Integration of epidemiological and blood biomarker analysis links haem iron intake to increased type 2 diabetes risk.

Dietary haem iron intake is linked to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the underlying plasma biomarkers are not well understood. We analysed data from 204,615 participants (79% females) in three large US cohorts over up to 36 years, examining the associations between iron intake and T2D risk. We also assessed plasma metabolic biomarkers and metabolomic profiles in subsets of 37,544 (82% females) and 9,024 (84% females) participants, respectively. Here we show that haem iron intake but not non-haem iron is associated with a higher T2D risk, with a multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio of 1.26 (95% confidence interval 1.20-1.33; P for trend <0.001) comparing the highest to the lowest quintiles. Haem iron accounts for significant proportions of the T2D risk linked to unprocessed red meat and specific dietary patterns. Increased haem iron intake correlates with unfavourable plasma profiles of insulinaemia, lipids, inflammation and T2D-linked metabolites. We also identify metabolites, including L-valine and uric acid, potentially mediating the haem iron-T2D relationship, highlighting their pivotal role in T2D pathogenesis.

Herpes zoster and long-term risk of subjective cognitive decline.

BACKGROUND: Herpes zoster (HZ), commonly known as "shingles," may contribute to cognitive decline through mechanisms such as neuroinflammation or direct neuronal injury. However, evidence on the longitudinal association between HZ and cognitive decline is conflicting and whether the risk differs by APOE ε4-carrier status has not been studied; prospective cohort studies on the association between HZ vaccination and cognitive decline are also lacking. METHODS: We included 149,327 participants from three large cohorts-the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), NHSII, and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS)-to prospectively examine the association between HZ and subsequent subjective cognitive decline (SCD). Poisson regression was used to estimate the multivariable-adjusted relative risk (MVRR) of a 3-unit increment in SCD score according to years since HZ compared with participants with no history of HZ. RESULTS: Compared with individuals with no history of HZ, the MVRR (95% CI) of a 3-unit increment in SCD score was significantly and independently higher among individuals with a history of HZ, but the duration of time since HZ when the elevated risk of SCD was statistically significant differed among the cohorts. In NHS, HZ was associated with higher long-term risk of SCD; compared with individuals with no history of HZ, the MVRR (95% CI) of a 3-unit increment in SCD score was 1.14 (1.01, 1.32) for ≥ 13 years since HZ. In NHS II, HZ was associated with higher risk of SCD in both the short-term [MVRR 1.34 (1.18, 1.53) for 1-4 years] and long-term [MVRR 1.20 (1.08, 1.34) for ≥ 13 years since HZ]. In HPFS, an elevated risk of SCD was suggested across all time points. Among the subset of participants with information on APOE ε4, there was a suggestion that the association differed by APOE ε4 carrier status, but the results were not consistent between women and men. Among the subset of women with information on HZ vaccination, there was a suggestion that the long-term risk of SCD may be greater among women who were not vaccinated against HZ. CONCLUSIONS: Data from three large independent cohorts of women and men showed that HZ was associated with higher long-term risk of SCD, and the risk may differ by APOE ε4-carrier status.

Plant-based and planetary-health diets, environmental burden, and risk of mortality: a prospective cohort study of middle-aged and older adults in China.

