Revised nomenclature of the sea pen genus Balticina Gray, 1870 (= Halipteris Kölliker, 1870) (Anthozoa: Octocorallia).

The pennatulacean genus Balticina has had a long and confusing taxonomic history, with serious nomenclatural problems that remain unresolved. Owing to disagreements about authorships and dates of publication, the names Pavonaria, Norticina and Halipteris have all been used as valid in place of Balticina, or else been regarded as its junior synonyms, even simultaneously. In this paper, after an extensive literature review, we determine the authorships and dates for all the taxa involved in accordance with the provisions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and establish Balticina Gray, 1870 (=Halipteris) and Balticinidae Balss, 1910 (=Halipteridae) as the valid genus and family names, respectively, for this group of sea pens. We also propose the replacement name Rakollikeria for the preoccupied genus name Pavonaria Kölliker, 1870 (Balticinidae) (nec Schweigger, 1819 - Funiculinidae).

Neuroendocrine signaling pathways and the nutritional control of puberty in heifers.

Puberty is a complex physiological process in females that requires maturation of the reproductive neuroendocrine system and subsequent initiation of high- frequency, episodic release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Genetics and nutrition are two major factors controlling the timing of puberty in heifers. While nutrient restriction during the juvenile period delays puberty, accelerated rates of body weight gain during this period have been shown to facilitate pubertal development by programming hypothalamic centers that underlie the pubertal process. Among the different metabolic factors, leptin plays a critical role in conveying nutritional information to the neuroendocrine axis and controlling pubertal progression. Because GnRH neurons are devoid of the leptin receptor, leptin's effects on GnRH neurons must be relayed via an afferent neuronal network. Two neuronal populations located in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) that express the orexigenic peptide neuropeptide Y (NPY), and the anorexigenic peptide alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone (αMSH), are key components of afferent pathways that convey inhibitory (NPY) and excitatory (αMSH) inputs to GnRH neurons. In addition, ARC neurons expressing kisspeptin, a potent stimulator of GnRH release, are also involved in the nutritional regulation of puberty. Our studies have demonstrated that increased planes of nutrition during juvenile development result in morphological and functional changes in hypothalamic pathways comprising NPY, proopiomelanocortin (POMC), and kisspeptin neurons. Changes included differential expression of NPY, POMC, and Kiss1 in the ARC, and plasticity in the axonal projections to GnRH and kisspeptin neurons. Additionally, increased rates of body weight gain also promoted changes in the pattern of DNA methylation, a key epigenetic mechanism for regulation of gene expression. Finally, our most recent findings suggest that maternal nutrition during gestation can also induce structural and functional changes in hypothalamic neurocircuitries that are likely to persist long after pubertal maturation and influence reproductive performance throughout adulthood in cattle.

Neuroendocrine signaling pathways and the nutritional control of puberty in heifers

Puberty is a complex physiological process in females that requires maturation of the reproductive neuroendocrine system and subsequent initiation of highfrequency, episodic release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Genetics and nutrition are two major factors controlling the timing of puberty in heifers. While nutrient restriction during the juvenile period delays puberty, accelerated rates of body weight gain during this period have been shown to facilitate pubertal development by programming hypothalamic centers that underlie the pubertal process. Among the different metabolic factors, leptin plays a critical role in conveying nutritional information to the neuroendocrine axis and controlling pubertal progression. Because GnRH neurons are devoid of the leptin receptor, leptin’s effects on GnRH neurons must be relayed via an afferent neuronal network. Two neuronal populations located in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) that express the orexigenic peptide neuropeptide Y (NPY), and the anorexigenic peptide alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone (αMSH), are key components of afferent pathways that convey inhibitory (NPY) and excitatory (αMSH) inputs to GnRH neurons. In addition, ARC neurons expressing kisspeptin, a potent stimulator of GnRH release, are also involved in the nutritional regulation of puberty. Our studies have demonstrated that increased planes of nutrition during juvenile development result in morphological and functional changes in hypothalamic pathways comprising NPY, proopiomelanocortin (POMC), and kisspeptin neurons. Changes included differential expression of NPY, POMC, and Kiss1 in the ARC, and plasticity in the axonal projections to GnRH and kisspeptin neurons. Additionally, increased rates of body weight gain also promoted changes in the pattern of DNA methylation, a key epigenetic mechanism for regulation of gene expression. Finally, our most recent findings suggest that maternal nutrition during gestation can also induce structural and functional changes in hypothalamic neurocircuitries that are likely to persist long after pubertal maturation and influence reproductive performance throughout adulthood in cattle.

