The efficacy and safety of itopride as an add-on therapy to a proton pump inhibitor in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Introduction: The primary objective was to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of itopride as an add-on therapy to a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Aim: Reflux disease affects the largest percentage of the population worldwide, symptoms overlap with many other conditions which hamper diagnostic and therapy presenting challenges in treating patients and prompting an intensive search for new, more effective therapeutic regimens. Material and methods: A retrospective study was undertaken with 140 enrolled patients with reflux disease, confirmed by 24-hour pH impedance previously treated with PPIs without any significant improvement. Itopride was added to the PPI therapy in a dose of 150 mg/day, after which the severity of reflux disease symptoms was reassessed. Results: The greatest improvement after the combined treatment (p < 0.001) was experienced in the context of heartburn, nausea and laryngopharyngeal symptoms. There was also a high percentage of statistically significant (p < 0.01) improvement in burning in the oesophagus and stomach and regarding postprandial fullness, gastric retention and swallowing disorders. No adverse effects were noted. Conclusions: The presented study clearly demonstrates that in patients ineffectively treated with PPIs, the addition of itopride to the therapy for 8 weeks without changing the PPI dose, significantly improves the efficacy of treatment of reflux disease and thus shortens the need for medication usage and reduces the costs of therapy, potential side effects of PPI, improves the patient's quality of life and decreases the frequency of medical appointments.

Does a pickle a day keep Alzheimer's away? Fermented food in Alzheimer's disease: A review.

Fermented food is commonly viewed as healthy, mostly due to its probiotic and digestion-enhancing properties and recently it has been examined with regard to the development of new therapeutic and preventive measures for Alzheimer's disease. Fermented food has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and to alter the gut microbiota. However, the exact pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease is still unknown and its connections to systemic inflammation and gut dysbiosis, as potential targets of fermented food, require further investigation. Therefore, to sum up the current knowledge, this article reviews recent research on the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease with emphasis on the role of the gut-brain axis and studies examining the use of fermented foods. The analysis of the fermented food research includes clinical and preclinical in vivo and in vitro studies. The fermented food studies have shown promising effects on amyloid-ß metabolism, inflammation, and cognitive impairment in animals and humans. Fermented food has great potential in developing new approaches to Alzheimer's disease treatment.

Oils from Transgenic Flax Lines as Potential Chemopreventive Agents in Colorectal Cancer.

Colorectal cancer is a major global health concern, and the need for effective chemopreventive agents is paramount. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of oils from transgenically modified flax for the prevention of colorectal cancer, in relation to the oil concertation. Flaxseed oils were obtained from traditional (Nike) and genetically modified flax lines (M and B). Cell viability assays were performed on various cancer cell lines, including colon adenocarcinoma cells. Flaxseed oil B exhibited the strongest anti-proliferative properties compared to the reference drugs and other oils. Additionally, M and B oils showed enhanced accumulation of Rhodamine 123 and increased apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. M oil exhibited the highest levels of p53 protein. Notably, the tested transgenic oils did not induce metastasis and displayed stronger inhibition of COX-1 compared to COX-2. These data indicate the utility of flaxseed oils, especially from the M line, as adjuvants in colorectal cancer treatment, targeting the colon specifically.

New Schiff bases derived from dimethylpyridine-1,2,4-triazole hybrid as cytotoxic agents targeting gastrointestinal cancers: Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies.

In this research, a series of novel hybrid structures of dimethylpyridine-1,2,4-triazole Schiff bases were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic potency on several human gastrointestinal cancer cells (EPG, Caco-2, LoVo, LoVo/Dx, HT29) and normal colonic epithelial cells (CCD 841 CoN). Schiff base 4h was the most potent compound against gastric EPG cancer cells (CC50 = 12.10 ± 3.10 µM), being 9- and 21-fold more cytotoxic than 5-FU and cisplatin, respectively. Moreover, it was not toxic to normal cells. Regarding the cytotoxicity against colorectal cancer cells, compounds 4d and 4l exhibited good activity against HT29 cells (CC50 = 52.80 ± 2.80 µM and 61.40 ± 10.70 µM, respectively), and were comparable to or more potent than cisplatin and 5-FU. Also, they were less toxic to normal cells with a higher selectivity index (SI, CCD 841 CoN/HT29 = 4.20 and 2.85, respectively) than reference drugs (SI, CCD 841 CoN/HT29 < 1). Selected Schiff bases were subjected to the P-glycoprotein inhibition assay. Schiff bases 4d, 4e, and 4l influenced P-gp efflux function, significantly increasing the accumulation of rhodamine 123 in colon cancer cell lines. Further mechanistic studies showed that compound 4l induced apoptotic cell death through a caspase-dependent mechanism and by regulating the p53-MDM2 signaling pathway in HT29 cells. Also, physicochemical predictions of compounds 4d, 4e, 4h, and 4i were examined in silico. The results revealed that the compounds possessed promising drug-likeness profiles.