BACKGROUND: Plant-based diets (PBDs) and planetary-health diets (PHDs) are recommended for their potential health and environmental benefits, but population-based evidence in diverse cultures is scarce. METHODS: We included 9364 adults aged 45 years and older (52·3% female, 47·7% male) from the open cohort of the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Dietary intake was assessed using 3-day 24 h dietary recalls combined with weighing methods from 1997 to 2011, and mortality was documented from 1997 to 2015. We calculated the overall PBD index (PDI), healthful PBD index (hPDI), and unhealthful PBD index (uPDI; ranges 18-90), and the PHD score (range 0-140). We also estimated the related greenhouse gas emissions, land appropriation, and total water footprint and examined their associations with mortality. FINDINGS: PBD indices were inversely related to greenhouse gas emissions, land appropriation, and total water footprint, whereas higher PHD score was related to higher environmental burdens (p<0·0001). During follow-up (mean 9·2 years), 792 (8·5%) death cases were documented. PDI (HR 1·08 [95% CI 0·88-1·32]) and hPDI (0·98 [0·80-1·21]) were not significantly associated with mortality, whereas higher uPDI was related to a higher mortality risk (1·55 [1·26-1·91]). In contrast, higher PHD score was associated with lower mortality risk (0·79 [0·63-0·99]). INTERPRETATION: The PBDs showed environmental benefits, but are not necessarily associated with lower mortality risk. The PHD, developed mainly in western populations, was related to lower mortality risk but higher environmental burdens in the Chinese population. FUNDING: Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Zhejiang University Global Partnership Fund, and National Natural Science Foundation of China.

Lipidome changes due to improved dietary fat quality inform cardiometabolic risk reduction and precision nutrition.

Current cardiometabolic disease prevention guidelines recommend increasing dietary unsaturated fat intake while reducing saturated fats. Here we use lipidomics data from a randomized controlled dietary intervention trial to construct a multilipid score (MLS), summarizing the effects of replacing saturated fat with unsaturated fat on 45 lipid metabolite concentrations. In the EPIC-Potsdam cohort, a difference in the MLS, reflecting better dietary fat quality, was associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of cardiovascular disease (-32%; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): -21% to -42%) and type 2 diabetes (-26%; 95% CI: -15% to -35%). We built a closely correlated simplified score, reduced MLS (rMLS), and observed that beneficial rMLS changes, suggesting improved dietary fat quality over 10 years, were associated with lower diabetes risk (odds ratio per standard deviation of 0.76; 95% CI: 0.59 to 0.98) in the Nurses' Health Study. Furthermore, in the PREDIMED trial, an olive oil-rich Mediterranean diet intervention primarily reduced diabetes incidence among participants with unfavorable preintervention rMLS levels, suggestive of disturbed lipid metabolism before intervention. Our findings indicate that the effects of dietary fat quality on the lipidome can contribute to a more precise understanding and possible prediction of the health outcomes of specific dietary fat modifications.

All-cause and cause-specific mortality risk and loss in life expectancy associated with incident type 2 diabetes onset age and duration.

BACKGROUND: Evidence on type 2 diabetes onset age and duration on mortality risk has been limited by short follow-up, inadequate control for confounding, missing repeated measurements, and inability to cover the full range of onset age, duration, and major causes of death. Moreover, scarce data dissect how type 2 diabetes onset age and duration shape life expectancy. METHODS: We evaluate prospectively these topics based on 270,075 eligible participants in the Nurses' Health Studies and Health Professionals Follow-up Study, leveraging repeated measurements throughout up to 40 years of follow-up. Cox models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: In fully adjusted analyses, incident early onset type 2 diabetes (diagnosed <40 years of age) was associated with significantly higher mortality from all-causes (HR, 95% CI was 3.16, 2.64-3.79; vs. individuals without type 2 diabetes), cardiovascular disease (6.56, 4.27-10.1), respiratory disease (3.43, 1.38-8.51), neurodegenerative disease (5.13, 2.09-12.6), and kidney disease (8.55, 1.98-36.9). The relative risk elevations declined dramatically with each higher decade of age at diagnosis for deaths from most of these causes, though the absolute risk difference increased continuously. A substantially higher cumulative incidence of mortality and a greater loss in life expectancy were associated with younger age at type 2 diabetes diagnosis. Longer disease duration was associated with generally higher relative and absolute risk of mortality. CONCLUSION: Early onset of type 2 diabetes and longer disease duration are associated with substantially increased risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality and greater loss in life expectancy.

