Suction Drain Volume following Axillary Lymph Node Dissection for Melanoma-When to Remove Drains? A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Postoperative complications such as seroma formation and wound-site infection occur following completion axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) for melanoma. We analyzed the impact of time-to-drain removal and drainage volume on seroma formation after ALND. We retrospectively analyzed data from 118 patients after completion ALND for melanoma. Primary endpoints were daily amount of drainage volume, seroma formation and time-to-drain removal. Secondary endpoints included patient-related, disease-specific and perioperative parameters as well as the number of histologically analyzed lymph nodes and surgical complications graded by the Clavien−Dindo classification (CDCL). Statistical analyses were performed using logistic regression models. Drain removal around the 8th postoperative day was statistically associated with a lower risk for the occurrence of seroma formation (p < 0.001). Patients with an increased drainage volume during the early postoperative days were more prone to develop seroma after drain removal. With 49% (CDCL I and II), most complications were managed conservatively, while only 5.9% (CDCL III) required revision surgery (CDCL overall: 55.9%). ALND is a safe procedure with a low rate of severe CDCL III type of complications. To decrease seroma evacuation, our results imply that drains should be removed around the 8th postoperative day to reduce the risk of infection, readmission or prolonged hospitalization.

Assessment of Mastectomy Skin Flaps for Immediate Reconstruction with Implants via Thermal Imaging-A Suitable, Personalized Approach?

BACKGROUND: Impaired perfusion of the remaining skin flap after subcutaneous mastectomy can cause wound-healing disorders and consecutive necrosis. Personalized intraoperative imaging, possibly performed via the FLIR ONE thermal-imaging device, may assist in flap assessment and detect areas at risk for postoperative complications. METHODS: Fifteen female patients undergoing elective subcutaneous mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction with implants were enrolled. Pre-, intra- and postoperative thermal imaging was performed via FLIR ONE. Potential patient-, surgery- and environment-related risk factors were acquired and correlated with the occurrence of postoperative complications. RESULTS: Wound-healing disorders and mastectomy-skin-flap necrosis occurred in 26.7%, whereby areas expressing intraoperative temperatures less than 26 °C were mainly affected. These complications were associated with a statistically significantly higher BMI, longer surgery duration, lower body and room temperature and a trend towards larger implant sizes. CONCLUSION: Impaired skin-flap perfusion may be multifactorially conditioned. Preoperative screening for risk factors and intraoperative skin-perfusion assessment via FLIR ONE thermal-imaging device is recommendable to reduce postoperative complications. Intraoperative detectable areas with a temperature of lower than 26 °C are highly likely to develop mastectomy-skin-flap necrosis and early detection allows individual treatment concept adaption, ultimately improving the patient's outcome.

Selective denervation of the corrugator supercilii muscle for the treatment of idiopatic trigeminal neuralgia purely paroxysmal distributed in the supraorbital and suprathrochlear dermatomes.

INTRODUCTION: Idiopatic trigeminal neuralgia purely paroxysmal (ITNp) distributed in the supraorbital and suprathrochlear dermatomes (SSd), refractory to conventional treatments have been linked to the hyperactivity of the corrugator supercilii muscle (CSM). In these patients, the inactivation of the CSM via botulinum toxin type A (BTA) injections has been proven to be safe and effective in reducing migraine burden. The main limitation of BTA is the need of repetitive injections and relative high costs. Based on the study of the motor innervation of the CSM, we describe here an alternative approach to improve these type of migraines, based on a minimally invasive denervation of the CSM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Motor innervation and feasibility of selective CSM denervation was first studied on fresh frozen cadavers. Once the technique was safely established, 15 patients were enrolled. To be considered eligible, patients had to meet the following criteria: positive response to BTA treatment, migraine disability assessment score > 24, > 15 migraine days/month, no occipital/temporal trigger points and plausible reasons to discontinue BTA treatment. Pre- and post- operative migraine headache index (MHI) were compared, and complications were classified following the Clavien-Dindo classification (CDC). RESULTS: Fifteen patients (9 females and 6 males) underwent the described surgical procedure. The mean age was 41 ± 10 years. Migraine headache episodes decreased from 24 ± 4 day/month to 2 ± 2 (p < 0.001) The MHI decreased from 208 ± 35 to 10 ± 11 (p < 0.001). One patient (7%) had a grade I complication according to the CDC. No patient needed a second operative procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the selective CSM denervation represents a safe and minimally invasive approach to improve ITNp distributed in the SSd associated with CSM hyperactivation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The data collection was conducted as a retrospective quality assessment study and all procedures were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the national research committee and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.

