Rituximab (RTX) as an Alternative to TNF-Alpha Antagonists in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and High Risk of Severe Infections: A Systematic Analysis of the Experience in One Center.

OBJECTIVES: The use of TNF-alpha antagonists may be associated with an increased rate of infections in risk populations of patients with RA. Our hypothesis was that in patients with a high risk of infection Rituximab (RTX) could be a safer alternative. METHODS: We analyzed the outcome of RA patients who received RTX instead of TNF-alpha antagonist because of a history of serious infections or frequent infectious events. All patients in a given time period were included in the retrospective analysis. RESULTS: 32 patients were identified according to the above criteria and followedup for a mean period of 16 ± 8 months (range 6 - 36) during treatment with RTX. Only one patient was lost to follow-up. Sixteen patients were anti-TNF-naïve and in the remaining patients the TNF-alpha antagonist was stopped due to infectious complications before starting RTX. RTX was combined with a disease modifying drug in 22 (69%) of the cases. Altogether 4 severe infections occurred (9.5/100 patient years), mainly within the first year of treatment with RTX. Two patients suffered from pneumonia, 1 from a postoperative wound infection, 1 from an ear abscess and bacterial bronchitis. None of our patients with a previous history of bacterial infections of soft tissue, bacterial arthritis or osteomyelitis (n=9) developed recurrent infection. No relapse of a previously diagnosed tuberculosis (n=9) was seen. CONCLUSIONS: In this particular high risk population of RA patients, treatment with RTX seems to be an alternative to TNF-alpha-antagonist and has a relatively low rate of recurrent infection.

[Protein-losing enteropathy: a cause of hypoalbuminaemia in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus]. / Enteraler Proteinverlust als Ursache einer schweren Hypoalbuminämie bei systemischem Lupus erythematodes.

Lupus nephritis is the most common cause of extended edema and hypoalbuminemia in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the same immune complex mechanisms which lead to renal protein loss can also be active in the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in severe hypoproteinemia through enteral protein loss. The case of a young female patient with otherwise mild SLE and severe hypoproteinemia through bowel manifestation of the disease is presented here. No gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhoea were present, but immunohistology of the smaller and larger bowel showed severe immunocomplex disease with focus on the submucosa and the basal membrane. Other causes of hypoproteinemia were excluded. Treatment with prednisolone and azathioprine led to fast and durable resolution of symptoms.