Associations Between Food Insecurity and Diet Quality Among Graduate Students and Postdoctoral Trainees in the Health Sciences at a Private University in Boston: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Food insecurity is a pivotal determinant of health outcomes. Little evidence exists on the association between food insecurity and health behaviors and outcomes, including diet quality, among graduate students or postdoctoral trainees. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the association between food insecurity and diet quality among graduate students and postdoctoral trainees at 3 health-focused graduate schools (public health, medical, and dental medicine) within Harvard University. Methods: Between April and June 2023, 1287 graduate students and 458 postdoctoral trainees at the health-focused schools within Harvard University completed a web-based survey. The primary exposure was food security status, assessed using the United States Household Food Security Survey Module. The primary outcome was diet quality, measured using the 30-day Prime Diet Quality Score screener (ranges from 0 to 126, with higher scores indicating healthier diets). The associations between food insecurity and diet quality were examined using multivariable regression models, adjusting for sociodemographic covariates. Results: Among graduate students, compared with those with high food security, diet quality was significantly lower among those experiencing marginal food security [ß: -4.7; 95% confidence interval (CI): -6.5, -2.9], low food security (ß: -5.4; 95% CI: -7.6, -3.3), and very low food security (ß: -4.4; 95% CI: -7.4, -1.4). Poor diet quality included lower intake frequencies of vegetables, fruits, beans/peas/soy products, nuts/seeds, poultry, fish, low-fat dairy, and liquid oils, and higher intake frequencies of refined grains/baked products, sugar-sweetened beverages, and fried foods. Among postdoctoral trainees, compared with those with high food security, diet quality was significantly lower among those experiencing low food security (ß: -5.1; 95% CI: -8.8, -1.4), and very low food security (ß: -5.2; 95% CI: -10.2, -0.2). Poor diet quality included lower intake frequencies of dark green leafy vegetables, other fruits, and whole grains. Conclusions: Graduate students and postdoctoral trainees who experienced degrees of food insecurity reported lower diet quality. These observations underscore the need for policies and interventions to simultaneously reduce food insecurity and improve diet quality.

Alcohol consumption in relation to cognitive dysfunction and dementia: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of comparative longitudinal studies.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol use is associated with a wide spectrum of neurological disorders, including cognitive dysfunction and dementia. Likewise, the high prevalence of cognitive dysfunction and dementia specifies the urgent need to identify modifiable risk factors. Because findings on alcohol and cognitive dysfunction and dementia have been inconsistent, the present dose-response meta-analysis of cohort and case control studies was conducted to evaluate the available evidence. METHOD AND MATERIALS: A systematic search was conducted on PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and PsychInfo databases and Google Scholar up to April, 2023. In the dose-response meta-analysis, a restricted cubic spline regression model was conducted to evaluate a possible non-linear relation between alcohol intake and the outcomes. Random-effects model was used to perform the meta-analysis and evaluate heterogeneity. Egger's test and a funnel plot were used to assess small study effects. Subgroup analyses were carried out to explore possible sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS: Seventeen eligible studies comprising 80,680 total persons with 4929 cases for dementia and 13,530 total persons with 1579 cases for cognitive dysfunction were included for dose-response analysis. When compared to the reference group of 0 g/day of alcohol intake, the dose-response meta-analysis revealed a significant non-linear (J-shaped) association between alcohol intake and the risk of each of cognitive dysfunction, (lower dose range: 1-30.5 g/day, RR: 0.97; 95 % CI 0.95-0.99; higher dose range: >30.5 g/day, RR: 1.07; 95 % CI 1.01-1.15) and dementia (lower dose range: 1-17.5 g/day, RR: 0.92; 95 % CI 0.88-0.96, higher dose range: >17.5 g/day, RR: 1.23; 95 % CI 1.09-1.35). The lowest risk was achieved at approximately 30 g/day of alcohol for cognitive dysfunction and 15 g/day for dementia. The J-shape association remained with subgroups defined by age (≤65; >65 years) or study duration (<10; ≥10 years) for dementia, and within age >65 and duration <10 years for cognitive dysfunction. CONCLUSION: We observed a J-shape association between alcohol consumption and both cognitive dysfunction and dementia, with light-to-moderate alcohol intake being associated with a reduced risk in adults. Further studies are needed to clarify more specifically the association between alcohol consumption and six domains of cognitive dysfunction based on diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM) criteria.

