Surgical outcomes of patients with inferior vena cava leiomyosarcoma.

INTRODUCTION: Primary vascular leiomyosarcomas are incredibly rare and have a poor prognosis. The purpose of this study was to analyze the surgical outcomes of patients with primary inferior vena cava (IVC) leiomyosarcoma. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of IVC leiomyosarcoma resections performed at a single tertiary care hospital from 2014 to 2023. A total of 13 cases were analyzed, including 10 women and 3 men. The presenting symptoms, tumor characteristics, operative management, postoperative complications, and survival rates were assessed for each patient. RESULTS: The median patient age was 59 years (quartile [Q]1, 52 years; Q3, 68 years). The median tumor size was 7.0 cm (Q1, 6 cm; Q3, 12 cm). The median mitotic rate was 6 per 10 high-power fields (Q1, 2.5; Q3, 15.5). All 13 patients underwent grossly negative tumor resection, with 9 (69%) having microscopically negative margins (R0). No patient had lymph node involvement. The IVCs were managed with ligation in four patients for tumors already occluding the IVC and bovine pericardial patch angioplasty in seven patients or primary repair in two patients for patent IVCs. Concomitant right nephrectomy was performed in seven patients. Left renal vein ligation was performed in three patients, but no left nephrectomies were performed. Significant postoperative complications included one patient with lower extremity compartment syndrome, two patients with severe leg swelling, and one patient with arm swelling. The 30-day mortality rate was zero. Using the Kaplan-Meier product limit method, disease-specific survival was estimated to be 93%. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical resection is a feasible and effective oncologic treatment option for patients with IVC leiomyosarcoma. The IVC can be safely managed by ligation, primary repair, or patch angioplasty, depending on the prior patency of the IVC.

Feasibility and Intermediate Results of Transcarotid Revascularization with a Prosthetic Conduit.

BACKGROUND: Transcarotid artery revascularization (TCAR) is a hybrid technique with excellent initial outcomes. The technical success and safety of TCAR is heavily dependent on an anatomically suitable common carotid artery (CCA). Many patients do not meet anatomic criteria and therefore are not eligible for this therapy. We sought to extend the eligibility of TCAR to patients with unfavorable CCA anatomy via the adoption of a prosthetic arterial conduit. METHODS: A single-center retrospective study of patients with critical carotid artery stenosis who underwent TCAR via a prosthetic conduit between June 2019 and October 2021 was performed. All patients in the study were considered high-risk for carotid endarterectomy based on anatomic features, such as restenosis post-carotid endarterectomy and neck radiation. Unfavorable CCA anatomy was defined as a clavicle to carotid bifurcation distance <5 cm, a CCA diameter <6 mm, and/or significant atherosclerotic disease at the intended arterial access site. The primary outcome of interest was technical success. Secondary outcomes included perioperative complications, intermediate and long-term patency, intermediate and long-term stroke and/or mortality and in-hospital length of stay. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 29 months. RESULTS: Eight patients underwent 10 TCAR procedures via a prosthetic conduit. A total of 2 procedures (20%) were performed on female patients and 8 procedures (75%) were performed on male patients. The mean age was 65 years old (standard deviation 11 years). Technical success was 100%. The 30-day ipsilateral stroke rate was 0%. The 30-day patency was 90%. There was no re-exploration for hemorrhage and 30 day mortality was 0%. CONCLUSIONS: TCAR is an excellent option for carotid artery revascularization. Unfavorable CCA anatomy has limited its applicability. TCAR via a prosthetic conduit has the potential to expand eligibility for this promising therapy.

Endovascular Management of Aortic Stump Blowout by Parallel Grafting and Coil Embolization of Visceral Aorta.

Aortic graft and endograft infections remain a significant source of morbidity and mortality after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. With graft excision and extra-anatomic bypass, an infrarenal aortic stump remains which can have suture line dehiscence and catastrophic stump blowout. Treatment of this is extremely challenging, especially for severely co-morbid patients who cannot undergo major surgery, or in patients with a hostile abdomen. We present a case study of a 74-year-old male found to have an aortoenteric fistula (AEF). This case broadens operative options for this type of patient population by demonstrating an endovascular technique for addressing aortic stump blowout by parallel grafting and coil embolization of the visceral aorta.

Surgical Specialty Impacts Quality of Operative Training in Carotid Endarterectomy.

