ABSTRACT
The exploration of environmentally friendly slow-release fertilizer (SRF) based on natural bio-polymers is of great importance in the development of modern agriculture and horticulture. Herein, a novel starch carbamate (SC) modified sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel (SC/SAH) was prepared utilizing as-synthesized SC and natural SA through the cationic ions crosslinking method and ultimately the corresponding slow-release fertilizer (SC/SAH-SRF) was successfully developed by immersing the dried SC/SAH matrix into saturated urea solution. Due to the low gelation temperature and high viscosity of the synthesized SC, the formed SC/SAH exhibits significantly enhanced properties including excellent water absorbency up to 8.02 g/g with considerable repeatability, abundant pore structure and high hydrophilicity compared with the neat SAH and natural starch based hydrogel (NS/SAH). Accordingly, the SC/SAH leads to higher urea loading amount â¼ 1.28 g/g. Importantly, the resultant SC/SAH-SRF also shows superior slow-release performance, yielding a cumulative urea release of only 61.6 % within 10 h and almost completely release >16 h in water, what's more, only 58.5 % of the urea releases within 25 days and exceeding 50 days for complete release in soil column assays. The slow-release of urea from SC/SAH-SRF well complies for the first-order kinetics and accomplishes via a non-Fickian diffusion process. Moreover, the pot experiment demonstrates that the SC/SAH-SRF has higher growth promotion role for the maize seedlings than those of others. Consequently, this work provides a novel strategy for preparing environmentally friendly SRF by blending modified starch and hydrogel.
ABSTRACT
With the development of renewable energy technologies, the demand for efficient energy storage systems is growing. Supercapacitors have attracted considerable attention as efficient electrical energy storage devices because of their excellent power density, fast charging and discharging capabilities, and long cycle life. Carbon nanofibers are widely used as electrode materials in supercapacitors because of their excellent mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, and light weight. Although environmental factors are increasingly driving the application of circular economy concepts in materials science, lignin is an underutilized but promising environmentally benign electrode material for supercapacitors. Lignin-based carbon nanofibers are ideal for preparing high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials owing to their unique chemical stability, abundance, and environmental friendliness. Electrospinning is a well-known technique for producing large quantities of uniform lignin-based nanofibers, and is the simplest method for the large-scale production of lignin-based carbon nanofibers with specific diameters. This paper reviews the latest research progress in the preparation of lignin-based carbon nanofibers using the electrospinning technology, discusses the prospects of their application in supercapacitors, and analyzes the current challenges and future development directions. This is expected to have an enlightening effect on subsequent research.
Subject(s)
Carbon , Electric Capacitance , Lignin , Nanofibers , Lignin/chemistry , Nanofibers/chemistry , Carbon/chemistry , Electrodes , Electrochemical Techniques/methodsABSTRACT
Given the environmental concerns related to the non-degradability of conventional petroleum-based polymer films, the synthesis of biodegradable films utilizing natural polymers derived from biomass has emerged as a promising alternative, garnering significant attention in recent research endeavors. This research introduced an environmentally friendly and efficient method, utilizing extract liquid from the green ethanol pulping process as the solvent to completely dissolve carboxymethylcellulose into the film-forming liquid, and employing the solution pouring technique to successfully fabricate bamboo ethanol lignin/carboxymethylcellulose films (LCF). The findings revealed that the lignin content significantly influenced the LCF, endowing them with tunable mechanical properties, effective UV-blocking, and thermal insulation capabilities. With a lignin addition of 3.75 %, LCF-3.75 exhibited enhanced mechanical properties, characterized by a tensile strength of 19.4 MPa, along with superior UV-blocking efficiency, blocking 100 % of UVB and 99.81 % of UVA rays. Furthermore, relative to LCF-0, LCF-3.75 had been shown to possess enhanced hydrophobicity and thermal stability, culminating in the development of the composite films that showcased exceptional thermal insulation properties and biodegradability. The films not only harbored extensive application prospects as an anti-ultraviolet and heat-insulating glass films but also represented a potential avenue for the efficient utilization of lignin, thereby contributing to sustainable development.