BMI and specimen weight: impact on personalized risk profiling for optimized informed consent in breast reduction surgery?

We aimed to evaluate the interaction between individual risk factors and institutional complication rates after reduction mammaplasties to develop a chart for a personalized written patient informed consent. We retrospectively reviewed charts of 804 patients who underwent bilateral breast reduction between 2005 and 2015. The Clavien-Dindo classification was used to classify postoperative complications. Relevant predictors were found by applying a stepwise variable selection procedure. Multilevel predictors were assessed through chi-square tests on the respective deviance reductions. 486 patients were included. The most common complications were wound healing problems (n = 270/56%), foreign body reactions (n = 58/12%), wound infections (n = 45/9, 3%) and fat tissue necrosis (n = 41/8%). The risk factors for the personalized patient chart for the most common complications influencing the preoperative informed consent were: smoking, operative technique, resection weight for wound healing problems; body mass index and allergies for wound infections; and patients' age, resection weight for fat tissue necrosis. The resultant chart of institutionally encountered most common complications based on individual risk factors is a graphical template for obtaining patient informed consent in the future. Whether this approach influences patient information retainment, incidence of filed lawsuits or behavioral change needs to be prospectively tested in future studies.

Lessons Learned From Breast Implant Registries: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: Over several decades, numerous national and international registries on breast implants went online, aiming to collect prospective data to provide increased safety for patients and surgeons. We performed a review of all published data on breast implant registries to assess availability and quality of data and determine its usefulness and impact. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PubMed, Ovid, and Web of Science were searched to identify all articles containing breast implant registries in English language. The review was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42016041255) and performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. There was no limitation by publication date. RESULTS: Eight hundred ninety-five articles were identified; after removal of duplicates, 536 abstracts were screened on breast implant registries in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Unrelated articles, non-English articles, and not breast implant-related studies were excluded. Twenty breast implant registry-related articles met the inclusion criteria; 7 articles contained actual data on breast implants. Compared with international trends, only a minimal percentage of performed surgical breast augmentations is documented in registries, and the overall data quality and availability were low. CONCLUSIONS: Only a fraction of performed breast augmentations is documented properly in a registry. Currently, there are no published data based on a clinical quality registry. Sustained funding and reliable administrative governmental structures remain crucial to establish an adequate clinical quality registry for breast implants as currently launched in Australia to analyze outcomes and risk factors for an increased patient safety.

Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Static and Dynamic Effects of Botulinum Toxin A on Glabellar Frown Lines.

BACKGROUND: The use of injectable solutions for aesthetic purposes has increased tremendously, but lacks objective support. We aimed at assessing static and dynamic effects of botulinum toxin A (BoNTA) on glabellar lines by use of an objective three-dimensional methodology. METHODS: We prospectively collected three-dimensional stereographic photographs of two different facial expressions (pretreatment, 30 and 90 days posttreatment) in 21 patients, receiving a total of 20 units of BoNTA in both corrugator supercilii muscles. The primary endpoint was the three-dimensional static and dynamic surface irregularity, and secondary endpoints were the glabellar line scale and overall patient satisfaction. Blinded retrospective data analysis and statistical evaluation were performed with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Static glabellar lines (neutral facial expression) were significantly reduced by - 17% and - 24% on day 30 and 90 posttreatment, respectively (vs. pretreatment; both p < 0.0001). Dynamic glabellar frown lines (firmest possible bilateral eye closure) demonstrated a reduction of surface irregularity by - 26% and - 21% on day 30 and 90 posttreatment, respectively (vs. pretreatment; both p < 0.0001). The subjective dynamic glabellar line scale documented a statistically significant improvement on day 30 posttreatment (mean ± SD: 1.5 ± 0.8; p < 0.05) versus pretreatment (2.8 ± 1.0). Polled patients confirmed a subjective wrinkle improvement 90 days posttreatment. CONCLUSION: The presented setup detected even subtle changes of BoNTA treatment for facial wrinkling and is a promising asset for scientific evaluations of clinical studies analyzing the outcome and duration of efficacy of injectable solutions on the face. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Re-evaluation of websites from burn centers in Austria, Germany and Switzerland.