Planetary Health Diet Index and risk of total and cause-specific mortality in three prospective cohorts.

BACKGROUND: In 2019, the EAT-Lancet Commission proposed a healthy dietary pattern that, along with reductions in food waste and improved agricultural practices, could feed the increasing global population sustainably. We developed a Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI) to quantify adherence to the EAT-Lancet reference diet. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to assess associations between PHDI and total and cause-specific mortality in 3 prospective cohorts of males and females in the United States. METHODS: We followed 66,692 females from the Nurses' Health Study (1986-2019), 92,438 females from the Nurses' Health Study II (1989-2019), and 47,274 males from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2018) who were free of cancer, diabetes, and major cardiovascular diseases at baseline. The PHDI was calculated every 4 y using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using multivariable proportional-hazards models. RESULTS: During follow-up, we documented 31,330 deaths among females and 23,206 among males. When comparing the highest with the lowest quintile of PHDI, the pooled multivariable-adjusted HRs were 0.77 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.75, 0.80] for all-cause mortality (P-trend < 0.0001). The PHDI was associated with lower risk of deaths from cardiovascular diseases (HR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.91), cancer (HR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.85, 0.95), respiratory diseases (HR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.48, 0.59), and neurodegenerative diseases (HR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.67, 0.78). In females, but not males, the PHDI was also significantly associated with a lower risk of deaths from infectious diseases (HR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.76). PHDI scores were also associated inversely with greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental impacts. CONCLUSIONS: In 3 large United States-based prospective cohorts of males and females with up to 34 y of follow-up, a higher PHDI was associated with lower risk of total and cause-specific mortality and environment impacts.

Alcohol intake and endogenous sex hormones in women: Meta-analysis of cohort studies and Mendelian randomization.

BACKGROUND: The mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced breast carcinogenesis are not fully understood but may involve hormonal changes. METHODS: Cross-sectional associations were investigated between self-reported alcohol intake and serum or plasma concentrations of estradiol, estrone, progesterone (in premenopausal women only), testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) in 45 431 premenopausal and 173 476 postmenopausal women. Multivariable linear regression was performed separately for UK Biobank, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, and Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group, and meta-analyzed the results. For testosterone and SHBG, we also conducted Mendelian randomization and colocalization using the ADH1B (alcohol dehydrogenase 1B) variant (rs1229984). RESULTS: Alcohol intake was positively, though weakly, associated with all hormones (except progesterone in premenopausal women), with increments in concentrations per 10 g/day increment in alcohol intake ranging from 1.7% for luteal estradiol to 6.6% for postmenopausal dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. There was an inverse association of alcohol with SHBG in postmenopausal women but a small positive association in premenopausal women. Two-sample randomization identified positive associations of alcohol intake with total testosterone (difference per 10 g/day increment: 4.1%; 95% CI, 0.6-7.6) and free testosterone (7.8%; 4.1-11.5), and an inverse association with SHBG (-8.1%; -11.3% to -4.9%). Colocalization suggested a shared causal locus at ADH1B between alcohol intake and higher free testosterone and lower SHBG (posterior probability for H4, 0.81 and 0.97, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol intake was associated with small increases in sex hormone concentrations, including bioavailable fractions, which may contribute to its effect on breast cancer risk.

Sedentary Behaviors, Light-Intensity Physical Activity, and Healthy Aging.