Neuroendocrine signaling pathways and the nutritional control of puberty in heifers

Puberty is a complex physiological process in females that requires maturation of the reproductive neuroendocrine system and subsequent initiation of highfrequency, episodic release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Genetics and nutrition are two major factors controlling the timing of puberty in heifers. While nutrient restriction during the juvenile period delays puberty, accelerated rates of body weight gain during this period have been shown to facilitate pubertal development by programming hypothalamic centers that underlie the pubertal process. Among the different metabolic factors, leptin plays a critical role in conveying nutritional information to the neuroendocrine axis and controlling pubertal progression. Because GnRH neurons are devoid of the leptin receptor, leptins effects on GnRH neurons must be relayed via an afferent neuronal network. Two neuronal populations located in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) that express the orexigenic peptide neuropeptide Y (NPY), and the anorexigenic peptide alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone (αMSH), are key components of afferent pathways that convey inhibitory (NPY) and excitatory (αMSH) inputs to GnRH neurons. In addition, ARC neurons expressing kisspeptin, a potent stimulator of GnRH release, are also involved in the nutritional regulation of puberty. Our studies have demonstrated that increased planes of nutrition during juvenile development result in morphological and functional changes in hypothalamic pathways comprising NPY, proopiomelanocortin (POMC), and kisspeptin neurons. Changes included differential expression of NPY, POMC, and Kiss1 in the ARC, and plasticity in the axonal projections to GnRH and kisspeptin neurons. Additionally, increased rates of body weight gain also promoted changes in the pattern of DNA methylation, a key epigenetic mechanism for regulation of gene expression. Finally, our most recent findings suggest that maternal nutrition during gestation can also induce structural and functional changes in hypothalamic neurocircuitries that are likely to persist long after pubertal maturation and influence reproductive performance throughout adulthood in cattle.(AU)

Two new species of gorgonian octocorals from the Tropical Eastern Pacific Biogeographic Region (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Gorgoniidae).

The gorgoniid Eugorgia is exclusively an eastern Pacific genus. It has a wide geographic and bathymetric range of distribution, found from California to Perú and extends down to 65 m deep. Two new species are herein described. The morphological characters were analyzed and illustrated by light and scanning electron microscopy. Eugorgia beebei sp. n. can be distinguished by its white, ascending, sparse colony growth. Eugorgia mutabilis sp. n. can be distinguished by its white colony that changes color after collection, and the conspicuous sharp-crested disc sclerites. From a morphological point of view the new species are related to the daniana-group, the rubens-group and the siedenburgae-group of Eugorgia; their affiliations, and the proposal of a new group are discussed. These new species increases the number of species in the genus to 15, and contribute to the knowledge of the eastern Pacific octocoral biodiversity.

Dry matter intake rumen fermentation and microbial nitrogen supply in pelibuey sheep fed low-quality rations and different levels of corn oil

Ocho ovinos de pelo de la raza Pelibuey (45 ±2,2kg peso vivo) fueron fistulados y colocados en jaulas metabólicas para de evaluar el efecto de la incorporación de aceite de maíz en el concentrado sobre el consumo de materia seca (MS), fermentación ruminal de MS, materia orgánica (MO), proteína cruda (PC) y fibra detergente neutra (FDN), así como el aporte de N microbial al duodeno. Los borregos fueron alimentados con una dieta base de heno de pasto Guínea (Panicum maximum) de baja calidad, a libre acceso, y 300g de un concentrado adicionado de 0, 4, 8 o 12 por ciento de aceite de maíz. El consumo voluntario de MS fue registrado y la fermentación ruminal de la MS, MO, PC y FDN del heno fueron estimados mediante técnica de bolsa de nylon, después de incubación en el rumen por 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 y 96h. La excreción de purinas fue determinada. El consumo voluntario de MS del heno disminuyó (P<0,05), a medida que la concentración de aceite se incrementó (665,8 ±35,1, 648,8 ±35,1, 558,8 ±36,3 y 525,3 ± 36,3 g/día para 0, 4, 8 y 12 por ciento de aceite, respectivamente). La fermentación ruminal (fracciones a, b y a+b) de la MS, MO, PC y FDN no mostraron diferencias significativas (P>0,05) entre tratamientos, pero la tasa de digestión (fracción c), fue mayor en la MS, MO y PC cuando no se incluyó el aceite en el concentrado (4,9; 14,5; y 10,4 por cinto/h, respectivamente). La tasa de digestión de FND fue mayor (5,71 por ciento/h; P<0,05) cuando se incluyó aceite al 8 por ciento. El aporte de N microbial al duodeno no mostró diferencias significativas entre tratamientos; sin embargo, la adición de 8 por ciento de aceite disminuyó el aporte de N (5,11 ±0,29g/d), respecto a la de 4 por ciento (6,18 ±0,29) y el aporte de N fue menor cuando no se añadió aceite (4,73 ±0,27), que cuando fue adicionado en 4, 8 y 12 por ciento (6,18 ±0,29; 5,11 ±0,29 y 5,19 ±0,29; respectivamente). El aceite de maíz en el concentrado dado a los ovinos tiende a disminuir el consumo de MS de h...