INTRODUCTION: Websites serve as information and communication platforms; hence, they are important tools for the self-promotion of hospitals. In 2010, Selig et al. evaluated the online presence of burn centers in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland based on 37 quality criteria. This study aimed to re-evaluate these websites to assess their development over the past 6.5 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Websites of the German-speaking burn centers were re-evaluated according to criteria previously described by Selig et al. Particular attention was paid to specific information on burns. Additionally, the implementation of social media platforms was investigated. RESULTS: There was an overall increase in the quality of information published on websites. There was a considerable improvement recorded, especially in the categories of "teaching" and "patient care." However, burn-specific information was found to be still sparse. Over 50% of the hospitals were present on social media. CONCLUSIONS: Although the quality of information published on German-speaking burn center websites increased, they must be further developed, especially regarding burn-related information. Moreover, a clear structure and design could prevent long searches and facilitate an easier flow of information. The interface from websites and social media platforms appear to be an important tool for up-to-date self-promotion.

Correlation between invasive and noninvasive blood pressure measurements in severely burned children.

INTRODUCTION: Accurate blood pressure monitoring is essential for burn management, with the intra-arterial line method being the gold standard. Here we evaluated agreement between cuff and intra-arterial line methods. METHODS: Data from burned children admitted from 1997 to 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Simultaneously collected intra-arterial and cuff measurements were cross-matched and linear regression performed to assess agreement for systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP). RESULTS: We identified 9969 matches for SBP, DBP, and MAP in 872 patients (579 male) aged 8±5years with burns covering 52±20% of the total body surface area and a hospitalization lasting 33±31 days. Intra-arterial lines had a complication rate of 1%. The mean bias (95% CI) between methods was 1.3 (0.5, 2.1) mm Hg for SBP, -6.4 (-7.0, -5.7) mmHg for DBP, and -5.8 (-6.4, -5.3) mmHg for MAP. The standard deviation of the bias (95% limit of agreement) was 12.1 (-22.5, 25.1) mmHg for SBP, 9.9 (-25.8, 13.0) mmHg for DBP, and 8.7 (-22.8, 11.1) mmHg for MAP. CONCLUSIONS: Cuff measurements vary widely from those of intra-arterial lines, which have a low complication rate. Intra-arterial lines are advisable when tight control of the hemodynamic response is essential.

Comparative study of regenerative effects of mesenchymal stem cells derived from placental amnion, chorion and umbilical cord on dermal wounds.

OBJECTIVE: Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells derived from human term placentas (PMSCs) are novel therapeutic agents and more topical than ever. Here we evaluated the effects of three types of PMSCs on wound healing in an in vivo mouse model: Amnion-derived MSCs (AMSCs), blood vessel-derived MSCs (BV-MSCs) from the chorionic plate and Wharton's jelly-derived MSCs (WJ-MSCs) from the umbilical cord. METHODS: We topically applied PMSCs onto skin wounds in mice using the dermal substitute Matriderm® as carrier and evaluated wound healing parameters. In addition, we investigated the effects of all PMSC types under co-application with placental endothelial cells (PLECs). After 8 days, we compared the percent of wound closure and the angiogenic potential between all groups. RESULTS: AMSCs, BV-MSCs and WJ-MSCs significantly induced a faster healing and a higher number of blood vessels in the wound when compared to controls (Matriderm®-alone). PLECs did not further improve the advantageous effects of PMSC-treatment. Quantitative data and 3D analysis by high resolution episcopic microscopy confirmed a lower density of vessels in Matriderm®/PMSCs/PLECs co-application compared to Matriderm®/PMSCs treatment. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that all three PMSC types exert similar beneficial effects on wound closure and neovascularization in our mouse model. PRACTICE: Using Matriderm® as carrier for PMSCs propagates rapid cell migration towards the wound area that allows a fast and clinically practicable method for stem cell application. IMPLICATIONS: These promising effects warrant further investigation in clinical trials.

Double Triangular Cartilage Excision Otoplasty.

