the associations between Cd-B or Cd-U and the other renal markers under study (i.e., µ-Alb and ß2-MG). Our findings indicate that Pb increases the impact of Cd exposure on early renal biomarkers.

Platelet-rich plasma in mono-segmental posterior lumbar interbody fusion.

INTRODUCTION: The results of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in spinal fusion applications are limited and controversial. Both beneficial and inhibitory effects have been shown. In this prospective randomised controlled trial, our objective was to assess both the clinical and radiological effect of PRP when added to autograft iliac crest bone in posterior lumbar interbody fusion. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Forty patients were recruited for the study fulfilling strict entry requirements and were randomised with a 1:1 ratio. In each group, one patient was lost to follow-up. Thirtyeight patients completed the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and the Short-Form 36 (SF-36) preoperatively and postoperatively at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. CT-scans of the lumbar spine were taken at 3, 6, and 12 months. Posterior stabilisation was achieved with pedicle screws and interbody fusion was aimed at with carbon cages filled with autologous bone. RESULTS: Baseline demographic data (age, sex, smoking history, preoperative outcome measures) showed no relevant difference between groups. For patients who received autograft only, the mean VAS improved by 4.0 points (p < 0.01), mean ODI improved by 32.1 points (p < 0.001), and mean SF-36 showed statistically significant improvement in each of the eight domains and in the physical (p < 0.001) and mental (p < 0.001) component summary measures. For patients who received autograft with PRP, the mean VAS improved by 4.92 points (p < 0.01), mean ODI improved by 30 points (p < 0.001), and mean SF-36 showed statistically significant improvement in six of the eight domains (p < 0.02) and in the physical (p = 0.016) and mental (p < 0.001) component summary measures. The improvement of the VAS score and the physical component summary score was more pronounced in patients who received autograft with PRP. These differences were, however, not statistically significant. CT-scans showed uneventful osseous healing in all but one patient with no difference between groups. CONCLUSION: In this prospective randomised controlled clinical and radiological trial, adding PRP in posterior lumbar interbody fusion did not lead to a substantial improvement or deterioration when compared with autologous bone only. No inhibitory effect of PRP was observed on CT-scans. From a clinical and radiological point of view, the use of PRP seems to be justified in posterior lumbar interbody fusion surgery. From an economical point of view, the expense of using PRP cannot be justified until statistical significance can be reached in a larger study.

Allergy to rocuronium: from clinical suspicion to correct diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: Allergy to rocuronium can be life-threatening. Correct diagnosis is a prerequisite because of serious consequences of diagnostic error. OBJECTIVE: To assess skin testing, quantification of specific IgE (sIgE) and flow-assisted activation of basophils [basophil activation test (BAT)] in the diagnosis of rocuronium allergy. METHODS: This study comprises 104 curarized patients with a history of profound hypotension and severe bronchospasm immediately after induction of anaesthesia. All patients had skin tests, quantification of sIgE and BAT to rocuronium, together with investigations for all relevant compounds administered during anaesthesia that could have evoked the reaction. Diagnosis of rocuronium allergy was considered definite when the patient demonstrated a positive outcome for at least two of the three aforementioned tests. RESULTS: The positive predictive value for skin testing, BAT and sIgE was 98% (CI 95%: 92-99%), 97% (CI 95%: 88-100%) and 83% (CI 95%: 74-89%), respectively. The negative predictive value for skin testing, BAT and sIgE was 96% (CI 95%: 86-99%), 75% (CI 95%: 67-75%) and 72% (CI 95%: 58-83%), respectively. Cross-reactivity with vecuronium was documented in 69% of the patients. CONCLUSION: Skin testing merits the status of primary diagnostic investigation to document rocuronium allergy and cannot be substituted by quantification of sIgE or BAT. SIgE can offer a diagnostic advantage in cases where skin tests yield negative results. However, additional tests (e.g. BAT) are of capital importance in patients with negative skin tests and positive sIgE results to help in interpreting the clinical significance of a positive sIgE result. Optimal assessment of cross-reactivity between rocuronium and vecuronium implies both skin testing and BAT.