Synthesis, Biological, Spectroscopic and Computational Investigations of Novel N-Acylhydrazone Derivatives of Pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazinone as Dual COX/LOX Inhibitors.

Secure and efficient treatment of diverse pain and inflammatory disorders is continually challenging. Although NSAIDs and other painkillers are well-known and commonly available, they are sometimes insufficient and can cause dangerous adverse effects. As yet reported, derivatives of pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazinone are potent COX-2 inhibitors with a COX-2/COX-1 selectivity index better than meloxicam. Considering that N-acylhydrazone (NAH) moiety is a privileged structure occurring in many promising drug candidates, we decided to introduce this pharmacophore into new series of pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazinone derivatives. The current paper presents the synthesis and in vitro, spectroscopic, and in silico studies evaluating the biological and physicochemical properties of NAH derivatives of pyrrolo[3,4-d]pyridazinone. Novel compounds 5a-c-7a-c were received with high purity and good yields and did not show cytotoxicity in the MTT assay. Their COX-1, COX-2, and 15-LOX inhibitory activities were estimated using enzymatic tests and molecular docking studies. The title N-acylhydrazones appeared to be promising dual COX/LOX inhibitors. Moreover, spectroscopic and computational methods revealed that new compounds form stable complexes with the most abundant plasma proteins-AAG and HSA, but do not destabilize their secondary structure. Additionally, predicted pharmacokinetic and drug-likeness properties of investigated molecules suggest their potentially good membrane permeability and satisfactory bioavailability.

Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Docking Study of 4,6-Dimethyl-5-aryl/alkyl-2-[2-hydroxy-3-(4-substituted-1-piperazinyl)propyl]pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,3(2H,5H)-diones as Anti-Inflammatory Agents with Dual Inhibition of COX and LOX.

In the present study, we characterize the biological activity of a newly designed and synthesized series of 15 compounds 2-[2-hydroxy-3-(4-substituted-1-piperazinyl)propyl] derivatives of pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole 3a-3o. The compounds were obtained with good yields of pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole scaffold 2a-2c with secondary amines in C2H5OH. The chemical structures of the compounds were characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FT-IR, and MS. All the new compounds were investigated for their potencies to inhibit the activity of three enzymes, i.e., COX-1, COX-2, and LOX, by a colorimetric inhibitor screening assay. In order to analyze the structural basis of interactions between the ligands and cyclooxygenase/lipooxygenase, experimental data were supported by the results of molecular docking simulations. The data indicate that all of the tested compounds influence the activity of COX-1, COX-2, and LOX.

Evaluation of Recovery Methods for Fragaria vesca L. Oil: Characteristics, Stability and Bioactive Potential.

Wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.) seed oil (WSO) recovered by two methods-cold pressing (CP) and extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2E)-taking into account the different extraction times, was characterized for its composition and quality. The cytotoxicity assessment of WSOs was also carried out using the normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cell line. Tocopherol and total polyphenol contents were significantly higher in WSO recovered by SCO2E, up to 1901.0 and 58.5 mg/kg, respectively, in comparison with CP oil. In CP oil, the highest content of carotenoids and squalene was determined (123.8 and 31.4 mg/kg, respectively). Phytosterol summed up to 5396 mg/kg in WSO collected in 30 min of SCO2E. Moreover, the highest oxidative stability was found for this oil. All studied WSOs were non-cytotoxic in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leaching and sulforhodamine B (SRB) assays; however, oils collected by SCO2E in 15 and 30 min were found to be cytotoxic in the tetrazolium salt (MTT) test, with the CC50 at a concentration of 3.4 and 5.5%, respectively. In conclusion, the composition of WSO indicates that, depending on the method of its recovery, seeds can have different bio-potencies and various applications.