Importance: Sleep duration and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) are associated with healthy aging, but the associations of sedentary behaviors and light-intensity physical activity (LPA) with healthy aging are still unclear. Objective: To examine the independent association of sedentary behaviors and LPA with healthy aging, and to estimate the theoretical association of replacing sedentary behavior with LPA, MVPA, or sleep with healthy aging. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this cohort study using data from the Nurses' Health Study, participants aged 50 years or older and free of major chronic diseases in 1992 were prospectively followed up for 20 years. Data were analyzed from January to May 2022. Exposures: Three measures for sedentary behaviors (hours watching television, sitting at work, and other sitting at home) and 2 measures for LPA (hours of standing or walking around at home [LPA-Home] and at work [LPA-Work]). Main Outcomes and Measures: Healthy aging was defined as survival to at least age 70 years with maintenance of 4 health domains (ie, no major chronic diseases and no impairment in subjective memory, physical function, or mental health). The isotemporal substitution model was used to evaluate the potential impact on healthy aging of replacing 1 hour of 1 behavior with equivalent duration of another. Results: Among 45 176 participants (mean [SD] age, 59.2 [6.0] years), 3873 (8.6%) women achieved healthy aging. After adjustment for covariates including MVPA, each increment of 2 hours per day in sitting watching television was associated with a 12% (95% CI, 7%-17%) reduction in the odds of healthy aging. In contrast, each increase of 2 hours per day in LPA-Work was associated with a 6% (95% CI, 3%-9%) increase in the odds of healthy aging. Replacing 1 hour of sitting watching television with LPA-Home (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.05-1.12), LPA-Work (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.07-1.14), or MVPA (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.23-1.34) was associated with increased odds of healthy aging. Among participants who slept 7 hours per day or less, replacing television time with sleep was also associated with increased odds of healthy aging. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study, longer television watching time decreased odds of healthy aging, whereas LPA and MVPA increased odds of healthy aging and replacing sitting watching television with LPA or MVPA, or with sleep in those who slept 7 hours per day or less, was associated with increased odds of healthy aging, providing evidence for rearranging 24-hour behavior to promote overall health.

An SMS chatbot digital educational program to increase healthy eating behaviors in adolescence: A multifactorial randomized controlled trial among 7,890 participants in the Danish National Birth Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Few cost-effective strategies to shift dietary habits of populations in a healthier direction have been identified. We examined if participating in a chatbot health education program transmitted by Short Messages Service ("SMS-program") could improve adolescent dietary behaviors and body weight trajectories. We also explored possible added effects of maternal or peer involvement. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We conducted a randomized controlled trial (RCT) among adolescents from the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC). Eligible were adolescents who during 2015 to 2016 at age 14 years had completed a questionnaire assessing height, weight, and dietary habits. Two thirds were offered participation in an SMS-program, whereas 1/3 ("non-SMS group") received no offer. The SMS program aimed to improve 3 key dietary intake behaviors: sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), fruit and vegetables (FV), and fish. The offered programs had 3 factorially randomized schemes; the aims of these were to test effect of asking the mother or a friend to also participate in the health promotion program, and to test the effect of a 4-week individually tailored SMS program against the full 12-week SMS program targeting all 3 dietary factors. Height and weight and intakes of SSB, FV, and fish were assessed twice by a smartphone-based abbreviated dietary questionnaire completed at 6 months (m) and 18 m follow-up. Main outcome measures were (1) body mass index (BMI) z-score; and (2) an abbreviated Healthy Eating Index (mini-HEI, 1 m window, as mean of z-scores for SSB, FV, and fish). Among the 7,890 randomized adolescents, 5,260 were assigned to any SMS program; 63% (3,338) joined the offered program. Among the 7,890 randomized, 74% (5,853) and 68% (5,370) responded to follow-ups at 6 m and 18 m, respectively. Effects were estimated by intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses and inverse probability weighted per-protocol (IPW-PP) analyses excluding adolescents who did not join the program. Mean (standard deviation (SD)) mini-HEI at baseline, 6 m and 18 m was -0.01 (0.64), 0.01 (0.59), and -0.01 (0.59), respectively. In ITT-analyses, no effects were observed, at any time point, in those who had received any SMS program compared to the non-SMS group, on BMI z-score (6 m: -0.010 [95% confidence interval (CI) -0.035, 0.015]; p = 0.442, 18 m: 0.002 [95% CI -0.029, 0.033]; p = 0.901) or mini-HEI (6 m: 0.016 [95% CI -0.011, 0.043]; p = 0.253, 18m: -0.016 [95% CI -0.045, 0.013]; p = 0.286). In IPW-PP analyses, at 6 m, a small decrease in BMI z-score (-0.030 [95% CI -0.057, -0.003]; p = 0.032) was observed, whereas no significant effect was observed in mini-HEI (0.027 [95% CI -0.002, 0.056]; p = 0.072), among those who had received any SMS program compared to the non-SMS group. At 18 m, no associations were observed (BMI z-score: -0.006 [95% CI -0.039, 0.027]; p = 0.724, and mini-HEI: -0.005 [95% CI -0.036, 0.026]; p = 0.755). The main limitations of the study were that DNBC participants, though derived from the general population, tend to have higher socioeconomic status than average, and that outcome measures were self-reported. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, a chatbot health education program delivered through an SMS program had no effect on dietary habits or weight trajectories in ITT analyses. However, IPW-PP-analyses, based on those 63% who had joined the offered SMS program, suggested modest improvements in weight development at 6 m, which had faded at 18 m. Future research should focus on developing gender-specific messaging programs including "booster" messages to obtain sustained engagement. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02809196 https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02809196.

