A single-cell liver atlas of Plasmodium vivax infection.

Malaria-causing Plasmodium vivax parasites can linger in the human liver for weeks to years and reactivate to cause recurrent blood-stage infection. Although they are an important target for malaria eradication, little is known about the molecular features of replicative and non-replicative intracellular liver-stage parasites and their host cell dependence. Here, we leverage a bioengineered human microliver platform to culture patient-derived P. vivax parasites for transcriptional profiling. Coupling enrichment strategies with bulk and single-cell analyses, we capture both parasite and host transcripts in individual hepatocytes throughout the course of infection. We define host- and state-dependent transcriptional signatures and identify unappreciated populations of replicative and non-replicative parasites that share features with sexual transmissive forms. We find that infection suppresses the transcription of key hepatocyte function genes and elicits an anti-parasite innate immune response. Our work provides a foundation for understanding host-parasite interactions and reveals insights into the biology of P. vivax dormancy and transmission.

Essential roles of fibronectin in the development of the left-right embryonic body plan.

Studies in Xenopus laevis suggested that cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions regulate the development of the left-right axis of asymmetry; however, the identities of ECM components and their receptors important for this process have remained unknown. We discovered that FN is required for the establishment of the asymmetric gene expression pattern in early mouse embryos by regulating morphogenesis of the node, while cellular fates of the nodal cells, canonical Wnt and Shh signaling within the node were not perturbed by the absence of FN. FN is also required for the expression of Lefty 1/2 and activation of SMADs 2 and 3 at the floor plate, while cell fate specification of the notochord and the floor plate, as well as signaling within and between these two embryonic organizing centers remained intact in FN-null mutants. Furthermore, our experiments indicate that a major cell surface receptor for FN, integrin α5ß1, is also required for the development of the left-right asymmetry, and that this requirement is evolutionarily conserved in fish and mice. Taken together, our studies demonstrate the requisite role for a structural ECM protein and its integrin receptor in the development of the left-right axis of asymmetry in vertebrates.