Imatinib-Functionalized Galactose Hydrogels Loaded with Nanohydroxyapatite as a Drug Delivery System for Osteosarcoma: In Vitro Studies.

This study reports an impact of structure (XRPD, FT-IR) and surface morphology (SEM-EDS) of imatinib-functionalized galactose hydrogels, loaded and unloaded with nHAp, on osteosarcoma cell (Saos-2 and U-2OS) viability, levels of free oxygen radicals, and nitric oxide, levels of BCL-2, p53, and caspase 3 and 9, as well as glycoprotein-P activity. It was investigated how the rough surface of the crystalline hydroxyapatite-modified hydrogel affected amorphous imatinib (IM) release. The imatinib drug effect on cell cultures has been demonstrated in different forms of administration-directly to the culture or the hydrogels. Administration of IM and hydrogel composites could be expected to reduce the risk of multidrug resistance development by inhibiting Pgp.

The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Men with Schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder with a chronic, progressive course. The etiology of this condition is linked to the interactions of multiple genes and environmental factors. The earlier age of onset of schizophrenia, the higher frequency of negative symptoms in the clinical presentation, and the poorer response to antipsychotic treatment in men compared to women suggests the involvement of sex hormones in these processes. This article aims to draw attention to the possible relationship between testosterone and some clinical features in male schizophrenic patients and discuss the complex nature of these phenomena based on data from the literature. PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched to select the papers without limiting the time of the publications. Hormone levels in the body are regulated by many organs and systems, and take place through the neuroendocrine, hormonal, neural, and metabolic pathways. Sex hormones play an important role in the development and function of the organism. Besides their impact on secondary sex characteristics, they influence brain development and function, mood, and cognition. In men with schizophrenia, altered testosterone levels were noted. In many cases, evidence from available single studies gave contradictory results. However, it seems that the testosterone level in men affected by schizophrenia may differ depending on the phase of the disease, types of clinical symptoms, and administered therapy. The etiology of testosterone level disturbances may be very complex. Besides the impact of the illness (schizophrenia), stress, and antipsychotic drug-induced hyperprolactinemia, testosterone levels may be influenced by, i.a., obesity, substances of abuse (e.g., ethanol), or liver damage.

Cornus mas L. Extract Targets the Specific Molecules of the Th17/Treg Developmental Pathway in TNBS-Induced Experimental Colitis in Rats.

Given that one of the crucial events in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease is the loss of homeostasis between Th17 and Treg cells, targeting the specific molecules of the Th17/Treg axis developmental pathway is a promising strategy for inflammatory bowel disease prevention and treatment. The current study aimed to assess the impact of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) extract, rich in iridoids and polyphenols known for their potential anti-inflammatory activity, at two doses (20 or 100 mg/kg) on the crucial factors for Th17/Treg cell differentiation in the course of experimental colitis and compare this action with that of sulfasalazine. This study was conducted on the biobank colon tissue samples collected during the previous original experiment, in which colitis in rats was induced by trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS). The levels of IL-6, RORγt, total STAT3, p-STAT3, and Foxp3 were determined by ELISA. The expression of PIAS3 mRNA was quantified by qPCR. Cornelian cherry extract at a dose of 100 mg/kg counteracted the TNBS-induced elevation of IL-6, RORγt, and p-STAT3 levels and a decrease in Foxp3 level and PIAS3 mRNA expression, while given concomitantly with sulfasalazine was more effective than sulfasalazine alone in reversing the TNBS-induced changes in IL-6, RORγt, total STAT3, p-STAT3, Foxp3 levels, and PIAS3 mRNA expression. The beneficial effect of cornelian cherry extract on experimental colitis may be due to its immunomodulatory activity reflected by the influence on factors regulating the Th17/Treg axis.

Does Inflammation Play a Major Role in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease?

