ABSTRACT
IMPORTANCE: The National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria set a goal of reducing inappropriate outpatient antibiotic use by 50% by 2020, but the extent of inappropriate outpatient antibiotic use is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the rates of outpatient oral antibiotic prescribing by age and diagnosis, and the estimated portions of antibiotic use that may be inappropriate in adults and children in the United States. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Using the 2010-2011 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, annual numbers and population-adjusted rates with 95% confidence intervals of ambulatory visits with oral antibiotic prescriptions by age, region, and diagnosis in the United States were estimated. EXPOSURES: Ambulatory care visits. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Based on national guidelines and regional variation in prescribing, diagnosis-specific prevalence and rates of total and appropriate antibiotic prescriptions were determined. These rates were combined to calculate an estimate of the appropriate annual rate of antibiotic prescriptions per 1000 population. RESULTS: Of the 184,032 sampled visits, 12.6% of visits (95% CI, 12.0%-13.3%) resulted in antibiotic prescriptions. Sinusitis was the single diagnosis associated with the most antibiotic prescriptions per 1000 population (56 antibiotic prescriptions [95% CI, 48-64]), followed by suppurative otitis media (47 antibiotic prescriptions [95% CI, 41-54]), and pharyngitis (43 antibiotic prescriptions [95% CI, 38-49]). Collectively, acute respiratory conditions per 1000 population led to 221 antibiotic prescriptions (95% CI, 198-245) annually, but only 111 antibiotic prescriptions were estimated to be appropriate for these conditions. Per 1000 population, among all conditions and ages combined in 2010-2011, an estimated 506 antibiotic prescriptions (95% CI, 458-554) were written annually, and, of these, 353 antibiotic prescriptions were estimated to be appropriate antibiotic prescriptions. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In the United States in 2010-2011, there was an estimated annual antibiotic prescription rate per 1000 population of 506, but only an estimated 353 antibiotic prescriptions were likely appropriate, supporting the need for establishing a goal for outpatient antibiotic stewardship.
Subject(s)
Ambulatory Care/statistics & numerical data , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Inappropriate Prescribing/statistics & numerical data , Otitis Media, Suppurative/drug therapy , Practice Patterns, Physicians'/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Health Care Surveys , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Pharyngitis/drug therapy , Prevalence , Respiratory Tract Infections/drug therapy , United StatesABSTRACT
Because some parents are choosing to not vaccinate or only partially vaccinate their children, vaccine-preventable diseases that once were rarely seen in pediatric practice must now be considered part of the differential diagnosis when caring for these children. Measles, mumps, varicella, meningococcal disease, pertussis, and influenza are reviewed. Recommendations for prevention and treatment of these vaccine-preventable diseases are discussed.
Subject(s)
Chickenpox/therapy , Influenza, Human/therapy , Measles/therapy , Mumps/therapy , Post-Exposure Prophylaxis/methods , Rubella/therapy , Vaccines/immunology , Whooping Cough/therapy , Chickenpox/epidemiology , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Humans , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Measles/epidemiology , Mumps/epidemiology , Rubella/epidemiology , Sentinel Surveillance , United States/epidemiology , Vaccination/statistics & numerical data , Whooping Cough/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Adolescents have access to a variety of legal or illicit substances that they use to alter their mood or "get high." The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of common substances adolescents use to get high, including the illicit substances synthetic marijuana or "Spice," salvia, MDMA, synthetic cathinones, and 2C-E. Dextromethorphan and energy drinks are easily accessible substances that teenagers abuse. The toxic effects of common ingestions and treatment of overdose is discussed to inform pediatric providers who provide care for adolescents.
Subject(s)
Adolescent Behavior , Benzodioxoles/toxicity , Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists/toxicity , Cannabinoids/toxicity , Dextromethorphan/toxicity , N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/toxicity , Pyrrolidines/toxicity , Substance-Related Disorders/prevention & control , Adolescent , Adolescent Behavior/psychology , Benzodioxoles/adverse effects , Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists/adverse effects , Cannabinoids/adverse effects , Charcoal/therapeutic use , Dextromethorphan/adverse effects , Drug Overdose , Emergency Medicine/methods , Female , Humans , Illicit Drugs , Male , N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/adverse effects , Naloxone/therapeutic use , North Carolina/epidemiology , Ondansetron/therapeutic use , Prevalence , Pyrrolidines/adverse effects , Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Synthetic CathinoneABSTRACT
The 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic took health care workers worldwide by surprise. Early in the course of the pandemic it was determined that children and pregnant women were at high risk of increased morbidity and mortality from the novel influenza virus. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and state and local public health officials quickly rallied to develop treatment guidelines for the new strain of influenza A, including emergency approvals for off-label use of some antiviral drugs. Prevention of the spread of influenza via vaccination and environmental controls is critical to the health of children. The 2009 H1N1 influenza virus emerged too late to be included in the 2009/2010 seasonal influenza vaccine, so production of a monovalent vaccine was set in motion. Five months from when the first cases of novel H1N1 appeared in Mexico and the United States, a vaccine was being distributed to high-risk patients. Looking ahead to the 2010/2011 influenza season, it is difficult to predict 2009 H1N1 activity. The 2010/2011 seasonal influenza vaccine will include the 2009 H1N1 strain, so it is critical to get all children vaccinated early in the flu season.