BACKGROUND: Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is currently performed by multiple surgical specialties. The impact of surgical specialty and operative volume on post-CEA outcomes has been well described. However, it is unclear whether trainees of different surgical specialties have similar quality of operative training. METHODS: Data from Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education annual reports were collected and compared between graduating vascular surgery (VS) residents, VS fellows, and neurological surgery (NS) residents. Only cases reported as chief/senior/lead resident, surgeon junior, or surgeon fellow were included in analysis. Linear regression analysis was utilized to evaluate trends in case-mix and volume. RESULTS: From 2013 to 2022, total CEA case volume was higher among VS residents and fellows, compared to NS residents (52.8 ± 0.8 vs. 44.3 ± 1.4 vs. 12.9 ± 0.6, P < 0.0001). Additionally, VS residents and fellows performed other carotid operations including transfemoral or transcarotid artery stenting (11.1 ± 0.9 vs. 11.2 ± 0.8 vs. 0), carotid body tumor resection (0.7 ± 0.1 vs. 0.7 ± 0.0 vs. 0), and extracranial cervical bypass (6.7 ± 0.3 vs. 6.3 ± 0.3 vs. 0) that were not reported by the NS resident cohort (P < 0.0001 each). On linear regression analysis, total CEA procedures did not change for VS residents (R2 = 0.03, P = 0.62), decreased for VS fellows (-1.29 cases/yr, R2 = 0.75, P < 0.0001), and decreased among NS residents (-0.41 cases/yr, R2 = 0.44, P = 0.01) over the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Although residents of multiple surgical specialties are trained in CEA, vascular training offers significantly greater numbers and diversity of extracranial carotid cases. It also appears that CEA volume is decreasing among neurosurgical trainees. In light of recent reports on the volume-outcome effect in carotid surgery, these data may have implications for future practice patterns in the domain of extracranial carotid artery disease.

Risk factors and consequences of wound complications following sartorius flap reconstruction.

OBJECTIVE: Groin wound complications are common following vascular surgery and can lead to significant patient morbidity. Sartorius muscle flap coverage may help to prevent vascular graft infection in the setting of wound dehiscence or infection. However, risk factors and consequences of wound complications following sartorius flap reconstruction remain incompletely investigated. METHODS: We retrospectively queried all patients who underwent sartorius flap reconstruction at a tertiary academic medical center. Data collected included patient demographics, medical comorbidities, surgical indication, index vascular procedure, and postoperative outcomes. The primary outcome was wound complication following sartorius flap procedure, which was defined as groin wound infection, dehiscence, or lymphocutaneous fistula. RESULTS: From 2012 to 2022, a total of 113 patients underwent sartorius flap reconstruction. Of these, 66 (58.4%) were performed after the development of a prior groin complication, and 47 (41.6%) were prophylactic. A total of 88 patients (77.9%) had a prosthetic bypass graft adjacent to the flap. Twenty-nine patients (25.7%) suffered a wound complication following sartorius flap reconstruction, including 14 (12.4%) with wound dehiscence, 13 (11.5%) with wound infection, and two (1.8%) with lymphocutaneous fistula. Patients with wound complications had a higher body mass index (28.8 vs 26.4 kg/m2; P =.03) and more frequently active smokers (86.2% vs 66.7%; P = .04). Additionally, patients with wound complications had a higher unplanned 30-day hospital readmission rates (72.4% vs 15.5%; P < .001), reintervention rates (75.9% vs 8.3%; P < .001), and re-do flap reconstruction rates (13.8% vs 2.4%; P = .02). On multivariable analysis, higher body mass index was independently associated with post-flap wound complications (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.001-1.03; P = .037). Consequently, wound complications were associated with both surgical reintervention (aOR, 35.4; 95% CI, 9.9-126.3; P < .001) and unplanned hospital readmission (aOR, 17.8; 95% CI, 5.9-54.1; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Sartorius flap reconstruction is an effective adjunct in facilitating wound healing of groin wounds. However, wound complications are common following sartorius flap reconstruction and may be associated with reintervention and unplanned hospital readmission. These data support the judicious and thoughtful utilization of sartorius flap procedures among high-risk patients.

