Discovery of a simple picomolar inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein.

A novel series of substituted N-[3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)benzyl]-N-(3-phenoxyphenyl)-trifluoro-3-amino-2-propanols is described which potently and reversibly inhibit cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). Starting from the initial lead 1, various substituents were introduced into the 3-phenoxyaniline group to optimize the relative activity for inhibition of the CETP-mediated transfer of [3H]-cholesteryl ester from HDL donor particles to LDL acceptor particles either in buffer or in human serum. The better inhibitors in the buffer assay clustered among compounds in which the phenoxy group was substituted at the 3, 4, or 5 positions. In general, small lipophilic alkyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, and halogen moieties increased potency relative to 1, while analogues containing electron-donating or hydrogen bond accepting groups exhibited lower potency. Compounds with polar or strong electron-withdrawing groups also displayed lower potency. Replacement of the phenoxy ring in 1 with either simple aliphatic or cycloalkyl ethers as well as basic heteroaryloxy groups led to reduced potency. From the better compounds, a representative series 4a-i was prepared as the chirally pure R(+) enantiomers, and from these, the 4-chloro-3-ethylphenoxy analogue was identified as a potent inhibitor of CETP activity in buffer (4a, IC50 0.77 nM, 59 nM in human serum). The simple R(+) enantiomer 4a represents the most potent acyclic CETP inhibitor reported. The chiral synthesis and biochemical characterization of 4a are reported along with its preliminary pharmacological assessment in animals.

Chiral N,N-disubstituted trifluoro-3-amino-2-propanols are potent inhibitors of cholesteryl ester transfer protein.

A novel series of substituted N-benzyl-N-phenyl-trifluoro-3-amino-2-propanols are described that reversibly inhibit cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). Starting with screening lead 22, various structural features were explored with respect to inhibition of the CETP-mediated transfer of [(3)H]cholesterol from high-density cholesterol donor particles to low-density cholesterol acceptor particles. The free hydroxyl group of the propanol was required for high potency, since acylation or alkylation reduced activity. High inhibitory potency was also associated with 3-ether moieties in the aniline ring, and the highest potencies were exhibited by 3-phenoxyaniline analogues. Activity was substantially reduced by oxidation or substitution in the methylene of the benzylic group, implying that the benzyl ring orientation was important for activity. In the benzylic group, substitution at the 3-position was preferred over either the 2- or the 4-positions. Highest potencies were observed with inhibitors in which the 3-benzylic substituent had the potential to adopt an out of plane orientation with respect to the phenyl ring. The best 3-benzylic substituents were OCF(2)CF(2)H (42, IC(50) 0.14 microM in buffer, 5.6 microM in human serum), cyclopentyl (39), 3-iso-propoxy (27), SCF(3) (67), and C(CF(3))(2)OH (36). Separation of 42 into its enantiomers unexpectedly showed that the minor R(+) enantiomer 1a was 40-fold more potent (IC(50) 0.02 microM in buffer, 0.6 microM in human serum) than the major S(-) enantiomer 1b, demonstrating that the R-chirality at the propanol 2-position is key to high potency in this series. The R(+) enantiomer 1a represents the first reported acyclic CETP inhibitor with submicromolar potency in plasma. A chiral synthesis of 1a is reported.

Molecular docking and high-throughput screening for novel inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B.

High-throughput screening (HTS) of compound libraries is used to discover novel leads for drug development. When a structure is available for the target, computer-based screening using molecular docking may also be considered. The two techniques have rarely been used together on the same target. The opportunity to do so presented itself in a project to discover novel inhibitors for the enzyme protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B), a tyrosine phosphatase that has been implicated as a key target for type II diabetes. A corporate library of approximately 400 000 compounds was screened using high-throughput experimental techniques for compounds that inhibited PTP1B. Concurrently, molecular docking was used to screen approximately 235 000 commercially available compounds against the X-ray crystallographic structure of PTP1B, and 365 high-scoring molecules were tested as inhibitors of the enzyme. Of approximately 400 000 molecules tested in the high-throughput experimental assay, 85 (0.021%) inhibited the enzyme with IC50 values less than 100 microM; the most active had an IC50 value of 4.2 microM. Of the 365 molecules suggested by molecular docking, 127 (34.8%) inhibited PTP1B with IC50 values less than 100 microM; the most active of these had an IC50 of 1.7 microM. Structure-based docking therefore enriched the hit rate by 1700-fold over random screening. The hits from both the high-throughput and docking screens were dissimilar from phosphotyrosine, the canonical substrate group for PTP1B; the two hit lists were also very different from each other. Surprisingly, the docking hits were judged to be more druglike than the HTS hits. The diversity of both hit lists and their dissimilarity from each other suggest that docking and HTS may be complementary techniques for lead discovery.