Subject(s)
Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium , Ethanol , Lignin , Tensile Strength , Ultraviolet Rays , Lignin/chemistry , Ethanol/chemistry , Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium/chemistry , Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic InteractionsABSTRACT
The main purpose of this paper was to systematically evaluate the effect of lignin, which was fractioned by green solvents into different molecular weights and used as polyol in the production of polyurethane foams (PUF). The results indicated that the foams prepared with the lower molecular weight lignin had uniform and complete pore structure and improved the mechanical strength. However, the higher molecular weight fraction lignin improved the density and thermal stability of the foam more significantly at the expense of inferior mechanical strength and pore structure deficiency. When the substitution degree of lignin in the PUF was 2 %-30 %, 99.13 % of the lowest molecular weight lignin was participated in the reaction to produce PUF, which improved the elongation at break (Eb) and tensile strength (Ts) of PUF to 834 % and 0.90 MPa, respectively. Also, thermal stability and the amount of unreacted lignin in PUF were increased at a higher substitution degree of lignin in PUF.
Subject(s)
Lignin , Polymers , Polyurethanes , Molecular WeightABSTRACT
Polystyrene (PS) is widely used in our daily life, but it is flammable and produces a large number of toxic gases and high-temperature flue gases in the combustion process, which limit its application. Improving the flame retardancy of PS has become an urgent problem to be solved. In addition, in view of the disadvantage that small-molecule flame retardants can easily migrate from polymers during use, which leads to the gradual reduction of the flame retardant effect or even loss of flame retardant performance, and the outstanding advantages of ATRP technology in polymer structure design and function customization, we used ATRP technology to synthesize the high-molecular-weight bifunctional additive PFAA-DOPO-b-PDEAEMA, which has flame retardant properties and antistatic properties. The chemical structure and molecular weight of PFAA-DOPO-b-PDEAEMA were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, GPC, and XPS. When the addition of PFAA-DOPO-b-PDEAEMA was 15 wt %, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of polystyrene composites was 28.4%, which was 53.51% higher than that of pure polystyrene, the peak of the heat release rate (pHRR) was 37.61% lower than that of pure polystyrene, UL-94 reached V-0 grade, and the flame retardant index (FRI) was 2.98. In addition, when the PFAA-DOPO-b-PDEEMA content is 15 wt %, the surface resistivity and volume resistivity of polystyrene composites are 2 orders of magnitude lower than those of polystyrene. This research work provides a reference for the design of bifunctional and even multifunctional polymers.
ABSTRACT
The ambient metastability of the rock-salt phase in well-defined model systems comprising nanospheres or nanorods of cadmium selenide, cadmium sulfide, or both was investigated as a function of composition, initial crystal phase, particle structure, shape, surface functionalization, and ordering level of their assemblies. Our experiments show that these nanocrystal systems exhibit ligand-tailorable reversibility in the rock salt-to-zinc blende solid-phase transformation. Interparticle sintering was used to engineer kinetic barriers in the phase transformation to produce ambient-pressure metastable rock-salt structures in a controllable manner. Interconnected nanocrystal networks were identified as an essential structure that hosted metastable high-energy phases at ambient conditions. These findings suggest general rules for transformation-barrier engineering that are useful in the rational design of next-generation materials.
ABSTRACT
Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) as a filling material that can enhance the crashworthiness of thin-walled tubes. GO-HGMS hybrid was prepared by solution blending of graphene oxide (GO) and hollow glass microspheres (HGMS). The effect of the composite on the compression properties of RPUF was investigated. The GO-HGMS hybrid was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction(XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The compression test and microstructure results show that the best compression performance and the largest apparent density of the composite foam were obtained when the hybrid content was 4 wt %. In addition, the compression test results of empty tubes (ET) and foam-filled tubes (FFT) under lateral load indicate that the combination of lightweight foamed material and thin-walled tube improves the stability of thin-walled tube deformation and the ability of the structure to resist deformation. GO-HGMS/RPUF as the filling material of thin-walled tube structure greatly improves the bearing capacity and energy absorption level of ET.
ABSTRACT
We have designed a new magnetic targeting drug carrier Fe3O4-PVA with a core of triiron tetroxide (Fe3O4) and a shell made of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to improve the hydrophilicity of Fe3O4. With adriamycin hydrochloride as a model drug, this study goes on to measure the drug carrier performance of Fe3O4-PVA. In addition, the thermal stability and enthalpy of thermal decomposition of Fe3O4-PVA were measured using a differential scanning calorimeter with a non-isothermal decomposition method. The kinetics of thermal decomposition of Fe3O4-PVA were also investigated. Over the course of this study, it was determined that the resulting drug carrier Fe3O4-PVA exhibited high drug loading levels and excellent release levels.