Impact of Integrated Vascular Surgery Residency on General Surgery Resident and Vascular Fellow Operative Volume: A National Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The impact of integrated vascular surgery (VS) residency (0 + 5) programs on general surgery (GS) resident and VS fellow (5 + 2) operative volume has not been investigated on a national scale. METHODS: Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) case logs were reviewed for GS resident, VS resident, and VS fellow operative volume from 2001-2021. Integrated VS resident data was available from 2012-2021, corresponding with the introduction of the 0 + 5 paradigm. Trends in operative volume were evaluated via linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The national cohort of chief GS resident graduates increased from 1005 to 1357 per year. Total operative volume also increased from 932 to 1039 cases (+7.4 cases/yr, R2 = .80, P < .0001) among GS residents. Major vascular cases decreased among GS residents from 138 to 101 cases (-2.4 cases/yr, R2 = .58, P < .0001) with a decrease in proportion of chief-level vascular cases from 30.4% to 11.9% (-1.0%/yr, R2 = .92, P < .0001). Palliative procedures (amputations and hemodialysis access) comprised a significant proportion of GS cases (median 44.7%). Concurrently, integrated VS graduates increased from 11 to 37 per year, with an increase in major vascular case volume from 506 to 658 cases (+18.4 cases/yr, R2 = .63, P = .01). Total VS fellow major case volume also increased from 369 to 444 cases (+3.5 cases/yr, R2 = .73, P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of the 0 + 5 intgrated VS residency paradigm has correlated with a significant decrease in GS operative experience in major vascular procedures on a national level. Traditional VS fellow case volume does not appear to be impacted by 0 + 5 integrated residents. Further analysis with program-level data may help to explain the causative relationship of these findings.

Prosthetic Conduit Use Does Not Adversely Impact Outcomes after Open Repair of Popliteal Artery Aneurysms.

BACKGROUND: Single segment, greater saphenous vein (GSV) conduit is considered the optimal bypass conduit among patients undergoing bypass surgery for peripheral artery disease (PAD). While this data has been extrapolated to patients undergoing bypass for popliteal artery aneurysms (PAAs), the pathophysiology of PAA is inherently different when compared to PAD, and the impact of conduit type on long-term outcomes after open repair of PAA remains unclear. METHODS: A multicenter database of five regional hospitals was retrospectively reviewed for all patients with PAA undergoing open surgical repair. Data were collected on demographic information, operative details, medications, and postoperative outcomes. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to compare freedom from major adverse limb events (MALE) following GSV versus prosthetic bypass. Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify patient-level characteristics associated with MALE, which was defined as major ipsilateral limb amputation or reintervention for graft patency. RESULTS: From 1999 to 2020, a total of 101 patients with PAA underwent open exclusion and bypass surgery. Median follow-up period was 4.2 years (interquartile range, 1.3-7.4 years), and complete data were available for 99 (98.0%) patients. The majority of patients were male (99.0%) and Caucasian (93.9%). Only 11.1% of procedures were emergent, with the remainder (88.9%) being elective. All patients underwent medial exposure with a below-knee popliteal bypass target (100%). Bypass conduits included GSV (69.7%), prosthetic conduit (28.3%), and 2 (2.0%) alternative conduits (one spliced arm vein, one cryopreserved vein). Patients undergoing prosthetic bypass were older (72 vs. 66 years, P = 0.001) and had similar rates of medical comorbidities. Compared with the GSV group, patients with prosthetic conduits were more frequently placed on postoperative anticoagulation (60.7% vs. 23.2%, P < 0.001). Conduit type did not impact postoperative complication rates (P = NS each). MALE rates were low overall (19.2% at 2 years), and similar when stratified by conduit type (log rank P = 0.47). On multivariable analysis, emergent bypass was associated with MALE (hazard ratio [HR] 5.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.07-15.85, P < 0.001). Prosthetic conduit usage (HR 1.00, 95% CI, 0.40-2.51, P = 0.99) and postoperative anticoagulation (HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.42-2.50, P = 0.97) were not associated with MALE. CONCLUSIONS: Open repair of PAA is associated with excellent long-term outcomes. Prosthetic bypass is a comparable alternative to autogenous conduit for below-knee popliteal bypass targets, and lack of suitable GSV should not prohibit open surgical repair when indicated.

A national analysis of vascular surgery resident operative experience in peripheral artery disease.