BACKGROUND: Prominent ears have a negative impact on patients' psychosocial well-being. There are numerous surgical correction techniques described, but the majority have high complication and recurrence rates. In this article, the authors present a stitchless technique that takes advantage of different approaches to minimize complications and recurrences. METHODS: The authors prospectively studied patients who underwent a bilateral double triangular cartilage excision otoplasty in an outpatient setting. This prominent ear setback technique is based on a specific cartilage excision to mechanically collapse the ear without using any sutures through the cartilage. Postoperatively, surgical complications were classified according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. The patient-reported outcome was analyzed after completion of a questionnaire 6 months after surgery, and another clinical follow-up appointment was arranged 12 months after surgery. RESULTS: Sixty patients (120 ears) with an average age of 24 years were studied, and the overall complication rate was 6 percent. Three ears (2.5 percent) developed superficial cutaneous necrosis at the anterior concha, and one ear (1 percent) required an additional correction for unsatisfactory pinna rotation. Also, 2.5 percent of the patients experienced a grade I complication, and 1 percent of the patients experienced a grade IIIa complication according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. No wound infections, hematomas, or hypertrophic scars were observed, and the patient-reported outcome showed satisfaction with the results. CONCLUSIONS: The authors' findings show that the double triangular cartilage excision otoplasty is a safe procedure with low complication/recurrence rates. This stitchless technique should be included in each surgeon's repertoire as an alternative to previously published surgical techniques. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, IV.

Risk factors for recurrence of pressure ulcers after defect reconstruction.

Patients suffering from pressure ulcers remain to be a challenging task for nursing staff and doctors in the daily clinical management, putting-notably in the case of recurrences-additional strain on the constantly reduced resources in public healthcare. We aimed to assess the risk factors for the recurrence of pressure ulcers at our institution, a tertiary referral center. In this retrospective analysis of patients admitted to our division we identified risk factors for pressure ulcer recurrence. The hospital patient database search included all patients with a diagnosis of pressure ulcers of the torso and lower extremity. One hundred sixty-three patients were diagnosed with pressure ulcers and 55 patients with 63 pressure ulcers met our inclusion criteria. The 17 recurrences (27%) had an average follow-up of 728 days. Most presented with lesions of the ischial tuberosity (n=24). Recurrence was statistically associated with defect size (p = 0.013, Cox regression analysis), and serum albumin levels (p = 0.045, Spearman correlation), but no association was found for body mass index, bacterial profile, comorbidities, localization, previous surgery, or time-to-admission for reconstruction (all p > 0.05). Supported by the recent literature we identified factors like defect size to be associated with pressure ulcer recurrence, but not with time-to admission for reconstruction or number of previous debridements. Whether laboratory values like serum albumin levels were the cause, the result or associated with pressure ulcer recurrence warrants further investigation.

A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial Comparing the Outpatient Treatment of Pediatric and Adult Partial-Thickness Burns with Suprathel or Mepilex Ag.

Modern treatment of partial-thickness burns follows the paradigm of less frequent dressing changes to allow for undisturbed reepithelialization of the burn wound. We compared Mepilex Ag (M), a silver-impregnated foam dressing, and Suprathel (S), a DL-lactid acid polymer, in the outpatient treatment of partial-thickness burns in pediatric and adult patients. Patients were enrolled in a randomized, controlled, prospective clinical trial. We monitored time to reepithelialization, wound pain, discomfort during dressing changes, and treatment cost. Objective scar characteristics (elasticity, transepidermal water loss, hydration, and pigmentation) and subjective assessments (Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale) were measured at 1 month post burn. Data are presented as mean ± SEM, and significance was accepted at P < 0.05. Sixty-two patients (S n = 32; M n = 30) were enrolled; age, sex, and burn size were comparable between the groups. Time to reepithelialization was not different between the groups (12 days; P = 0.75). Pain ratings were significantly reduced during the first 5 days after burn in the Suprathel group in all patients (P = 0.03) and a pediatric subgroup (P < 0.001). Viscolelasticity of burned skin was elevated compared with unburned skin in the Mepilex Ag group at 1 month post burn. Patients treated with Suprathel reported better overall scar quality (S: 2; M: 4.5; P < 0.001). The cost of treatment per square centimeter for Mepilex Ag was considerably lower than that of Suprathel. Both dressings are feasible and efficacious for the outpatient treatment of minor and selected moderate partial-thickness burns. Reduced pain, especially in a pediatric patient population, may be advantageous, despite increased treatment cost.

Complications in tissue expansion: A logistic regression analysis for risk factors.

