Scrotal Lipoblastoma with Radiological and Histological Correlation.

Lipoblastomas are rare benign mesenchymal tumors comprised primarily mature adipocytes, which are most commonly found in infants and children younger than 3 years. They are usually found in the extremities, trunk, head, neck, and retroperitoneum, although cases occurring in the scrotum have been reported. Due to its rarity, there is a relative paucity of literature describing its imaging and management. We present a rare case of a scrotal lipoblastoma, and discuss the current imaging strategies to differentiate this adipocytic tumor from other more common paratesticular masses, including aggressive neoplasms such as rhabdomyosarcomas. Knowledge of the radiological appearance of lipoblastoma can provide the correct diagnosis and prevent unnecessary orchiectomy.

Neonatal infratentorial subdural hematoma contributing to obstructive hydrocephalus in the setting of therapeutic cooling: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Symptomatic neonatal subdural hematomas usually result from head trauma incurred during vaginal delivery, most commonly during instrument assistance. Symptomatic subdural hematomas are rare in C-section deliveries that were not preceded by assisted delivery techniques. Although the literature is inconclusive, another possible cause of subdural hematomas is therapeutic hypothermia. CASE SUMMARY: We present a case of a term neonate who underwent therapeutic whole-body cooling for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy following an emergent C-section delivery for prolonged decelerations. Head ultrasound on day of life 3 demonstrated a rounded mass in the posterior fossa. A follow-up brain magnetic resonance imaging confirmed hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and clarified the subdural hematomas in the posterior fossa causing mass effect and obstructive hydrocephalus. CONCLUSION: The aim of this report is to highlight the rarity and importance of mass-like subdural hematomas causing obstructive hydrocephalus, particularly in the setting of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and therapeutic whole-body cooling.

Neuroimaging for the Primary Care Provider: A Review of Modalities, Indications, and Pitfalls.

When evaluating a child with a potential neurologic or neurodevelopmental disorder, identifying indications for imaging and the correct imaging modality to order can be challenging. This article provides an overview of computed tomography, MRI, ultrasonography, and radiography with an emphasis on indications for use, pitfalls to be avoided, and recent advances. A discussion of the appropriate use of ionizing radiation, intravenous contrast, and sedation is also provided.

Perspective: child abuse in the military.

Child maltreatment is an unfortunate aspect of our society, afflicting civilian and military families alike. However, unlike their civilian counterparts, military families bear additional burdens inherent to military service that can exacerbate some of the root causes of child abuse. For this reason, the U.S. Department of Defense is committed to ensuring not only a highly disciplined and ready force, but also a healthy force - the foundation of which is healthy families. Therefore, understanding the military health care system, how it functions and how it collects data is a necessary first step in evaluating the efficacy of current programs and identifying opportunities for improvement. Moving beyond treatment and prevention, the military also boasts an independent judicial system designed to promote the dual interests of justice and good order as well as discipline in the armed forces, and this also contributes to a distinct culture. These two independent systems, often viewed as having diametrically opposed interests, can work together synergistically to promote the ultimate goal of fewer instances of child maltreatment in the military.

Fibromatosis colli leading to positional plagiocephaly with gross anatomical and sonographic correlation.

Fibromatosis colli, also known as 'sternocleidomastoid tumour of infancy' or 'pseudotumour of infancy', is a rare condition involving fibrosis and swelling, or 'tumour' of the sternocleidomastoid muscle in newborns that typically occurs after a traumatic delivery. Although usually self-limited, fibromatosis colli can lead to congenital muscular torticollis and positional plagiocephaly due to uneven forces on the neonatal skull. Ultrasound is the diagnostic imaging modality of choice and can prevent additional imaging and unnecessary intervention.

Fingertip ultrasound evaluation of umbilical catheter position in the neonatal intensive care unit compared to conventional ultrasound radiography: a preliminary investigation.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study is to compare conventional linear and fingertip ultrasound transducers, for the evaluation of umbilical catheters, with radiography. Fingertip ultrasound transducers have the potential to simplify sonographic examination due to their small size and ability to fit on a finger. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective, IRB approved comparative study was performed. Linear and fingertip sonographic images were obtained around the same time as a radiograph in neonates with umbilical catheters by two board certified pediatric radiologists and a radiology resident. The positions of catheters were then compared across all three modalities. RESULT: A total of 41 catheters were evaluated, which included 14 arterial and 27 venous catheters. Two venous catheters were not identified by the linear transducer and one arterial catheter tip was not identified by the fingertip transducer. CONCLUSION: A fingertip ultrasound probe can be used to evaluate umbilical catheter positioning for potentially faster sonographic examination and decrease the need for repeated radiation.

Complex Pancreaticobiliary Maljunction with Pancreas Divisum and Obstructive Pseudocyst.

Pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) is the congenital junction of the bile and pancreatic ducts into a common channel located anatomically outside of the duodenal wall. The complex type (Type D) is the rarest type and occurs in conjunction with other pancreaticobiliary anomalies. We present a case of complex PBM with pancreas divisum presenting as acute pancreatitis and obstructive symptoms secondary to a pancreatic pseudocyst. Surgical management is discussed, as complex type PBM is most predisposed to post-operative complications.