BACKGROUND: Endovascular and hybrid interventions have played an increasingly prominent role in the treatment of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in the past decade. This shift has prompted concerns about the adequacy of open surgical training for current surgical residents. Moreover, the recent Best Surgical Therapy in Patients With Critical Limb Ischemia trial has further emphasized the importance of open surgical techniques in the treatment of peripheral arterial disease. The purpose of this study was to examine national temporal trends in peripheral operative volume among integrated vascular surgery residents. METHODS: Data was obtained from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education national data reports for integrated vascular surgery residents. Case volumes for surgeon chief or surgeon junior cases were collected from academic years 2012 to 2013 and 2021 to 2022. Trends in case-mix and volume were evaluated using linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean total vascular operative volume increased from 851.2 to 914.3 cases among graduating chief residents, with an annual growth of 8.5 ± 1.7 cases/year (R2 = 0.77; P < .0001). Major vascular case volume also increased at a rate of 5.7 ± 1.2 cases/year (R2 = 0.74; P < .001). Among operative categories, peripheral cases were the most frequent (n = 232.2 [26.6%]) and demonstrated the greatest annual growth (+8.0 ± 0.8 cases/year, R2 = 0.93; P < .001). No changes were seen in volume of open peripheral cases, including suprainguinal bypass (+0.1 ± 0.2 cases/year; R2 = 0.08; P = .40) or femoropopliteal bypass procedures (-0.1 ± 0.2 cases/year; R2 = 0.17; P = .20). Infrapopliteal bypass (+0.4 ± 0.1 cases/year; R2 = 0.48; P = .006), iliac/femoral endarterectomy (+1.3 ± 0.2 cases/year; R2 = 0.82; P < .001), and leg thromboembolectomy (+0.4 ± 0.1 cases/year; R2 = 0.64; P < .001) all demonstrated annual growth. For endovascular peripheral cases, aortoiliac revascularization (+3.4 ± 0.3 cases/year; R2 = 0.94; P < .001), femoropopliteal revascularization (+5.4 ± 0.2 cases/year; R2 = 0.98; P < .001), and tibioperoneal revascularization (+2.0 ± 0.2 cases/year; R2 = 0.92; P < .001) all increased in volume. Lower extremity amputations, including above-knee amputation (+0.6 ± 0.2 cases/year; R2 = 0.65; P < .001) and below-knee amputation (+0.9 ± 0.2 cases/year; R2 = 0.72; P < .001) also demonstrated an increase in volume. CONCLUSIONS: Current graduating residents have higher open and endovascular case volumes for peripheral artery disease on a national level, despite the increasing popularity of endovascular techniques. Further studies are needed to identify how these trends may impact current vascular surgery milestones. These trends may also influence the rising interest in competency-based training programs.

Sex-based differences in outcomes after lower extremity bypass for chronic limb-threatening ischemia.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Lower extremity bypass surgery is an effective treatment option for patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI). Recent studies have suggested that sex-based differences may impact patient outcomes following lower extremity revascularization, however, results have been inconsistent. METHODS: In this multicenter analysis, we retrospectively identified all infrainguinal bypass procedures performed for CLTI from 2002 to 2021. Patients were separated into two groups based on sex. Primary outcomes were major limb amputation and reintervention for graft patency. RESULTS: Of 843 bypasses performed over the study period, 347 (41.2%) patients were female. Racial/ethnic distribution and medical comorbidities were similar across sex groups. Surgical indications and operative details were also similar between groups, including conduit type (49.9% autogenous), bypass target (65.4% infrageniculate), and concurrent endarterectomy (38.9%). Female and male patients had similar hospital length of stay (6 days [4-9] vs 6 days [4-9]), hospital readmission (25.6% vs 25.0%), and postoperative complications (p=NS each). Female patients had higher major amputation rates (10.1% vs 6.3%, p=0.04) after one year, whereas reintervention rates were similar between groups (26.2% vs 24.6%, p=NS). After accounting for patient factors, female sex (odds ratio [OR] 1.02 [1.00-1.04]), infrageniculate target (OR 1.02 [1.00-1.04]), and bypass for tissue loss (OR 1.02 [1.00-1.04]) were associated with major amputation after bypass (p<0.05 each). CONCLUSIONS: Female sex is associated with a small but significant increase major amputation after lower extremity bypass surgery for CLTI, despite similar clinical presentation, medical comorbidities, and operative details. These data support the increasingly recognized sex disparities in peripheral arterial disease.

