ABSTRACT
The object of this study was to evaluate the effect of creatine (Cr) supplementation in well trained male sprinters. The study was performed as a single blind test on 18 sprinters at a local competition level. During the last two years a substantial part of their training had consisted of a series of maximal sprints with short rest periods to improve their fatigue resistance. The participants consumed either 20 g Cr+20 g glucose per day (Cr group, n=9) or 40 g glucose per day (placebo group, n=9), divided into 4 equal dosages. The effect of Cr on sprint performance was evaluated in two tests, 1 x 100 m sprint and an intermittent 6x60 m sprint. Cr supplementation increased the 100 m sprint velocity (11.68+/-0.27 s vs 11.59+/-0.31 s) and reduced the total time of 6 intermittent 60 m sprints (45.63+/-1.11 s vs 45.12+/-1.1 s), whereas no changes were observed in the placebo group. The sprint velocity was significantly increased in 5 out of 6 intermittent 60 m sprints. Venous blood was drawn 5 min after finishing the final intermittent 60 m run. Plasma lactate, Cr and serum creatinine (Crn) were all increased in the Cr group compared to presupplementation values; no changes were observed in the placebo group. The improved sprint performance suggests an increased availability of energy substrate for performing work, possibly as a result of increased skeletal muscle creatine phosphate (PCr).
Subject(s)
Creatinine/administration & dosage , Energy Metabolism/physiology , Food, Fortified , Psychomotor Performance/physiology , Running/physiology , Adolescent , Adult , Anaerobiosis/physiology , Creatinine/blood , Humans , Lactic Acid/blood , Male , Muscle, Skeletal/enzymology , Muscle, Skeletal/physiology , Sex Factors , Time FactorsABSTRACT
This study was undertaken to develop a multidimensional instrument in the Norwegian language to measure pain. The McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) was used as a model, since it is a valid and reliable tool for pain measurement in English speaking countries. A series of steps were taken to develop a Norwegian pain questionnaire: 1) Words descriptive of pain were derived from 95 subjects (patients, students and health personnel). 2) Ten subjects allocated pain words into groups. 3) 36 college students validated the word groupings. 4) 72 patients graded the words contained in each group according to intensity. 5) A test of reliability of group items was performed. The study demonstrated that there are many words in Norwegian to describe pain. The Norwegian pain questionnaire came to contain 106 descriptors of pain placed in 18 groups. We demonstrated the validity of the word groupings and the reliability of group items. The actual value of the Norwegian pain questionnaire as a measuring instrument has not yet been documented.
Subject(s)
Pain Measurement/methods , Pain/diagnosis , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Humans , Norway , Surveys and Questionnaires , Terminology as TopicABSTRACT
1. The hindquarters of the rat were perfused with oxygenated Tyrode-Ficoll solution at constant flow and the blood pressure in the caudal artery was measured. All experiments were started with the resistance vessels maximally dilated (arterial pressure 20 mmHg). 2. Variations in the extracellular potassium concentration (from 0.5 mmol/l to 22 mmol/l) had no direct effect on the arterial pressure. 3. Noradrenaline in the range 1.6-17 mumol/l increased the arterial pressure in a dose-dependent manner at all potassium concentrations. 4. Variations in the potassium concentration within the physiological range did not affect the dose-dependent responses to noradrenaline.