Ultraprocessed Food Intake and Risk of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Among Women Observed in the Nurses' Health Study Cohorts.

OBJECTIVE: We assessed ultraprocessed food (UPF) intake and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) incidence within the prospective Nurses' Health Study (NHS) cohorts. METHODS: A total of 204,175 women were observed (NHS 1984-2016; NHSII 1991-2017). Semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires were completed every two to four years. UPF intake was determined as per the Nova classification. Nurses self-reported new doctor-diagnosed SLE, confirmed by medical records. Time-varying Cox regressions estimated hazard ratios (HRs; 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) for patients with incident SLE and SLE by anti-double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibody at diagnosis, according to cumulatively updated daily (a) UPF servings, (b) total intake (in grams and milliliters), and (c) percentage of total intake. Analyses adjusted for age, race, cohort, caloric and alcohol intakes, household income, smoking, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, menarchal age, and oral contraceptive use. We tested for interaction with BMI and examined UPF categories. RESULTS: Mean baseline age was ~50 years (NHS) and ~36 years (NHSII); 93% self-reported White race. A total of 212 patients with incident SLE were identified. SLE risk was higher in the third versus first UPF tertile (servings per day pooled multivariable [MV] HR 1.56, 95% CI 1.04-2.32; P = 0.03). Results were stronger for dsDNA antibody in patients with SLE (servings per day pooled MV HR 2.05, 95% CI 1.15-3.65; P = 0.01) and for absolute (servings or total) than percentage of total intake. Sugar-sweetened/artificially sweetened beverages were associated with SLE risk (third vs first tertile MV HR 1.45, 95% CI 1.01-2.09). No BMI interactions were observed. CONCLUSION: Higher cumulative average daily UPF intake was associated with >50% increased SLE risk and with doubled risk for anti-dsDNA antibody in patients with SLE. Many deleterious effects on systemic inflammation and immunity are postulated.

Strain-specific gut microbial signatures in type 2 diabetes identified in a cross-cohort analysis of 8,117 metagenomes.