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease leading to dementia for which no effective medicine exists. Currently, the goal of therapy is only to slow down the inevitable progression of the disease and reduce some symptoms. AD causes the accumulation of proteins with the pathological structure of Aß and tau and the induction of inflammation of nerves in the brain, which lead to the death of neurons. The activated microglial cells produce pro-inflammatory cytokines that induce a chronic inflammatory response and mediate synapse damage and the neuronal death. Neuroinflammation has been an often ignored aspect of ongoing AD research. There are more and more scientific papers taking into account the aspect of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of AD, although there are no unambiguous results regarding the impact of comorbidities or gender differences. This publication concerns a critical look at the role of inflammation in the progression of AD, based on the results of our own in vitro studies using model cell cultures and other researchers.

Interactions of N-Mannich Bases of Pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole with Artificial Models of Cell Membranes and Plasma Proteins, Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity.

Despite the widespread and easy access to NSAIDs, effective and safe treatment of various inflammatory disorders is still a serious challenge because of the severe adverse effects distinctive to these drugs. The Mannich base derivatives of pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole are potent, preferential COX-2 inhibitors with a COX-2/COX-1 inhibitory ratio better than meloxicam. Therefore, we chose the six most promising molecules and subjected them to further in-depth research. The current study presents the extensive biological, spectroscopic and in silico evaluation of the activity and physicochemical properties of pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole derivatives. Aware of the advantages of dual COX-LOX inhibition, we investigated the 15-LOX inhibitory activity of these molecules. We also examined their antioxidant effect in several in vitro experiments in a protection and regeneration model. Furthermore, we defined how studied compounds interact with artificial models of cell membranes, which is extremely important for drugs administered orally with an intracellular target. The interactions and binding mode of the derivatives with the most abundant plasma proteins-human serum albumin and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein-are also described. Finally, we used computational techniques to evaluate their pharmacokinetic properties. According to the obtained results, we can state that pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole derivatives are promising anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents with potentially good membrane permeability.

Multimodal study of CHI3L1 inhibition and its effect on angiogenesis, migration, immune response and refractive index of cellular structures in glioblastoma.

Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive tumours with a poor response to treatment and a poor prognosis for patients. One of the proteins expressed in glioblastoma tissue is CHI3L1 (YKL-40), which is upregulated and known for its angiogenesis-supporting and pro-tumour immunomodulatory effects in a variety of cancers. In this paper we present the anti-angiogenic, anti-migratory and immunomodulatory effects of the compound G721-0282, an inhibitor of CHI3L1. The inhibitor-induced changes were investigated using conventional techniques as well as the novel label-free digital holographic tomography (DHT), a quantitative phase imaging technique that allows the reconstruction of the refractive index (RI), which is used as an image contrast for 3D visualisation of living cells. DHT allowed digital staining of individual cells and intercellular structures based only on their specific RI. Quantitative spatially resolved analysis of the RI data shows that the concentration of G721-0282 leads to significant changes in the density of cells and their intracellular structures (in particular the cytoplasm and nucleus), in the volume of lipid droplets and in protein concentrations. Studies in the U-87 MG glioblastoma cell line, THP-1 monocytes differentiated into macrophages, human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) and in the spheroid model of glioblastoma composed of U-87 MG, HMEC-1 and macrophages suggest that inhibition of CHI3L1 may have potential in the antitumour treatment of glioblastoma. In this paper, we also propose a spheroid model for in vitro studies that mimics this type of tumour.

Search for immunomodulatory compounds with antiproliferative activity against melanoma.

BACKGROUND: Melanoma is a highly aggressive neoplasm with a high degree of malignancy and rapid acquisition of resistance by cancer cells. METHODS: Biological studies of a series of isoxazole compounds with immunomodulatory properties were preceded by in silico analysis. The assay evaluated the viability of NHDF and A375 cell cultures after the administration of isoxazole compounds after a 24-hour incubation period in the MTT test. Analyzes of ROS and NO scavenging, P-glycoprotein activity, and properties were performed. The levels of Caspase 3 and Caspase 9 were measured using ELISA to assess which pathways induced apoptosis by the tested compounds. On the chip, the synergistic effect of doxorubicin and the most active compound from the MM9 series on cells of the A375 melanoma line was determined. RESULTS: All tested N'-substituted derivatives of 5-amino-N,3-dimethyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carbohydrazide with immunomodulatory activity show multidirectional antitumor activity on A375 melanoma lines with an affinity for P-glycoprotein, induction of free radical formation and generation of DNA damage leading to the death of cancer cells, as well as formation of complexes with DNA Topoisomerase II. Most of the tested compounds show pro-apoptotic activity. The most active compound in the series induces apoptosis in three distinct pathways and acts synergistically with doxorubicin. CONCLUSIONS: The most active compound with immunomodulatory properties showed multidirectional antitumor activity against cells of the A375 melanoma line and also had a synergistic pro-apoptotic effect with doxorubicin, which may result in a reduction of this cytostatic dose with increased effectiveness.