Restoring Venous Patency with the ClotTriever Following Deep Vein Thrombosis.

BACKGROUND: Although randomized data remain inconclusive, invasive endovenous therapy is increasingly favored in patients with extensive iliocaval or iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis (DVT) to reduce the rates of postthrombotic syndrome. Previously, pharmacomechanical thrombectomy was the therapy of choice, but the Inari ClotTriever device is an appealing, purely mechanical, alternative. It may reduce bleeding risk, intensive care unit admission, and the need for multiple procedures when compared with traditional thrombolysis. We present a series of 18 patients treated with the ClotTriever for extensive iliocaval or iliofemoral DVT. METHODS: The Inari ClotTriever is a percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy system consisting of an expandable nitinol collection bag that is dragged along the vein wall, separating and capturing thrombus for collection into the retrieval sheath. We retrospectively reviewed all patients undergoing ClotTriever thrombectomy since the device became available at our quaternary referral center in June 2019. The review of these patients' records was determined to be exempt by our institutional review board. RESULTS: Eighteen patients underwent ClotTriever thrombectomy between June 2019 and November 2021. Most patients (N = 16, 89%) presented within 2 weeks of symptom onset, and identifiable provoking factors were present in all patients. The most common provoking factor was anatomy, with May-Thurner syndrome present in 8 patients. All patients had restoration of unimpeded venous flow in the treated segments, although 3 had some residual nonflow limiting thrombus. There were no bleeding events or repeat venous procedures. The median postprocedure length of stay of 2 days. Postoperative venous imaging was performed in 15 patients and showed patency of the treated segment in 14 patients. Revised Clinical Venous Severity Scores were available in 14 patients during the course of follow-up. Of these, 9 patients' highest scores were 0, 2 patients' highest scores were 2, 2 patients' highest scores were 4, and 1 patient had a high score of 8. CONCLUSIONS: Venous flow was re-established in all 18 patients treated with the ClotTriever in this series, with no bleeding complications, and median postprocedure length of stay of 2 days. All patients with available follow-up, except 1, retained patency of the treated venous segments, and most had mild postthrombotic syndrome or none at all. These findings suggest that the ClotTriever is a safe and effective way to treat extensive iliocaval/femoral DVT.

Vertebral artery transection with pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula requiring antegrade and retrograde embolization.

Traumatic vertebral artery injury is a rare, life-threatening injury that has been increasingly managed with endovascular intervention. However, an antegrade endovascular approach alone can fail to occlude traumatic pseudoaneurysms (PSAs) and arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs), requiring high-risk surgical reoperation. We have presented the case of a 27-year-old man with traumatic right vertebral artery PSA and AVF. Despite successful ipsilateral coil embolization, the PSA and AVF persisted via retrograde filling from the contralateral vertebral artery. Distal coil embolization was achieved through the contralateral vertebral artery in a novel "up and over" approach through the basilar artery. The findings from our case report have broadened the endovascular options for complicated traumatic injuries.

Retrograde Transamputation Revascularization: A Case Report.

Below-knee amputation remains the most common level of amputation in patients with lower extremity gangrene and critical limb ischemia. Failure to heal, requiring additional operative debridement or conversion to an above-knee amputation remains a significant cause of patient morbidity. There remains no definitive diagnostic test that can accurately predict healing of the amputation site. We report a case utilizing a hybrid technique of retrograde transamputation revascularization via balloon angioplasty. This proximal, retrograde approach allows for relatively easy crossing and treatment of the infrainguinal chronic total occlusions (CTOs), improving arterial inflow for optimal wound healing.

A systematic review of venous stents for iliac and venacaval occlusive disease.