The association of gut microbial features with type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been inconsistent due in part to the complexity of this disease and variation in study design. Even in cases in which individual microbial species have been associated with T2D, mechanisms have been unable to be attributed to these associations based on specific microbial strains. We conducted a comprehensive study of the T2D microbiome, analyzing 8,117 shotgun metagenomes from 10 cohorts of individuals with T2D, prediabetes, and normoglycemic status in the United States, Europe, Israel and China. Dysbiosis in 19 phylogenetically diverse species was associated with T2D (false discovery rate < 0.10), for example, enriched Clostridium bolteae and depleted Butyrivibrio crossotus. These microorganisms also contributed to community-level functional changes potentially underlying T2D pathogenesis, for example, perturbations in glucose metabolism. Our study identifies within-species phylogenetic diversity for strains of 27 species that explain inter-individual differences in T2D risk, such as Eubacterium rectale. In some cases, these were explained by strain-specific gene carriage, including loci involved in various mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer and novel biological processes underlying metabolic risk, for example, quorum sensing. In summary, our study provides robust cross-cohort microbial signatures in a strain-resolved manner and offers new mechanistic insights into T2D.

Total magnesium intake and risk of frailty in older women.

BACKGROUND: An adequate magnesium intake might lower the risk of frailty through its role in muscle function. METHODS: We analysed data from 81 524 women aged ≥60 years participating in the Nurses' Health Study. Total magnesium intake was obtained from repeated food frequency questionnaires administered between 1984 and 2010 and self-reported information on supplementation. Frailty was defined as having at least three of the following five FRAIL scale criteria: fatigue, low strength, reduced aerobic capacity, having ≥5 chronic illnesses and weight loss ≥ 5%. The occurrence of frailty was assessed every 4 years from 1992 to 2018. Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for lifestyle factors, medication use and dietary factors were used to assess the association between magnesium intake and frailty. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 16 years, we identified 15 477 incident cases of frailty. Women with a higher intake of total energy-adjusted magnesium had a decreased risk of frailty after adjustment for lifestyle factors, medication use and dietary factors. The relative risk (95% confidence interval) for Quintile 5 (Q5) versus Quintile 1 (Q1) was 0.88 (0.82, 0.94) (P-trend < 0.001). When only energy-adjusted magnesium from the diet was considered, the inverse association was stronger (Q5 vs. Q1: 0.68 [0.56, 0.82]; P-trend < 0.001). Those reaching the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of magnesium through diet had a 14% (9%, 19%) lower risk of frailty compared with those not meeting the RDA. CONCLUSIONS: Increased intake of foods rich in magnesium was associated with a decreased risk of frailty.

Prediction of 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion Using Machine-Learning Algorithms.

BACKGROUND: Accurate quantification of sodium intake based on self-reported dietary assessments has been a persistent challenge. We aimed to apply machine-learning (ML) algorithms to predict 24-hour urinary sodium excretion from self-reported questionnaire information. METHODS AND RESULTS: We analyzed 3454 participants from the NHS (Nurses' Health Study), NHS-II (Nurses' Health Study II), and HPFS (Health Professionals Follow-Up Study), with repeated measures of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion over 1 year. We used an ensemble approach to predict averaged 24-hour urinary sodium excretion using 36 characteristics. The TOHP-I (Trial of Hypertension Prevention I) was used for the external validation. The final ML algorithms were applied to 167 920 nonhypertensive adults with 30-year follow-up to estimate confounder-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of incident hypertension for predicted sodium. Averaged 24-hour urinary sodium excretion was better predicted and calibrated with ML compared with the food frequency questionnaire (Spearman correlation coefficient, 0.51 [95% CI, 0.49-0.54] with ML; 0.19 [95% CI, 0.16-0.23] with the food frequency questionnaire; 0.46 [95% CI, 0.42-0.50] in the TOHP-I). However, the prediction heavily depended on body size, and the prediction of energy-adjusted 24-hour sodium excretion was modestly better using ML. ML-predicted sodium was modestly more strongly associated than food frequency questionnaire-based sodium in the NHS-II (HR comparing Q5 versus Q1, 1.48 [95% CI, 1.40-1.56] with ML; 1.04 [95% CI, 0.99-1.08] with the food frequency questionnaire), but no material differences were observed in the NHS or HPFS. CONCLUSIONS: The present ML algorithm improved prediction of participants' absolute 24-hour urinary sodium excretion. The present algorithms may be a generalizable approach for predicting absolute sodium intake but do not substantially reduce the bias stemming from measurement error in disease associations.

Differences in metabolomic profiles between Black and White women in the U.S.: Analyses from two prospective cohorts.

There is growing interest in incorporating metabolomics into public health practice. However, Black women are under-represented in many metabolomics studies. If metabolomic profiles differ between Black and White women, this under-representation may exacerbate existing Black-White health disparities. We therefore aimed to estimate metabolomic differences between Black and White women in the U.S. We leveraged data from two prospective cohorts: the Nurses' Health Study (NHS; n = 2077) and Women's Health Initiative (WHI; n = 2128). The WHI served as the replication cohort. Plasma metabolites (n = 334) were measured via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Observed metabolomic differences were estimated using linear regression and metabolite set enrichment analyses. Residual metabolomic differences in a hypothetical population in which the distributions of 14 risk factors were equalized across racial groups were estimated using inverse odds ratio weighting. In the NHS, Black-White differences were observed for most metabolites (75 metabolites with observed differences ≥ |0.50| standard deviations). Black women had lower average levels than White women for most metabolites (e.g., for N6, N6-dimethlylysine, mean Black-White difference = - 0.98 standard deviations; 95% CI: - 1.11, - 0.84). In metabolite set enrichment analyses, Black women had lower levels of triglycerides, phosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylethanolamines, and organoheterocyclic compounds, but higher levels of phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogens, phosphatidylcholine plasmalogens, cholesteryl esters, and carnitines. In a hypothetical population in which distributions of 14 risk factors were equalized, Black-White metabolomic differences persisted. Most results replicated in the WHI (88% of 272 metabolites available for replication). Substantial differences in metabolomic profiles exist between Black and White women. Future studies should prioritize racial representation.

Association of ultra-processed food consumption with all cause and cause specific mortality: population based cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of ultra-processed food consumption with all cause mortality and cause specific mortality. DESIGN: Population based cohort study. SETTING: Female registered nurses from 11 US states in the Nurses' Health Study (1984-2018) and male health professionals from all 50 US states in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2018). PARTICIPANTS: 74 563 women and 39 501 men with no history of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, or diabetes at baseline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association of ultra-processed food intake measured by semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire every four years with all cause mortality and cause specific mortality due to cancer, cardiovascular, and other causes (including respiratory and neurodegenerative causes). RESULTS: 30 188 deaths of women and 18 005 deaths of men were documented during a median of 34 and 31 years of follow-up, respectively. Compared with those in the lowest quarter of ultra-processed food consumption, participants in the highest quarter had a 4% higher all cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.04, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.07) and 9% higher mortality from causes other than cancer or cardiovascular diseases (1.09, 1.05 to 1.13). The all cause mortality rate among participants in the lowest and highest quarter was 1472 and 1536 per 100 000 person years, respectively. No associations were found for cancer or cardiovascular mortality. Meat/poultry/seafood based ready-to-eat products (for example, processed meat) consistently showed strong associations with mortality outcomes (hazard ratios ranged from 1.06 to 1.43). Sugar sweetened and artificially sweetened beverages (1.09, 1.07 to 1.12), dairy based desserts (1.07, 1.04 to 1.10), and ultra-processed breakfast food (1.04, 1.02 to 1.07) were also associated with higher all cause mortality. No consistent associations between ultra-processed foods and mortality were observed within each quarter of dietary quality assessed by the Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 score, whereas better dietary quality showed an inverse association with mortality within each quarter of ultra-processed foods. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that a higher intake of ultra-processed foods was associated with slightly higher all cause mortality, driven by causes other than cancer and cardiovascular diseases. The associations varied across subgroups of ultra-processed foods, with meat/poultry/seafood based ready-to-eat products showing particularly strong associations with mortality.