Supporting the Wound Healing Process-Curcumin, Resveratrol and Baicalin in In Vitro Wound Healing Studies.

The purpose of the investigation was to evaluate the effect of the selected bioflavonoids curcumin, resveratrol and baicalin on the wound healing process in an in vitro model. In the study, Balb3t3 and L929 cell lines were used. The first step was the evaluation of the cytotoxicity of the substances tested (MTT assay). Then, using the scratch test (ST), the influence of bioflavonoids on the healing process was evaluated in an in vitro model. The second stage of the work was a mathematical analysis of the results obtained. On the basis of experimental data, the parameters of the Brian and Cousens model were determined in order to determine the maximum value of the cellular and metabolic response that occurs for the examined range of concentrations of selected bioflavonoids. In the MTT assays, no cytotoxic effect of curcumin, resveratrol and baicalin was observed in selected concentrations, while in the ST tests for selected substances, a stimulatory effect was observed on the cell division rate regardless of the cell lines tested. The results obtained encourage further research on the use of substances of natural origin to support the wound healing process.

New Oxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidines as Potential Anticancer Agents: Their Design, Synthesis, and In Vitro Biological Activity Research.

Cancer is a large group of diseases in which the rapid proliferation of abnormal cells generally leads to metastasis to surrounding tissues or more distant ones through the lymphatic and blood vessels, making it the second leading cause of death worldwide. The main challenge in designing a modern anticancer therapy is to develop selective compounds that exploit specific molecular targets. In this work, novel oxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated in vitro for their cytotoxic activity against a panel of four human cancer cell lines (lung carcinoma: A549, breast adenocarcinoma: MCF7, metastatic colon adenocarcinoma: LoVo, primary colon adenocarcinoma: HT29), along with their P-glycoprotein-inhibitory ability and pro-apoptotic activity. These oxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives, which are structurally similar to nucleic purine bases in general, are characterized by the presence of a pharmacologically favorable isoxazole substituent at position 2 and aliphatic amino chains at position 7 of the condensed heterocyclic system. In silico analysis of the obtained compounds identified their potent inhibitory activity towards human vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2). Molecular docking was performed to assess the binding mode of new derivatives to the VEGFR-2 active site. Then, their physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacological properties (i.e., ADME-administration, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) were also predicted to assess their druglikeness. In particular, compound 3g (with a 3-(N,N-dimethylamino)propyl substituent) was found to be the most potent against the HT29 cell line, with a 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of 58.4 µM, exceeding the activity of fluorouracil (CC50 = 381.2 µM) and equaling the activity of cisplatin (CC50 = 47.2 µM), while being less toxic to healthy human cells (such as normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs)) than these reference drugs. The results suggest that compound 3g is a potentially promising candidate for the treatment of primary colorectal cancer.

Correction: Gebczak et al. Evaluation of PC12 Cells' Proliferation, Adhesion and Migration with the Use of an Extracellular Matrix (CorMatrix) for Application in Neural Tissue Engineering. Materials 2021, 14, 3858.

In the original publication [...].

Investigation of the Properties of Linen Fibers and Dressings.