Rare Case of a Calcified Catheter-Related Sheath Embolizing to the Right Pulmonary Artery.

Catheter-related sheaths, formerly known as "fibrin sheaths," are the most common complications of central venous catheters. Although usually harmless, they can very rarely detach from the venous wall against which they were formed and embolize with effects ranging from subclinical embolisms to death. This rare occurrence has only been described a few times in the literature to date, and to our knowledge, the embolized sheath has never been directly visualized with CT. We report the case of catheter-related sheath embolization to the right pulmonary artery in a child, as confirmed on CT.

Ipsilateral Medial and Lateral Discoid Menisci: A Rare Combination of Infrequent Anatomic Variants.

A discoid meniscus is a thick, disk-shaped meniscus which is prone to tearing, degeneration, and loss of stability in the knee. A discoid meniscus most commonly affects the lateral meniscus, rarely the medial meniscus. Here, we present a case of an extremely rare medial and lateral discoid meniscus in the ipsilateral knee of a 10-year-old male. Ipsilateral medial and discoid menisci are incredibly rare and one must keep this entity in mind to avoid confusion while interpreting knee magnetic resonance imaging.

Rare case of atypical Dejerine syndrome in a child.

Medial medullary syndrome (aka Dejerine syndrome) is a rare condition that develops following infarction of the medial medulla and is classically defined by the presence of Dejerine's triad of contralateral weakness in upper and lower extremities, contralateral hemisensory loss of vibration and proprioception, and ipsilateral tongue weakness. It is typically caused by occlusion of the vertebral artery or one of its branches. We report the case of a 6-year-old girl who suffered a medial medullary infarction, and she was diagnosed with atypical Dejerine syndrome. Medial medullary infarct leading to atypical Dejerine syndrome has not been reported in this young of a patient in the literature to date.

Nonvisualization of the ovaries on pelvic ultrasound: does MRI add anything?

PURPOSE: The purpose of our study is to assess the utility of pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the event that either one or both ovaries are not visualized by pelvic ultrasound. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This HIPAA-compliant retrospective study was approved by our local institutional review board and informed consent waived. 1926 pelvic MRI examinations between March 2007 and December 2011 were reviewed and included if a combined transabdominal and endovaginal pelvic ultrasound had been performed in the preceding 6 months with at least one ovary nonvisualized. Ovaries not visualized on pelvic ultrasound were assumed to be normal and compared with the pelvic MRI findings. MRI findings were categorized as concordant or discordant. Discordant findings were divided into malignant, non-malignant physiologic or non-malignant non-physiologic. The modified Wald, the "rule of thirds", and the binomial distribution probability tests were performed. RESULTS: 255 pelvic ultrasounds met inclusion criteria with 364 ovaries not visualized. 0 malignancies were detected on MRI. 6.9% (25/364) of nonvisualized ovaries had non-malignant discordant findings on MRI: 5.2% (19/364) physiologic, 1.6% (6/364) non-physiologic. Physiologic findings included: 16 functional cysts and 3 hemorrhagic cysts. Non-physiologic findings included: 3 cysts in post-menopausal women, 1 hydrosalpinx, and 2 broad ligament fibroids. The theoretical risk of detecting an ovarian carcinoma on pelvic MRI when an ovary is not visualized on ultrasound ranges from 0 to 1.3%. CONCLUSION: If an ovary is not visualized on pelvic ultrasound, it can be assumed to be without carcinoma and MRI rarely adds additional information.

Changes in brain network activity during working memory tasks: a magnetoencephalography study.

In this study, we elucidate the changes in neural oscillatory processes that are induced by simple working memory tasks. A group of eight subjects took part in modified versions of the N-back and Sternberg working memory paradigms. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) data were recorded, and subsequently processed using beamformer based source imaging methodology. Our study shows statistically significant increases in θ oscillations during both N-back and Sternberg tasks. These oscillations were shown to originate in the medial frontal cortex, and further to scale with memory load. We have also shown that increases in θ oscillations are accompanied by decreases in ß and γ band oscillations at the same spatial coordinate. These decreases were most prominent in the 20-40 Hz frequency range, although spectral analysis showed that γ band power decrease extends up to at least 80 Hz. ß/γ Power decrease also scales with memory load. Whilst θ increases were predominately observed in the medial frontal cortex, ß/γ decreases were associated with other brain areas, including nodes of the default mode network (for the N-back task) and areas associated with language processing (for the Sternberg task). These observations are in agreement with intracranial EEG and fMRI studies. Finally, we have shown an intimate relationship between changes in ß/γ band oscillatory power at spatially separate network nodes, implying that activity in these nodes is not reflective of uni-modal task driven changes in spatially separate brain regions, but rather represents correlated network activity. The utility of MEG as a non-invasive means to measure neural oscillatory modulation has been demonstrated and future studies employing this technology have the potential to gain a better understanding of neural oscillatory processes, their relationship to functional and effective connectivity, and their correspondence to BOLD fMRI.