BACKGROUND: Tissue expansion is frequently used in reconstructive surgery. Although the surgical procedure is typically considered simple, reported complication rates of tissue expansions exceed 40%. There is little evidence concerning risk factors for complications in tissue expansion in body regions other than breast. The aim was to determine risk factors for complications in non-breast tissue expansion. METHODS: 34 patients treated with subcutaneous tissue expanders between 2005 and 2014 were analyzed. Demographic data, body-mass index (BMI), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), treatment indications, expansion site, previous expansion therapies in the same body region, smoking history, as well as expander characteristics (shape, volume, and filling mechanism) were ascertained. Complications were assessed and ranked according to severity based on the Clavien-Dindo classification. Binary logistic regression analysis adjusted for clinical characteristics was used. A p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS: Complications were observed in 26 out of 71 expanders analyzed (36.6%), of whom 10 led to therapy failure. Expanders used in the limbs, female gender, and high expander volume turned out as significant risk factors. Patients with both a high MAP and low BMI developed tissue necrosis significantly more often (p=0.002). The use of tissue expansion after a burn was not associated with an increased risk for complications. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study revealing female gender and low BMI as risk factors in tissue expander surgery. Thus, careful patient selection is mandatory to avoid complications in tissue expansion. Burn patients do not develop complications more often.

Herpesviradae infections in severely burned children.

OBJECTIVE: Burn-related immunosuppression can promote human herpesviridae infections. However, the effect of these infections on morbidity and mortality after pediatric burn injuries is unclear. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed pediatric patients with burns ≥10% of the total body surface area (TBSA) who were admitted between 2010 and 2015. On clinical suspicion of a viral infection, antiviral therapy was initiated. Viral infection was confirmed via Tzanck smear, viral culture, and/or PCR. Study endpoints were mortality, days of antiviral agent administration, type of viral test used, type of viral infection, and length of hospitalization. RESULTS: Of the 613 patients were analyzed, 28 presented with clinically diagnosed viral infections. The use of Tzanck smears decreased over the past 5 years, whereas PCR and viral cultures have become standard. Patients with viral infections had significantly larger burns (53±15% vs. 38±18%, p<0.001); however, length of stay per TBSA burn was comparable (0.5±0.4 vs. 0.6±0.2, p=0.211). The most commonly detected herpesviridae was herpes simplex virus 1. Two patients died due to sepsis, which was accompanied by HSV infection. The mortality rate among all patients (2.7%) was comparable to that in the infected group (7.1%, p=0.898). Acyclovir was given systemically for 9±8days (N=76) and/or topically for 9±9days for HSV (N=39, combination of both N=33). Ganciclovir was prescribed in three cases for CMV. CONCLUSIONS: Viral infections occur more commonly in patients suffering from larger burns, and HSV infections can contribute to mortality.

The occurrence of single and multiple organ dysfunction in pediatric electrical versus other thermal burns.

BACKGROUND: Multiple organ failure (MOF) is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in burned children. While various complications induced by electrical injuries have been described, the incidence and severity of single organ failure (SOF) and MOF associated with this type of injury are unknown. The study was undertaken to compare the incidence and severity of SOF and MOF as well as other complications between electrically and thermally burned children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 2001 and 2016, 288 pediatric patients with electrical burns (EB; n = 96) or thermal burns (CTR; n = 192) were analyzed in this study. Demographic data; length of hospitalization; and number and type of operations, amputations, and complications were statistically analyzed. Incidence of SOF and MOF was assessed using the DENVER2 classification in an additive mixed model over time. Compound scores and organ-specific scores for lung, heart, kidney, and liver were analyzed. Serum cytokine expression profiles of both groups were also compared over time. Significance was accepted at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Both groups were comparable in age (CTR, 11 ± 5 years, vs EB, 11 ± 5 years), percent total body surface area burned (CTR, 33% ± 25%, vs EB, 32 ± 25%), and length of hospitalization (CTR, 18 ± 26 days, vs EB, 18 ± 21 days). The percentage of high-voltage injury in the EB group was 64%. The incidence of MOF was lower in the EB group (2 of 96 [2.1%]) than the CTR group (20 of 192 [10.4%]; p < 0.05). The incidence of single organ failure was comparable between groups. Incidence of pulmonary failure was comparable in both groups, but incidence of inhalation injury was significantly higher in the CTR group (p < 0.0001). Patients in the EB group had more amputations (p < 0.001), major amputations (p = 0.001), and combined major amputations (p < 0.01). Mortality was comparable between the groups. Serum cytokine expression profiles were also comparable between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: In pediatric patients, electrical injury is associated with a lower incidence of MOF than other thermal burns. Early and radical debridement of nonviable tissue is crucial to improve outcomes in the electrical burn patient population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Retrospective chart review, level III.

Evidence of invasive and noninvasive treatment modalities for hypertrophic scars: A systematic review.