In antiquity, flax was used as a dressing for healing wounds. Currently, work is underway on the genetic modification of flax fibers to improve their properties. Genetic modifications have resulted in an increased content of antioxidants and more favorable mechanical properties. The works published so far have presented independent tests of fibers and dressings after appropriate technological treatments in cell cultures. This study aimed to compare the properties of the fibers and the dressing produced in cell cultures-hamster fibroblasts-V79. The research material was traditional NIKE fibers; genetically modified M, B, and MB fibers; and linen dressings obtained from these fibers. The extract from 48-h incubation of 40 mg of fiber in the culture medium, which was desolved into 10, 20, and 30 mg, was administered to the cell culture. On the other hand, a linen dressing was placed on cells with an area of 0.5 cm2, 1 cm2, 1.5 cm2, and 2 cm2. Cells with fiber or dressing were incubated for 48 h, and then, biological tests were performed, including cell viability (in propidium iodide staining), cell proliferation (in the SRB assay), evaluation of the intracellular free radical level (in the DCF-DA assay), genotoxicity (in the comet assay), assessment of the apoptotic and necrotic cells (in staining anexin-V and iodide propidium), the course of the cell cycle, and the scratch test. The correlation between apoptosis and genotoxicity and the levels of free radicals and genotoxicity were determined for the tested linen fibers and fabrics. The tests presented that the fibers are characterized by the ability to eliminate damaged cells in the elimination phase. However, the obtained fabrics gain different properties during the technological processing of the fibers into linen dressings. Linen fabrics have better regenerative properties for cells than fibers. The linseed dressing made of MB fiber has the most favorable regenerative properties.

Effect of tricyclic 1,2-thiazine derivatives in neuroinflammation induced by preincubation with lipopolysaccharide or coculturing with microglia-like cells.

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered the most common cause of dementia among the elderly. One of the modifiable causes of AD is neuroinflammation. The current study aimed to investigate the influence of new tricyclic 1,2-thiazine derivatives on in vitro model of neuroinflammation and their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). METHODS: The potential anti-inflammatory effect of new tricyclic 1,2-thiazine derivatives (TP1, TP4, TP5, TP6, TP7, TP8, TP9, TP10) was assessed in SH-SY5Y cells differentiated to the neuron-like phenotype incubated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (5 or 50 µg/ml) or THP-1 microglial cell culture supernatant using MTT, DCF-DA, Griess, and fast halo (FHA) assays. Additionally, for cultures preincubated with 50 µg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a cyclooxygenase (COX) activity assay was performed. Finally, the potential ability of tested compounds to cross the BBB was evaluated by computational studies. Molecular docking was performed with the TLR4/MD-2 complex to assess the possibility of binding the tested compounds in the LPS binding pocket. Prediction of ADMET parameters (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) was also conducted. RESULTS: The unfavorable effect of LPS and co-culture with THP-1 cells on neuronal cell viability was counteracted with TP1 and TP4 in all tested concentrations. Tested compounds reduced the oxidative and nitrosative stress induced by both LPS and microglia activation and also reduced DNA damage. Furthermore, new derivatives inhibited total COX activity. Additionally, new compounds would cross the BBB with high probability and reach concentrations in the brain not lower than in the serum. The binding affinity at the TLR4/MD-2 complex binding site of TP4 and TP8 compounds is similar to that of the drug donepezil used in Alzheimer's disease. The ADMET analysis showed that the tested compounds should not be toxic and should show high intestinal absorption. CONCLUSIONS: New tricyclic 1,2-thiazine derivatives exert a neuroregenerative effect in the neuroinflammation model, presumably via their inhibitory influence on COX activity and reduction of oxidative and nitrosative stress.

Impact of NMDA receptor activation on DNA damage in PC12 neuron-like cell cultures in the presence of ß-amyloid peptides.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of low nanomolar concentrations of Aß1-40 and Aß25-35 on DNA double-strand breaks following NMDA activation of cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After incubating the differentiated PC12 cells with Aß25-35, Aß1-40 or Aß1-42 for 24 h, the culture was washed and stimulated for 15 min with NMDA. Then, tests were performed at four-time intervals from stimulation to assess the viability of the culture, the level of oxygen free radicals, and the γH2AX and pATM kinase. NMDAR1 expression was also evaluated by performing immunocytochemical staining. RESULTS: It was found that amyloid peptides in nanomolar concentrations reduce double-stranded DNA breaks after NMDA neuron activation. A slight antioxidant effect was also demonstrated when measured 120 min after NMDA cell activation. CONCLUSION: The NMDA stimulation of PC12 cells led to a rapid increase in the number of double-stranded DNA breaks in the cells and is assumed to be the initial step in IEG activation and LTP induction. The effect of Aß on the reduction of double-strand breaks after NMDA cell stimulation indicates that at concentrations similar to physiological amyloid peptides, it may reduce the mobilization of the neuronal response to stimuli, leading to inhibition of LTP induction and decreasing synaptic plasticity in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease.