Sex and APOE Genotype Influence Respiratory Function Under Hypoxic and Hypoxic-Hypercapnic Conditions.

The apolipoprotein (APOE) gene has been studied due to its influence on Alzheimer's disease (AD) development and work in an APOE mouse model recently demonstrated impaired respiratory motor plasticity following spinal cord injury (SCI). Individuals with AD often co-present with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) characterized by cessations in breathing during sleep. Despite the prominence of APOE genotype and sex as factors in AD progression, little is known about the impact of these variables on respiratory control. Ventilation is tightly regulated across many systems, with respiratory rhythm formation occurring in the brainstem but modulated in response to chemoreception. Alterations within these modulatory systems may result in disruptions of appropriate respiratory control and ultimately, disease. Using mice expressing two different humanized APOE alleles, we characterized how sex and the presence of APOE3 or APOE4 influences ventilation during baseline breathing (normoxia) and during respiratory challenge. We show that sex and APOE genotype influence breathing during hypoxic challenge, which may have clinical implications in the context of AD and OSA. Additionally, female mice, while responding robustly to hypoxia, were unable to recover to baseline respiratory levels, emphasizing sex differences in disordered breathing.

Iron-Catalyzed C-H Oxygenation Using Perchlorate Enabled by Secondary Sphere Hydrogen Bonds.

Perchlorate (ClO4-) is a groundwater pollutant that is challenging to remediate. We report a strategy to use Fe(II) tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPA) complexes featuring appended aniline hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) to promote ClO4- reduction. These complexes facilitate oxygen atom transfer from ClO4- to PPh3 and C-H oxygenation reactions of organic substrates. Catalytic reactions using 15 mol % afforded excellent yields for oxygenation of anthracene and cyclic alkyl aromatics, and this methodology tolerates aryl halides as well as heterocycles containing either O, S, or N.

Safety and efficacy of dynamic catheter-directed cerebral digital subtraction angiography for diagnosis of bowhunter syndrome spectrum disorders: A systematic review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: Dynamic catheter-directed cerebral digital subtraction angiography (dcDSA) is the gold standard for diagnosing dynamic vascular occlusion syndromes such as bowhunter syndrome (BHS). Nonetheless, concerns about its safety exist and no standardized protocols have been published to date. METHODS: We describe our methodology and insights regarding the use of dcDSA in patients with BHS. We also perform a systematic literature review to identify cases of typical and atypical presentations of BHS wherein dcDSA was utilized and report on any procedural complications related to dcDSA. RESULTS: Our study included 104 cases wherein dcDSA was used for the diagnosis of BHS. There were 0 reported complications of dcDSA. DcDSA successfully established diagnosis in 102 of these cases. Thirty-eight cases were deemed atypical presentations of BHS. Fourteen patients endorsed symptoms during neck flexion/extension. In eight cases, there was dynamic occlusion of bilateral vertebral arteries during a single maneuver. Three patients had multiple areas of occlusion along a single vertebral artery (VA). An anomalous entry of the VA above the C6 transverse foramen was observed in four patients. One patient had VA occlusion with neutral head position and recanalization upon contralateral lateral head tilt. CONCLUSION: Our study highlights the safety and diagnostic benefits of dcDSA in characterizing the broad spectrum of BHS pathology encountered in clinical practice. This technique offers a powerful means to evaluate changes in cerebral blood flow and cervical arterial morphology in real time, overcoming the constraints of static imaging methods. Our findings pave the way for further studies on dcDSA to enhance cross-sectional imaging methods for the characterization of BHS and other dynamic vascular occlusion syndromes.

Neonatal and maternal outcomes at early vs. full term following induction of labor; A secondary analysis of the OBLIGE randomized trial.

INTRODUCTION: Birth at early term (37+0-38+6 completed gestational weeks [GW] and additional days) is associated with adverse neonatal outcomes compared with waiting to ≥39 GW. Most studies report outcomes after elective cesarean section or a mix of all modes of births; it is unclear whether these adverse outcomes apply to early-term babies born after induction of labor (IOL). We aimed to determine, in women with a non-urgent induction indication (elective/planned >48 h in advance), if IOL at early and late term was associated with adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes compared with IOL at full term. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational cohort study as a secondary analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial of 1087 New Zealand women with a planned IOL ≥37+0 GW. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze neonatal and maternal outcomes in relation to gestational age; 37+0-38+6 (early term), 39+0-40+6 (full term) and ≥41+0 (late term) GW. Neonatal outcome analyses were adjusted for sex, birthweight, mode of birth and induction indication, and maternal outcome analyses for parity, age, body mass index and induction method. The primary neonatal outcome was admission to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for >4 hours; the primary maternal outcome was cesarean section. RESULTS: Among the 1087 participants, 266 had IOL at early term, 480 at full term, and 341 at late term. Babies born following IOL at early term had increased odds for NICU admission for >4 hours (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.16, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.16-4.05), compared with full term. Women having IOL at early term had no difference in emergency cesarean rates but had an increased need for a second induction method (aOR 1.70, 95% CI 1.15-2.51) and spent 4 h longer from start of IOL to birth (Hodges-Lehmann estimator 4.10, 95% CI 1.33-6.95) compared with those with IOL at full term. CONCLUSIONS: IOL for a non-urgent indication at early term was associated with adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes and no benefits compared with IOL at full term. These findings support international guidelines to avoid IOL before 39 GW unless there is an evidence-based indication for earlier planned birth and will help inform women and clinicians in their decision-making about timing of IOL.

Pseudocannabinoid H4CBD improves glucose response during advanced metabolic syndrome in OLETF rats independent of increase in insulin signaling proteins.

Cannabidiol (CBD) use has grown exponentially more popular in the last two decades, particularly among older adults (>55 yr), though very little is known about the effects of CBD use during age-associated metabolic dysfunction. In addition, synthetic analogues of CBD have generated great interest because they can offer a chemically pure product, which is free of plant-associated contaminants. To assess the effects of a synthetic analogue of CBD (H4CBD) on advanced metabolic dysfunction, a cohort of 41-wk-old Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats were administered 200 mg H4CBD/kg by oral gavage for 4 wk. Animals were fed ad libitum and monitored alongside vehicle-treated OLETF and Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats, the lean-strain controls. An oral glucose-tolerance test (oGTT) was performed after 4 wk of treatment. When compared with vehicle-treated, OLETF rats, H4CBD decreased body mass (BM) by 15%, which was attributed to a significant loss in abdominal fat. H4CBD reduced glucose response (AUCglucose) by 29% (P < 0.001) and insulin resistance index (IRI) by 25% (P < 0.05) compared with OLETF rats. However, H4CBD did not statically reduce fasting blood glucose or plasma insulin, despite compensatory increases in skeletal muscle native insulin receptor (IR) protein expression (54%; P < 0.05). H4CBD reduced circulating adiponectin (40%; P < 0.05) and leptin (47%; P < 0.05) and increased ghrelin (75%; P < 0.01) compared with OLETF. Taken together, a chronic, high dose of H4CBD may improve glucose response, independent of static changes in insulin signaling, and these effects are likely a benefit of the profound loss of visceral adiposity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cannabis product use has grown in the last two decades despite the lack of research on Cannabidiol (CBD)-mediated effects on metabolism. Here, we provide seminal data on CBD effects during age-associated metabolic dysfunction. We gave 41-wk-old OLETF rats 200 mg H4CBD/kg by mouth for 4 wk and noted a high dose of H4CBD may improve glucose response, independent of static changes in insulin signaling, and these effects are likely a benefit of loss of visceral adiposity.

COVID-19 lockdowns and working women's mental health: Does motherhood and size of workplace matter? A comparative analysis using understanding society.

The COVID-19 pandemic had detrimental and unequal repercussions on mental health. To date there is little evidence exploring how motherhood and workplace size moderates this relationship for working women. This study aimed to estimate changes in working women's mental health at the start of each UK lockdown and estimate the effect of motherhood and workplace size on mental health. We used Understanding Society data from women in paid employment, who participated in at least: one pre-COVID-19 Wave (9 or 10/11) and one COVID-19 lockdown wave (Lockdown 1: April 2020, Lockdown 2: November 2020, Lockdown 3: January 2021). Primary outcome was probable psychological distress (i.e., score≥4 in the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12)). In Model 1, exposure was motherhood (binary), interacting with a variable that split time in the pre-pandemic and lockdown periods. In Model 2, workplace size (Micro:1-24, Medium: 25-199, Large: More than 200 employees) was added as an exposure (3-way interaction) to investigate moderation effects. We fitted mixed-effects logistic regression models, adjusting for age, ethnicity, UK country of residence, cohabitation, educational qualifications, working hours, furlough, subjective financial difficulty and previous health condition. In the adjusted Model 1, pre-pandemic, odds of GHQ-12 caseness were lower for mothers compared to non-mothers (OR:0.89 95%CI:0.77,1.03). However post-pandemic compared to pre-pandemic, odds for mothers were higher than non-mothers, especially during lockdown 3 (Non-mothers: OR:1.93 95%CI:1.69,2.20; Mothers: OR:2.87 95%CI:2.36,3.49). In Model 2, workplace size did not modify the relationship. Pre-pandemic, there was no difference in the odds of GHQ-12 caseness by workplace size; however, the differences observed in Lockdown 3 between non-mothers and mothers, are mainly attributed to differences in medium-sized enterprises (Non-mothers: OR:1.95 95%CI:1.53,2.48; Mothers: OR:3.56 95%CI:2.54,4.99). Future policies should be designed to facilitate the working lives of mothers, but especially for medium-sized enterprises as extreme uncertainty appears to affect these employees more.

'Now I Have Dreams in Place of the Nightmares': An Updated Systematic Review of Post-Traumatic Growth Among Refugee Populations.

Trauma exposure places refugees at serious risk of developing mental health difficulties. However, research also recognizes that refugees can respond to trauma with psychological development and growth, commonly referred to as post-traumatic growth (PTG). An updated systematic review was conducted to investigate PTG across different refugee populations, including the processes that mediate this phenomenon, and the use of therapy in promoting PTG. A systematic search of CINAHL Complete, Proquest 5000, PsychINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science was performed to identify studies exploring PTG in refugee populations, published between June 2013 and November 2021. In all, 26 studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. Quantitative results reveal a positive correlation between PTG and religious commitment and coping, and the effectiveness of narrative and community-based interventions in facilitating PTG. Qualitative results facilitate insight into the complex ways refugees find meaning and strength after trauma through religion, comparison-based thinking, helping others, and storytelling. Findings highlight the need for future research and interventions to recognize the distinct PTG experiences of different refugee populations.

Does fetal size affect maternal perception of fetal movements? Evidence from an individual participant data meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Maternal perception of fetal movements during pregnancy are reassuring; however, the perception of a reduction in movements are concerning to women and known to be associated with increased odds of late stillbirth. Prior to full term, little evidence exists to provide guidelines on how to proceed unless there is an immediate risk to the fetus. Increased strength of movement is the most commonly reported perception of women through to full term, but perception of movement is also hypothesized to be influenced by fetal size. The study aimed to assess the pattern of maternal perception of strength and frequency of fetal movement by gestation and customized birthweight quartile in ongoing pregnancies. A further aim was to assess the association of stillbirth to perception of fetal movements stratified by customized birthweight quartile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This analysis was an individual participant data meta-analyses of five case-control studies investigating factors associated with stillbirth. The dataset included 851 cases of women with late stillbirth (>28 weeks' gestation) and 2257 women with ongoing pregnancies who then had a liveborn infant. RESULTS: The frequency of prioritized fetal movement from 28 weeks' gestation showed a similar pattern for each quartile of birthweight with increased strength being the predominant perception of fetal movement through to full term. The odds of stillbirth associated with reduced fetal movements was increased in all quartiles of customized birthweight centiles but was notably greater in babies in the lowest two quartiles (Q1: adjusted OR: 9.34, 95% CI: 5.43, 16.06 and Q2: adjusted OR: 6.11, 95% CI: 3.11, 11.99). The decreased odds associated with increased strength of movement was present for all customized birthweight quartiles (adjusted OR range: 0.25-0.56). CONCLUSIONS: Increased strength of fetal movements in late pregnancy is a positive finding irrespective of fetal size. However, reduced fetal movements are associated with stillbirth, and more so when the fetus is small.

Peripartum Cardiomyopathy.

Audience: This simulation is appropriate for emergency medicine (EM) residents of all levels. Introduction: Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a rare, idiopathic condition that occurs in the mother around the time of childbirth. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and/or reduced systolic function diagnosed in patients during the last month of pregnancy or up to five months following delivery defines PCCM.1 Another broader definition from the European Society of Cardiology defines PPCM as heart failure that occurs "towards the end of pregnancy or in the months following delivery, where no other cause of heart failure is found."2 Though PPCM occurs worldwide, most data is extracted from the United States (incidence 1:900 to 1:4000 live births), Nigeria, Haiti, and South Africa.3,4Risk factors for PPCM include pre-eclampsia, multiparity, and advanced maternal age. Unfortunately, the complete pathophysiology of PPCM remains unclear. However, it is important for emergency physicians to be aware of this rare diagnosis because though 50-80% of women with PPCM may eventually recover normal left ventricle systolic function,5 positive outcomes depend on timely recognition of PPCM as a disease and the appropriate management of heart failure. Symptomatic PPCM is an emergent condition that requires an attentive and knowledgeable emergency medicine physician for rapid recognition and treatment. A simulation of this rare condition can give residents the experience of identifying and managing this disease that they might not otherwise see personally during their training. Educational Objectives: By the end of this simulation session, learners will be able to: 1) initiate a workup of a pregnant patient who presents with syncope, 2) accurately diagnose peripartum cardiomyopathy, 3) demonstrate care of a gravid patient in respiratory distress due to peripartum cardiomyopathy, 4) appropriately manage cardiogenic shock due to peripartum cardiomyopathy. Educational Methods: This simulation was conducted as a high-fidelity medical simulation case followed by a debriefing. It could potentially be adapted for use as a low-fidelity case or an oral boards exam case. Research Methods: The educational content and clinical applicability of this simulation was evaluated by oral and written feedback from participant groups at a large three-year emergency medicine residency training program. Each participant completed the case and the facilitated debriefing afterwards. Case facilitators also provided their personal observations on the implementation of the simulation. Results: The participants gave the simulation positive feedback (n=18). Seventeen EM residents and one pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) fellow participated in the feedback survey. Learners overall agreed (18.75%) or strongly agreed (81.25%) that participating in this simulation would improve their performance in a live clinical setting. Discussion: Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a low frequency, high acuity illness that requires a synthesis of the learner's knowledge of complex physiology, navigation of logistical and systems-based challenges, and advanced communication and leadership skills to ensure the best possible patient outcome. All EM physicians will be expected to expertly manage this illness after completion of an EM training program, yet not every EM resident will encounter this type of patient during training. Supplementing the EM resident's standard training with this simulation experience provides a psychologically and educationally safe space to learn and possibly make mistakes without causing patient harm. Practically all residents were able to correctly diagnose the patient with a cardiomyopathy even if they were not familiar with the diagnosis of "peripartum cardiomyopathy." The residents particularly enjoyed the case to explore concepts of benefits and risks of medical therapeutics (ie, positive pressure ventilation, vasopressors/inotropes) and safe practice for the gravid patient. This case and the associated high yield debriefing session were effective teaching tools for emergency medicine residents about PPCM. Topics: Medical simulation, peripartum cardiomyopathy, pregnancy, respiratory failure, cardiogenic shock, emergent cesarian section.

Outcomes of surgical resection and intraoperative electron radiotherapy for patients with para-aortic recurrences of gastrointestinal and gynecologic malignancies.

BACKGROUND: Para-aortic lymph node (PALN) metastases from primary pelvic malignancies are often treated with resection, but recurrence is common. We report toxicity and oncologic outcomes for patients with PALN metastases from gastrointestinal and gynecologic malignancies treated with resection and intraoperative electron radiotherapy (IORT). METHODS: We retrospectively identified patients with recurrent PALN metastases who underwent resection with IORT. All patients were included in the local recurrence (LR) and toxicity analyses. Only patients with primary colorectal tumors were included in the survival analysis. RESULTS: There were 26 patients with a median follow up of 10.4 months. The rate of para-aortic local control (LC) was 77% (20/26 patients) and the rate of any cancer recurrence was 58% (15/26 patients). Median time from surgery and IORT to any recurrence was 7 months. The LR rate for those with positive/close margins was 58% (7/12 patients) versus 7% (1/14 patients) for those with negative margins (p = 0.009). 15% (4/26 patients) developed surgical wound and/or infectious complications, 8% (2/26 patients) developed lower extremity edema, 8% (2/26 patients) experienced diarrhea, and 19% (5/26 patients) developed an acute kidney injury. There were no reported nerve injuries, bowel perforations, or bowel obstructions. For patients with primary colorectal tumors (n = 19), the median survival (OS) was 23 months. CONCLUSIONS: We report favorable LC and acceptable toxicity for patients receiving surgical resection and IORT for a population that has historically poor outcomes. Our data show disease control rates similar to literature comparisons for patients with strong risk factors for LR, such as positive/close margins.

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by In Situ Hybridization in Lung-Cancer Cells Metastatic to Brain and in Adjacent Brain Parenchyma.

The mechanisms by which severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may spread to the human brain are poorly understood, and the infection of cancer cells in the brain by SARS-CoV-2 in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients has been the subject of only one previous case report. Here, we report the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by in situ hybridization in lung-cancer cells metastatic to the brain and adjacent brain parenchyma in a 63-year-old male patient with COVID-19. These findings suggest that metastatic tumors may transport the virus from other parts of the body to the brain or may break down the blood-brain barrier to allow for the virus to spread to the brain. These findings confirm and extend previous observations that cancer cells in the brain can become infected by SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19 and raise the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 can have a direct effect on cancer growth and outcome.

Corrigendum: Cognitive control and ruminative responses to stress: understanding the different facets of cognitive control.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.660062.].

Outpatient balloon catheter vs inpatient prostaglandin for induction of labor: a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 1 in 4 pregnant women undergo induction of labor. Meta-analyses have shown that mechanical methods of induction of labor are safe and effective, as is starting induction in an outpatient setting. However, few studies have evaluated outpatient balloon catheter induction in comparison with pharmacologic methods. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine whether women who underwent outpatient induction of labor with a balloon catheter would have a lower cesarean delivery rate than women who underwent inpatient induction of labor with vaginal prostaglandin E2 without an increase in adverse maternal or neonatal events. STUDY DESIGN: This was a superiority randomized controlled trial. The eligibility criteria were pregnant women (nullipara and multipara) with a live singleton fetus in vertex presentation with any medical comorbidity who underwent planned induction of labor at term and who had an initial modified Bishop Score of 0 to 6 at 1 of 11 public maternity hospitals in New Zealand. The intervention groups were outpatient single balloon catheter induction in comparison with inpatient vaginal prostaglandin E2 induction. The primary hypothesis was that participants who started their induction at home with a balloon catheter would have a lower risk for cesarean delivery than participants who started their induction with prostaglandins and remained in hospital throughout. The primary outcome was cesarean delivery rate. Participants were randomized using a centralized secure online randomization website in a 1:1 ratio, stratified by parity and hospital. The participants and outcome assessors were not blinded to group allocation. An intention-to-treat analysis with adjustment for stratification variables was used. RESULTS: A total of 539 participants were randomized to outpatient balloon catheter induction, and 548 participants were randomized to inpatient prostaglandin induction; the mode of birth was reported for all participants. The cesarean delivery rate was 41.0% among participants allocated to outpatient balloon induction and 35.2% among those allocated to inpatient prostaglandin induction (adjusted odds ratio, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 0.98-1.65). Women in the outpatient balloon catheter group were more likely to have artificial rupture of membranes and to received oxytocin and an epidural. No differences were found in the rates of adverse maternal or neonatal events. CONCLUSION: Outpatient balloon catheter induction was not found to reduce the cesarean delivery rate when compared with inpatient vaginal prostaglandin E2 induction. The use of balloon catheters in an outpatient setting does not seem to increase the rate of adverse events for mothers or babies and can be offered routinely.

Complete sequence verification of plasmid DNA using the Oxford Nanopore Technologies' MinION device.

BACKGROUND: Sequence verification is essential for plasmids used as critical reagents or therapeutic products. Typically, high-quality plasmid sequence is achieved through capillary-based Sanger sequencing, requiring customized sets of primers for each plasmid. This process can become expensive, particularly for applications where the validated sequence needs to be produced within a regulated and quality-controlled environment for downstream clinical research applications. RESULTS: Here, we describe a cost-effective and accurate plasmid sequencing and consensus generation procedure using the Oxford Nanopore Technologies' MinION device as an alternative to capillary-based plasmid sequencing options. This procedure can verify the identity of a pure population of plasmid, either confirming it matches the known and expected sequence, or identifying mutations present in the plasmid if any exist. We use a full MinION flow cell per plasmid, maximizing available data and allowing for stringent quality filters. Pseudopairing reads for consensus base calling reduces read error rates from 5.3 to 0.53%, and our pileup consensus approach provides per-base counts and confidence scores, allowing for interpretation of the certainty of the resulting consensus sequences. For pure plasmid samples, we demonstrate 100% accuracy in the resulting consensus sequence, and the sensitivity to detect small mutations such as insertions, deletions, and single nucleotide variants. In test cases where the sequenced pool of plasmids contains subclonal templates, detection sensitivity is similar to that of traditional capillary sequencing. CONCLUSIONS: Our pipeline can provide significant cost savings compared to outsourcing clinical-grade sequencing of plasmids, making generation of high-quality plasmid sequence for clinical sequence verification more accessible. While other long-read-based methods offer higher-throughput and less cost, our pipeline produces complete and accurate sequence verification for cases where absolute sequence accuracy is required.

Risk factors for late preterm and term stillbirth: A secondary analysis of an individual participant data meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Identify independent and novel risk factors for late-preterm (28-36 weeks) and term (≥37 weeks) stillbirth and explore development of a risk-prediction model. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of an Individual Participant Data (IPD) meta-analysis investigating modifiable stillbirth risk factors. SETTING: An IPD database from five case-control studies in New Zealand, Australia, the UK and an international online study. POPULATION: Women with late-stillbirth (cases, n = 851), and ongoing singleton pregnancies from 28 weeks' gestation (controls, n = 2257). METHODS: Established and novel risk factors for late-preterm and term stillbirth underwent univariable and multivariable logistic regression modelling with multiple sensitivity analyses. Variables included maternal age, body mass index (BMI), parity, mental health, cigarette smoking, second-hand smoking, antenatal-care utilisation, and detailed fetal movement and sleep variables. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Independent risk factors with adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for late-preterm and term stillbirth. RESULTS: After model building, 575 late-stillbirth cases and 1541 controls from three contributing case-control studies were included. Risk factor estimates from separate multivariable models of late-preterm and term stillbirth were compared. As these were similar, the final model combined all late-stillbirths. The single multivariable model confirmed established demographic risk factors, but additionally showed that fetal movement changes had both increased (decreased frequency) and reduced (hiccoughs, increasing strength, frequency or vigorous fetal movements) aOR of stillbirth. Poor antenatal-care utilisation increased risk while more-than-adequate care was protective. The area-under-the-curve was 0.84 (95% CI 0.82-0.86). CONCLUSIONS: Similarities in risk factors for late-preterm and term stillbirth suggest the same approach for risk-assessment can be applied. Detailed fetal movement assessment and inclusion of antenatal-care utilisation could be valuable in late-stillbirth risk assessment.

Promotion of Student Engagement Through the Application of Good Practices in Nursing Online Education.

The purpose of this article is to review Chickering and Gamson's principles of good practice in teaching and to illustrate their applicability to nursing online education delivery. An additional purpose is to present examples of teaching methods used by faculty to promote engagement in online education courses during the pandemic. The original 7 best practices in education, including ( a ) encourages contact between students and faculty, ( b ) develops reciprocity and cooperation among students, ( c ) uses active learning techniques, ( d ) gives prompt feedback, ( e ) emphasizes time on task, ( f ) communicates high expectations, and ( g ) respects diverse talents and ways of learning, remain evidence-based guidelines today. The authors recommend the addition of 2 new best practices: ( a ) incorporating assignment flexibility to meet student learning preferences; and ( b ) applying learning to real-life situations. Having evidence-based guidelines for supporting the role of a teacher in the online learning setting is of paramount importance.

Targeting the Microbiome to Improve Gut Health and Breathing Function After Spinal Cord Injury.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition characterized by impaired motor and sensory function, as well as internal organ pathology and dysfunction. This internal organ dysfunction, particularly gastrointestinal (GI) complications, and neurogenic bowel, can reduce the quality of life of individuals with an SCI and potentially hinder their recovery. The gut microbiome impacts various central nervous system functions and has been linked to a number of health and disease states. An imbalance of the gut microbiome, i.e., gut dysbiosis, contributes to neurological disease and may influence recovery and repair processes after SCI. Here we examine the impact of high cervical SCI on the gut microbiome and find that transient gut dysbiosis with persistent gut pathology develops after SCI. Importantly, probiotic treatment improves gut health and respiratory motor function measured through whole-body plethysmography. Concurrent with these improvements was a systemic decrease in the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha and an increase in neurite sprouting and regenerative potential of neurons. Collectively, these data reveal the gut microbiome as an important therapeutic target to improve visceral organ health and respiratory motor recovery after SCI. Research Highlights: Cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) causes transient gut dysbiosis and persistent gastrointestinal (GI) pathology.Treatment with probiotics after SCI leads to a healthier GI tract and improved respiratory motor recovery.Probiotic treatment decreases systemic tumor necrosis factor-alpha and increases the potential for sprouting and regeneration of neurons after SCI.The gut microbiome is a valid target to improve motor function and secondary visceral health after SCI.

Male involvement in randomised trials testing psychotherapy or behavioural interventions for depression: a scoping review.

The prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder in men is half that of women, yet depression affects approximately 109 million men worldwide. Alarmingly, men account for three quarters of suicides in Western countries but are unlikely to seek help for mental health concerns. It is possible that existing mental health treatments are not engaging or accessible to men. The aim of this review was to quantify the number of men involved in randomised trials of psychotherapy or lifestyle behaviour change targeting depression. Results found men represented 26% of participants in 110 eligible articles compared to 73% women. Men's representation was low across all intervention characteristics (e.g., delivery mode). No studies used a completely male sample, compared to 19 studies targeting women only. Men are substantially underrepresented in research trials targeting depression. Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-022-04017-7.

Experiential Learning in Patient Safety: A Multi-Center Study Examining Emergency Medicine Residents' Situational Awareness of Hazards via Simulation.

Introduction The 2016 Clinical Learning Environment Review established that experiential patient safety curricula for residents are uncommon. Moreover, these curricula do not incorporate non-technical skills linked to safety, such as situational awareness (SA). We developed an in-situ patient safety simulation exercise incorporating core SA concepts and subsequently assessed exercise feasibility and acceptability, and measured residents' safety SA. Methods A simulation scenario and mock chart were designed, incorporating 16 patient safety hazards. Residents at two institutions reviewed the chart and had 10 minutes in an emergency department room with the simulated scenario to document identified hazards, followed by a facilitated debriefing. Pre- and post-exercise surveys were completed. We used regression analyses to compare exercise performance and survey responses by training year, and measures of proportional difference and association for survey responses. Results This study included 76 of 104 eligible residents (73.1%). Around 56.5% initially reported being comfortable identifying hazards. During the exercise, hazards requiring higher SA were identified less frequently. Senior residents identified more hazards (OR 2.26; 95%CI 1.56-3.28) (mean 8.28, SD1.45); 93.4% expressed satisfaction with the session, and residents reporting comfort increased significantly (89.5%, p<0.001). Conclusion In-situ simulation incorporating SA concepts feasibly provides experiential safety education and enhances resident comfort with safety issues. Visible hazards were often identified; those requiring information synthesis were usually missed, suggesting a need for developing more robust resident SA. While interns demonstrated the poorest performance, senior residents only identified 50% of errors, indicating that patient safety education enhancing SA should begin early and continue longitudinally.