Currently, there are various therapeutic approaches to reduce hypertrophic scarring; however, there is no standard evidence-based treatment protocol. Hence, a systematic review was performed to obtain a summary of the latest clinical trials to evaluate evidence for the treatment of hypertrophic scars. The review protocol was registered and approved by PROSPERO (CRD42015027040). PubMed and Web of Science were searched using predefined MeSH-Terms to identify studies published within the last 10 years regarding treatment for hypertrophic scars. Exclusion criteria included a level of evidence (LoE) lower than I, nonhuman in vivo studies, in vitro studies, studies on keloids, literature reviews, and non-English articles. The literature search identified 1,029 unique articles, whereas 6 articles were prospective, randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trials with a LoE I, and were thus included in the systematic analysis. Three clinical trials evaluated silicone products and pressure garments, and the other three studies investigated the efficacy of intralesional injections of triamcinolone (TAC), 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) combined with TAC as well as the additional irradiation with a 585 nm pulsed-dye laser (PDL). Intralesional injections revealed significant improvements of the scar quality in terms of height, thickness, erythema, and pigmentation. Pressure garments showed favorable results but there was no evidence that silicone products were able to improve the scar quality. The systematic review demonstrated that there are just a few clinical trials with a LoE of I. Consequently, evidence is still lacking especially for noninvasive treatment regimens for hypertrophic scars. Intralesional injections of 5-FU mixed with a low dose of TAC can be seen as most appropriate treatment modality. Prospective clinical trials to determine the efficiency of silicone products are warranted.

Standardizing the complication rate after breast reduction using the Clavien-Dindo classification.

BACKGROUND: Published complication rates for breast reduction surgery, also known as reduction mammaplasty, vary between 4% and 54%. This wide range of complication rates could be attributable to the lack of a standardized classification of complications in plastic surgery. The aim of this study was to analyze our single-center complication rates after reduction mammaplasty using the Clavien-Dindo classification. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review studying 804 patients between the ages of 18 and 81 years old who underwent breast reduction between 2005 and 2015 at our institution. Patients with a history of breast cancer, a previous breast operation, who did not undergo bilateral reduction mammaplasty, or who required systemic immunodeficiency/immunosuppressive drugs were excluded from our analysis. Complications were classified according to the Clavien-Dindo classification from Grades I to V. RESULTS: A total of 486 patients met the inclusion criteria for the analysis. Patients had an age (mean ± standard deviation) of 39 ± 13 years and a body mass index of 26 ± 4 kg/m2. Median follow-up was 274 days (interquartile range: 90.5-378). The overall rate of complications of reduction mammaplasty was 63%, with the majority of those being Grades I (48%) and II (9%), comprising 92% of all the complications. Operative revisions were required in 6% (1% Grade IIIA and 5% Grade IIIB). There were no complications graded in categories IV and V. CONCLUSION: Although complications occurred in more than half of the cases, the majority did not require operative reintervention. The Clavien-Dindo classification can classify the severity of complications and serve as a benchmark to compare complication rates between different practices. We believe that grading of complications should distinguish between those that do and do not require operative reinterventions.

Accuracy of Currently Used Paper Burn Diagram vs a Three-Dimensional Computerized Model.

Burn units have historically used paper diagrams to estimate percent burn; however, unintentional errors can occur. The use of a computer program that incorporates wound mapping from photographs onto a three-dimensional (3D) human diagram could decrease subjectivity in preparing burn diagrams and subsequent calculations of TBSA burned. Analyses were done on 19 burned patients who had an estimated TBSA burned of ≥20%. The patients were admitted to Shriners Hospitals for Children or the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, Texas, from July 2012 to September 2013 for treatment. Digital photographs were collected before the patient's first surgery. Using BurnCase 3D (RISC Software GmbH, Hagenberg, Austria), a burn mapping software, the user traced partial- and full-thickness burns from photographs. The program then superimposed tracings onto a 3D model and calculated percent burned. The results were compared with the Lund and Browder diagrams completed after the first operation. A two-tailed t-test was used to calculate statistical differences. For partial-thickness burns, burn sizes calculated using Lund and Browder diagrams were significantly larger than those calculated using BurnCase 3D (15% difference, P < .01). The opposite was found for full-thickness burns, with burn sizes being smaller when calculated using Lund and Browder diagrams (11% difference, P < .05). In conclusion, substantial differences exist in percent burn estimations derived from BurnCase 3D and paper diagrams. In our studied cohort, paper diagrams were associated with overestimation of partial-thickness burn size and underestimation of full-thickness burn size. Additional studies comparing BurnCase 3D with other commonly used methods are warranted.