OBJECTIVE: Endovascular stenting of the deep venous system is increasingly used to treat stenotic and occluded veins. This article reviews the efficacy and safety of venous stenting for lower extremity occlusive disease. METHODS: The Ovid portal was used to search the MEDLINE database for English-language randomized controlled trials and case series published between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2018, involving venous stenting for lower extremity and inferior venacaval occlusive and compressive disease. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they contained at least 30 patients with at least 6 months of follow-up. Clinical outcomes, long-term patency, complications, and postoperative anticoagulation regimens were reviewed. Also included are nationally presented trial results of dedicated venous stents that may not have been formally published yet. RESULTS: Relevant studies were too heterogeneous for a formal meta-analysis to be performed. We analyzed 3812 stented limbs from 23 published studies and two national presentations. Dedicated venous stents were used in 740 patients, and standard stents were used in 3072 patients. The overall major complication rate was <1%. Median symptomatic improvement and ulcer healing were seen in 79% and 71% of the standard stented limbs, respectively. For standard stents, the median primary, assisted primary, and secondary patency rates were 71%, 89%, and 91%, respectively, with a median study follow-up of 23.5 months. Dedicated venous stents had an overall primary patency of 78.8% at 12 months, with lower patency (73%) seen in post-thrombotic vs compressive (96%) disease. CONCLUSIONS: Whereas the quality of evidence remains weak, iliocaval venous stenting appears to be a safe and effective treatment of chronic venous disease. In early results, dedicated venous stents appear safe and demonstrate results that are as good as or better than those of historically used devices.

The Clinical Utility and Assessment of Renal Biomarkers in Acute Kidney Injury After Abdominal Endovascular Aneurysm Repair. A Systematic Review.

The widespread adoption of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) is due to the obvious advantages of the procedure compared to the traditional open repair. However, these advantages have to be weighed against the increased risk of renal dysfunction with EVAR. The evaluation of the perioperative renal function after EVAR has been hampered by the lack of sensitive and specific biochemical markers of acute kidney injury (AKI). The purpose of this study was to summarize all novel renal biomarkers and to evaluate their clinical utility for the assessment of the kidney function after EVAR. A systematic review of the current literature, as the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement guidelines, was performed to identify relevant studies with novel renal biomarkers and EVAR. Pubmed and Scopus databases were systemically searched. Studies reporting on thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR), case reports, case series, letters to the editor, and systematic reviews were excluded. Neutrophil-Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin, Cystatin C, Liver-type fatty-acid-binding protein were the most common among the eligible studies while Interleukin-18, Retinol binding protein, N-acetyle-b-D-glucosaminidase and microalbumin have a sparse appearance in the literature. These biomarkers have been assessed in plasma as well as urine samples with each sample material having its own advantages and drawbacks. Which of these biomarkers has the most potential for assessing postoperative renal failure after EVAR, remains to be proved. The few studies presented in the literature show the potential clinical utility of these biomarkers, but larger studies with longer follow-up are required to determine the precise relationship between these biomarkers and postoperative acute kidney injury.

Simultaneous transcarotid artery revascularization with flow reversal and coronary artery bypass grafting: A novel hybrid technique.

Optimal management of concomitant coronary artery disease and carotid artery stenosis remains unknown. Current treatment strategies for patients with significant dual disease burden include simultaneous carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or staged carotid endarterectomy and CABG. Herein we present the case of a patient with severe coronary artery disease and carotid artery stenosis and discuss a novel hybrid approach to management of concomitant coronary and carotid disease using transcarotid artery revascularization with flow reversal before CABG.

Rationale and Technique for Measuring Abdominal Wall Tension in Hernia Repair.

We describe a method to measure abdominal wall tension during hernia surgery and evaluate a possible correlation between hernia defect width and abdominal wall tension. After Institutional Review Board approval and informed consent, a prospective trial to measure intraabdominal tension was undertaken (May 2013 through March 2017). Tension measurements were obtained using tensiometers. Total tension, hernia defect width, and surgeon's estimation of tension were recorded. Correlation between defect width and total abdominal wall tension was assessed using multivariate analysis and a multiple linear regression analysis. An r-squared value > 0.6 was considered significant. Fifty-nine patients underwent hernia repair with concomitant tension measurements obtained at surgery. The average patient age was 61 years (range 29-81 years), 85 per cent were white, and 56 per cent female. The average total tension was 6.7 pounds (range 0.2-22 pounds) and average defect width was 8.6 cm (range 2-25 cm). The surgeon rated the fascia to be excellent in 15 per cent, good in 58 per cent, and fair in 27 per cent. The average estimation of tension by the surgeon was 5 pounds (range 2-10 pounds). We found no correlation between hernia defect size and total abdominal wall tension and no correlation between the surgeon-estimated tension and objectively measured tension. We found no correlation between the width of the hernia defect and tension associated with approximating the midline. Further study regarding the practicality and usefulness of abdominal wall tension measurements during hernia surgery is needed.