ABSTRACT
Nanocube (NC) assemblies display complex superlattice behaviors, which require a systematic understanding of their nucleation and growth as well transformation toward construction of a consistent superlattice phase diagram. This work made use of Fe3O4 NCs with controlled environments, and assembled NCs into three-dimensional (3D) superlattices of simple cubic (sc), body-centered cubic (bcc), and face-centered cubic (fcc), acute and obtuse rhombohedral (rh) polymorphs, and 2D superlattices of square and hexagon. Controlled experiments and computations of in situ and static small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) as well as electron microscopic imaging revealed that the fcc and bcc polymorphs preferred a primary nucleation at the early stage of NC assembly, which started from the high packing planes of fcc(111) and bcc(110), respectively, in both 3D and 2D cases. Upon continuous growth of superlattice grain (or domain), a confinement stress appeared and distorted fcc and bcc into acute and obtuse rh polymorphs, respectively. The variable magnitudes of competitive interactions between configurational and directional entropy determine the primary superlattice polymorph of either fcc or bcc, while emergent enhancement of confinement effect on enlarged grains attributes to late developed superlattice transformations. Differently, the formation of a sc polymorph requires a strong driving force that either emerges simultaneously or is applied externally so that one easy case of the sc formation can be achieved in 2D thin films. Unlike the traditional Bath deformation pathway that involves an intermediate body-centered tetragonal lattice, the observed superlattice transformations in NC assembly underwent a simple rhombohedral distortion, which was driven by a growth-induced in-plane compressive stress. Establishment of a consistent phase diagram of NC-based superlattices and reconstruction of their assembly pathways provide critical insight and a solid base for controlled design and scalable fabrication of nanocube-based functional materials with desired superlattices and collective properties for real-world applications.
ABSTRACT
A 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO) acrylate, (6-oxidodibenzo [c,e][1,2] oxaphosphinin-6-yl) methyl acrylate (DOPOAA), has been prepared. Copolymers of styrene (St) and DOPOAA were prepared by emulsion polymerization. The chemical structures of copolymers containing levels of DOPOAA were verified using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy. The thermal properties and flame-retardant behaviors of DOPO-containing monomers and copolymers were observed using thermogravimetric analysis and micro calorimetry tests. From thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), it was found out that the T5% for decomposition of the copolymer was lower than that of polystyrene (PS), but the residue at 700 °C was higher than that of PS. The results from micro calorimetry (MCC) tests indicated that the rate for the heat release of the copolymer combustion was lower than that for PS. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) for combustion of the copolymer rose with increasing levels of DOPOAA. These data indicate that copolymerization of the phosphorus-containing flame-retardant monomer, DOPOAA, into a PS segment can effectively improve the thermal stability and flame retardancy of the copolymer.
ABSTRACT
A new kind of nitrogen-doped graphene/carbon nanotube nanocomposite can be synthesized by a facile hydrothermal process under mild conditions, which exhibits synergistically enhanced electrochemical activity for the oxygen reduction reaction. This research provides a new route to access a metal-free electrocatalyst with high activity under mild conditions.
Subject(s)
Graphite/chemistry , Nanotubes, Carbon/chemistry , Nitrogen/chemistry , Catalysis , Electrochemical Techniques , Oxidation-Reduction , Oxygen/chemistryABSTRACT
Nitrogen-doped graphene (GN) has great potential applications in many fields because doping with nitrogen can alter the electrical properties of graphene. It is still a challenge to develop a convenient method for synthesis of GN sheets. In this paper, we first report the synthesis of a nitrogen-doped graphene/ZnSe nanocomposite (GN-ZnSe) by a one-pot hydrothermal process at low temperature using graphene oxide nanosheets and [ZnSe](DETA)(0.5) nanobelts as precursors. ZnSe nanorods composed of ZnSe nanoparticles were found to deposit on the surface of the GN sheets. The results demonstrated that [ZnSe](DETA)(0.5) nanobelts were used not only as the source of ZnSe nanoparticles but also as the nitrogen source. Interestingly, it was found that the as-prepared nanocomposites exhibit remarkably enhanced electrochemical performance for oxygen reduction reaction and photocatalytic activities for the bleaching of methyl orange dye under visible-light irradiation. This facile and catalyst-free approach for depositing ZnSe nanoparticles onto the graphene sheets may provide an alternative way for preparation of other nanocomposites based on GN sheets under mild conditions, which show their potential applications in wastewater treatment, fuel cells, energy storage, nanodevices, and so on.