Intensity-modulated radiotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer: a European single-centre experience.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyse retrospectively the intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) results in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) treated between November 2003 and June 2007. METHODS: Patients with early and locoregionally advanced HNC were treated with inverse-planned step-and-shoot IMRT. The prescribed dose varied from 66 Gy to 70 Gy in those receiving IMRT as definitive treatment and from 60 Gy to 70 Gy in the post-operative setting. IMRT was given alone, after induction chemotherapy (ICT), with concomitant chemotherapy (CRT) or with both. Acute and late toxicities are reported; locoregional control (LRC), locoregional relapse-free survival (LRRFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated from the start of radiation. RESULTS: IMRT was used in 78 patients (48 as definitive treatment, 30 post-operatively), of whom 20 also received ICT and 35 CRT. Three patients stopped IMRT early, one for toxicity (mucosa). Acute toxicity scoring revealed 5 cases (6%) of severe skin toxicity and 65 cases (83%) of severe mucosal toxicity. After a median follow-up of 18.7 months, late toxicities included xerostomia (44%), loss of taste (14%) and fibrosis of the neck (9%). 16 patients had died, of whom 10 due to tumour recurrence/progression and 2 due to treatment (but not IMRT related). The LRC, LRRFS and OS at 3 years are 66.1%, 48.5% and 60.3% in the definitive IMRT group and 85.4%, 82.5% and 85.9% in the post-operative setting, respectively. CONCLUSION: We consider IMRT for locoregional HNC feasible not only as a single modality but also after surgery, after induction chemotherapy and concurrently with chemotherapy.

Difluorodeoxyuridine plasma concentrations after low-dose gemcitabine during chemoradiation in head and neck cancer patients.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate whether relevant plasma levels of dFdU could be detected during concurrent chemoradiation (CRT) with low doses of dFdC administered in patients with head and neck cancer and to assess the toxicity related to dose. METHODS: dFdC was administered at doses of 5 mg/m² twice weekly or 10, 50, or 100 mg/m² weekly. Plasma concentrations of dFdU were determined daily for 7 days after the first administration and before each administration, thereafter. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was used. During CRT, skin and mucosal toxicity were scored weekly according to the RTOG toxicity scoring system. RESULTS: Eight patients were sampled at the 10-50 mg/m² dose and nine at the 5-100 mg/m² dose. dFdU levels were in the micromolar range, inducing RS in vitro. There was a strong correlation between the area under the curve of dFdU and the dose of dFdC (r = 0.803, P < 0.001) and a weak correlation between trough concentrations and total dose of dFdC (r = 0.408, P = 0.017). Duration of severe mucositis correlated with dFdC dose. CONCLUSIONS: During CRT with 10-100 mg/m(2) of dFdC weekly or 5 mg/m(2) twice weekly, dFdU remains detectable at potentially radiosensitizing concentrations.

KRAS mutation detection and prognostic potential in sporadic colorectal cancer using high-resolution melting analysis.

BACKGROUND: The development of targeted therapies has created a pressing clinical need for molecular characterisation of cancers. In this retrospective study, high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA) was validated and implemented for screening of 164 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients to detect KRAS hot-spot mutations and to evaluate its prognostic value. Direct sequencing was used to confirm and characterise HRMA results. METHODS: After establishing its sensitivity, HRMA was validated on seven cell lines and inter- and intra-variation were analysed. The prognostic value of KRAS mutations in CRC was evaluated using survival analysis. RESULTS: HRMA revealed abnormal melting patterns in 34.1% CRC samples. Kaplan-Meier survival curves revealed a significantly shorter overall (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) for CRC patients harbouring a KRAS mutation. In the Cox regression analysis, only when colon and rectal cancer were analysed separately, KRAS mutation was a negative predictor for OS in patients with rectal cancer and DFS in those with stage II colon cancer. CONCLUSIONS: HRMA was found to be a valid screening method for KRAS mutation detection. The KRAS mutation came forward as a negative predictive factor for OS in patients with rectal cancer and for DFS in stage II colon cancer patients.

