ABSTRACT
4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) is a photo-absorbing UV filter prevalently used in cosmetics, which can be absorbed into circulation and cause systemic effects. 4-MBC is continued to be released in the environment despite the growing knowledge about its bioaccumulation and endocrine disrupting effects. Previous reviews have mentioned UV-filter together but this review considers 4-MBC alone, due to its prevalence and concerning health effects. This review considers 4-MBC's potential effects on human health regarding systemic and molecular effects, with the main focus on reproduction. Also, the potential bioaccumulation and interactions with receptor systems such as the oestrogen receptors ß and α, and progesterone receptor are covered. Additionally, previous studies about 4-MBC's effects on mRNA and protein expression, especially in the prostate and the brain are analysed. Furthermore, 4-MBC is reported to act with inflammatory pathways by activating p38 MAPK and NF-κB, leading to the production of inflammatory TNF-α and IL-6. 4-MBC was also found to induce apoptosis and inhibit cell proliferation and DNA repair. In conclusion, 4-MBC has wide-ranging effects in many different models interacting with multiple pathways causing long-term effects even at low doses and this knowledge can guide governmental risk assessment, regulation divisions and chemical industries.