Pre- and post-natal exposure to antibiotics and the development of eczema, recurrent wheezing and atopic sensitization in children up to the age of 4 years.

BACKGROUND: Little data are available on the relationship between indirect antibiotic exposure of the child in utero or during lactation and allergic diseases. On the other hand, several studies have been conducted on the association with direct post-natal antibiotic exposure, but the results are conflicting. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate pre- and post-natal antibiotic exposure and the subsequent development of eczema, recurrent wheeze and atopic sensitization in children up to the age of 4 years. METHODS: We conducted an aetiologic study in 773 children based on a prospective birth cohort project in which environmental and health information were collected using questionnaires. Antibiotic exposure was assessed as maternal antibiotic intake during pregnancy and during lactation and as medication intake of the child. The chronology of exposures and outcomes was taken into account during the data processing. At the age of 1 and 4 years, a blood sample was taken for the quantification of specific IgE. RESULTS: Prenatal antibiotic exposure was significantly positively associated with eczema, whereas no association was found with recurrent wheeze and atopic sensitization. We found a positive, although statistically not significant, association between antibiotic exposure through breastfeeding and recurrent wheeze. Neither eczema nor atopic sensitization was significantly associated with antibiotic exposure through breastfeeding. Finally, we observed a negative association between the use of antibiotics in the first year of life and eczema and atopic sensitization, and also between antibiotic use after the first year of life and recurrent wheeze, eczema and atopic sensitization. CONCLUSION: Indirect exposure to antibiotics (in utero and during lactation) increases the risk for allergic symptoms in children, while direct exposure to antibiotics appears to be protective. The biological mechanisms underlying these findings still need to be elucidated.

Lung function and bronchodilator response in 4-year-old children with different wheezing phenotypes.

Persistent wheeze is a common chronic disease in early childhood and later may progress to asthma. However, the association between pre- and post-bronchodilator lung function and the wheezing phenotype in preschool children is not known. Children 4 yrs of age involved in a prospective birth cohort study (in Antwerp, Belgium) concerning perinatal factors and the occurrence of asthma and allergies, were invited to participate in lung function measurements with the forced oscillation technique. The wheezing phenotype was assessed via (bi)annual questionnaires. Wheezing phenotype and baseline respiratory impedance data were available for 325 children, 96% of whom underwent bronchodilation tests. The baseline resistance at 4 Hz was higher in children with early transient (11.0 hPa x s x L(-1), n = 127) or persistent wheeze (11.9 hPa x s x L(-1), n = 54) than in children who never wheezed (10.3 hPa x s x L(-1), n = 144). After bronchodilation, the resistance decreased on average by 22%. The decrease was greater among the persistent wheezers than among those who never wheezed (3.4 versus 2.3 hPa x s x L( -1)). The baseline lung function was poorer and the bronchodilator response was greater in 4-yr-old children with persistent wheeze than in those who never wheeze or who had early transient wheeze, implying a higher bronchomotor tone in the former group.

Tears of the supraspinatus tendon: assessment with indirect magnetic resonance arthrography in 67 patients with arthroscopic correlation.

BACKGROUND: Magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography is generally regarded as the gold standard for shoulder imaging. As an alternative to direct MR arthrography, the less invasive indirect MR arthrography technique was proposed, offering logistic advantages because fluoroscopic or ultrasonographic guidance for joint injection is not required. PURPOSE: To assess the diagnostic performance of indirect MR arthrography in the diagnosis of full- and partial-thickness supraspinatus tears in a symptomatic population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two radiologists with different levels of experience independently and retrospectively interpreted indirect MR (1.5T) arthrograms of the shoulder obtained in 67 symptomatic patients who underwent subsequent arthroscopy. On MR, the supraspinatus tendon was evaluated for full- or partial-thickness tear. With arthroscopy as the standard of reference, sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of indirect MR arthrography in the detection of full- and partial-thickness tears of the supraspinatus tendon was calculated. Kappa (kappa) statistics were used for the assessment of the agreement between arthroscopic and imaging findings and for the assessment of interobserver agreement. RESULTS: For full-thickness tears of the supraspinatus tendon, sensitivities, specificities, and accuracies exceeded 90% for both observers, with excellent interobserver agreement (kappa = 0.910). For partial-thickness tears, sensitivities (38-50%) and accuracies (76-78%) were poor for both reviewers, and interobserver agreement was moderate (kappa = 0.491). Discrepancies between MR diagnosis and arthroscopy were predominantly observed with small partial-thickness tears. CONCLUSION: Indirect MR arthrography is highly accurate in the diagnosis of full-thickness rotator cuff tears. However, the diagnosis of partial-thickness tears with indirect MR arthrography remains faulty, because exact demarcation of degenerative change and partial rupture is difficult. On the basis of the above findings, we do not recommend indirect MR arthrography on patients for whom rotator cuff disease is suspected clinically.

Early endothelial dysfunction in young type 1 diabetics.

OBJECTIVES: Endothelial dysfunction is a known precursor of atherosclerosis and can be assessed by measuring the brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) via ultrasonography. This study investigated endothelial function in young type 1 diabetics without cardiovascular morbidity or diabetes-related pathology. METHODS: Young diabetics and healthy controls were recruited, both meeting strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. To prove absence of subclinical atherosclerosis, intima-media thickness (IMT) measurements at the carotid bifurcation were done in all of them. FMD was measured at the brachial artery. The results were compared using the t-test and the influences of different variables on FMD were assessed using multiple linear regression. RESULTS: Twenty-six diabetics (23.4+/-5.8 years) and 36 healthy volunteers (23.1+/-2.8 years) were recruited. The duration of diabetes was 9.2+/-5.3 years; metabolic control was moderate (HbA1c 7.6+/-1.0%) and IMT was normal in both groups. FMD was significantly impaired in type 1 diabetics (7.13+/-0.43 vs. 8.77+/-0.43%; p=0.002). The FMD grade was associated with diabetes and age. Patients with a good metabolic control (HbA1c

The prognosis of patients operated on for gastric cancer in relation to the percentage of lymph nodes invaded by tumour.

INTRODUCTION: In evaluating the type of gastrectomy and lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer, adequate prognosis has been dependant on the retrieval of at least 15 lymph nodes. We propose an alternative method in which the prognostic value is evaluated, according to whether or not more than 20% of the retrieved lymph nodes are invaded by tumour. MATERIALS & METHODS: Sixty-five patients (36 men, 29 women) with a median age of 69 years (mean age 68.9 +/-12.1 years) were evaluated, who were operated upon between 1985 and 1999 for gastric cancer by gastrectomy with either D1 or D2 lymphadenectomy. RESULTS: The average number of retrieved lymph nodes was 10.4 +/- 8.6. In 51 patients (78.5%) less than 15 and in 14 patients (21.5%) 15 or more lymph nodes were retrieved, according to the TNM guidelines. In our study, there is a statistically significant difference in prognosis between patients with less than 20% and those with more than 20% of the retrieved lymph nodes invaded by tumour, irrespective of the total number of lymph nodes resected. CONCLUSION: Gastric cancer patients in whom less than 20% of the retrieved lymph nodes are invaded, have a significantly better prognosis compared with patients in whom 20% or more of the lymph nodes retrieved are invaded by tumour, irrespective of the total number of retrieved lymph nodes.

Clinical skills training in a skills lab compared with skills training in internships: comparison of skills development curricula.

CONTEXT: The necessity of learning skills through "integrated skills training" at an undergraduate level has been supported by several studies. The University of Antwerp implemented undergraduate skills training in its renewed curriculum in 1998, after it was demonstrated that Flemish students did not master their medical skills as well as Dutch students who received "integrated skills training" as part of their undergraduate medical course. AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the skill outcome levels of two different student populations: students who had been trained in basic clinical skills mainly through clinical internships in year 7 with students who had learned these skills through an integrated longitudinal programme in a special learning environment in years 1-5 prior to their internship experience. STUDY SAMPLE: Students of the traditional curriculum learned skills through a 75 hour programme in years 4 and 5, through plenary sessions followed by a 12 month period of internships during which skills could be further practiced. We tested this group right after completion of their internships. Students from the renewed curriculum followed a 200 hour intensive small group skills training programme offered in years 1-5. This group was tested before starting their internships. RESULTS: On global OSCE-scores, renewed curriculum students had significantly higher overall scores (p<0.001) and they scored significantly higher at 6 of 15 stations. There was no significant difference at 8 stations, while traditional curriculum students scored better at station 1. DISCUSSION: 5 years and 200 hours of integrated undergraduate skills training is more effective as a method of learning basic clinical skills, compared to learning these skills through 75 hours of traditional skill training and reinforcement of these skills in 12 month clinical internships, when measured by means of an OSCE.

Phase II feasibility study of concurrent radiotherapy and gemcitabine in chemonaive patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: long-term follow up data.

BACKGROUND: Radiotherapy (RT) with concurrent chemotherapy is the current standard of care for patients with unresectable locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Gemcitabine (GEM) is a potent radiosensitizer and in addition has activity as an anticancer agent in SCCHN. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-six patients with locally far advanced SCCHN were enrolled in a chemoradiation feasibility study between November 1998 and September 2003. Use was made of conventionally fractionated RT and GEM 100 mg/m(2), which was given within 2 h prior to radiotherapy on a weekly basis starting on day 1 of RT. Response was assessed according to WHO criteria, toxicity according to NCI-CTC version 2. RESULTS: The patients received a median of 7 (2-8) weekly cycles of gemcitabine and a median cumulative RT dose of 70 Gy (66-84.75). Hematologic toxicity was mild, but non-hematologic toxicity was severe: grade 3-4 stomatitis occurred in 85% of patients, dermatitis in 69%, pharyngitis/esophagitis in 81% and 80% of the patients needed a feeding tube during treatment. All 22 evaluable patients responded (50% complete, 50% partial). Median follow up of the surviving patients is 46 months. Median disease-free and overall survival is 13 months and 19 months, respectively; 27% of the patients are alive without evidence of recurrence beyond 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: Conventionally fractionated RT in combination with GEM 100 mg/m(2) weekly is feasible and highly active in the treatment of locally advanced SCCHN. In particular, long-term local control rate is promising. Acute mucosal toxicities are significant but manageable. Long-term toxicity interferes with normal food intake.

MR mammography is useful in the preoperative locoregional staging of breast carcinomas with extensive intraductal component.

PURPOSE: To determine the role of magnetic resonance (MR) mammography in detection and assessment of extent of tumors with extensive intraductal component (EIC+). MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a prospective study, 233 consecutive women with a suspicious lesion underwent preoperative MR mammography and 209 invasive ductal carcinomas were detected. We studied the prediction of intraductal spread on mammography (MX), ultrasound (US) and MR. We compared the size of the total lesion on MX, US and MR and correlated it with histopathology. Enhancement patterns on MR were described. RESULTS: Of 209 invasive ductal carcinomas, 50 were EIC+ (24%). MX predicted intraductal spread in EIC+ carcinomas in 48.5%, US in 34.2% and MR in 68%. Compared to MX and US, MR was best in assessment of total tumor size. On MR, ductal spread in EIC+ tumors presented as ductal or linear enhancement, long spicules, a regional enhancing area or nodules adjacent to a mass. CONCLUSION: MR had the highest sensitivity to predict intraductal spread and was superior in assessing total tumor size.

Comparison of MRI features of different grades of DCIS and invasive carcinoma of the breast.

The purpose of the study is to compare mammography and magnetic resonance (MR) mammography in detection and assessment of extent, of histologically proven ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and to compare MR features of DCIS, with features of invasive carcinoma. Forty histopathologically proven and MR detected pure DCIS lesions were described and compared with 213 enhancing invasive carcinomas. Histopathological examination revealed 49 pure DCIS, MR detected 40 of them (81.6%). There was a good correlation between diameter measured on mammography, MR and histopathology. MR was able to detect additional foci. Ductal enhancement, a focal area or a mass were perceived in respectively 8 (20%), 8 (20%) and 24 (60%) DCIS and in 0, 6 (2.8%) and 207 (97.2%) invasive lesions. Maximal contrast enhancement after 3 minutes was seen in 60.9% of DCIS and before 3 minutes in 61% of invasive masses. Signal intensity increase of more than 100% was seen in 76.9% of DCIS and in 91.1% of invasive carcinomas. DCIS had a wash out in 53.8% and invasive carcinomas in 65.3%. MR was able to detect 81.6% of DCIS. Diameter prediction was good on mammography and MR mammography. The only MR feature exclusively seen in DCIS was ductal enhancement.

Perinatal risk factors for sensitization, atopic dermatitis and wheezing during the first year of life (PIPO study).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of perinatal environmental factors on early sensitization, atopic dermatitis and wheezing during the first year. METHODS: Information on pregnancy-related factors, parental atopic history, environmental factors and the clinical course of the infant until age one was gathered by questionnaires, as part of a prospective birth cohort study (Prospective study on the Influence of Perinatal factors on the Occurrence of asthma and allergies [PIPO-study]). Quantification of total and specific IgE was performed in 810 children and their parents. RESULTS: Early sensitization was found in 107/810 (13%) of the infants. Multiple regression analysis showed that specific IgE in fathers was a risk factor for early sensitization in their daughters (adjusted odds ratios (OR(adj)) 2.21 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10-4.49); P=0.03), whereas in boys, day care attendance was shown to be protective for early sensitization (OR(adj) 0.38 (95% CI 0.20-0.71); P=0.001). Atopic dermatitis occurred in 195/792 infants (25%). Specific IgE in the mother (OR(adj) 1.52 (95% CI 1.06-2.19); P=0.02) and in the infant (OR(adj) 4.20 (95% CI 2.63-6.68); P<0.001) were both risk factors for the occurence of atopic dermatitis, whereas postnatal exposure to cats was negatively associated with atopic dermatitis (OR(adj) 0.68 (0.47-0.97); P=0.03). Postnatal exposure to cigarette smoke (OR(adj) 3.31 (95% CI 1.79-6.09); P<0.001) and day care attendance (OR(adj) 1.96 (95% CI 1.18-3.23); P=0.009) were significantly associated with early wheezing, which occurred in 25% (197/795) of the infants. CONCLUSION: The effect of paternal sensitization and day care attendance on sensitization is gender dependent. Maternal sensitization predisposes for atopic dermatitis, whereas postnatal exposure to cats had a protective effect.

Changes in respiratory and allergic symptoms in schoolchildren from 1996 to 2002, results from the ISAAC surveys in Antwerp (Belgium).

Two cross sectional surveys (1995/1996 and 2001/2002) were carried out according to the ISAAC protocol among 6-7 and 13-14 year old schoolchildren in Antwerp, Belgium. A total of 8244 children participated in 1996 and 8159 children in 2002. No significant differences in current prevalence of asthma and asthma medication was found in 6-7 year olds and 13-14 year old girls. Significantly less asthma and asthma medication was reported by 13-14 year old boys in 2002. Symptoms of wheeze had lower occurrence in all groups in 2002, which was significant for older age group. Current prevalence of rash was significantly higher in the 6-7 year olds in 2002. No such increase was found for rash in the older age groups but they reported significantly more rhinitis. No differences were found between urban and suburban Antwerp in either survey. No clear changes in the occurrence of asthma were found for school children in Antwerp while wheeze was reported less in 2002 compared to 1996. Allergic disorders had higher occurrences in schoolchildren in 2002.