Costs and health benefits of the rural energy transition to carbon neutrality in China.

The rural energy transition is critical in China's efforts to achieve carbon neutrality and improve air quality. However, the costs and health benefits associated with the transition to carbon neutrality remain unclear. Here we explore the cost-effective transition pathways and air quality-related health impacts using an integrated energy-air quality-health modeling framework. We find that decarbonizing rural cooking and heating would triple contemporary energy consumption from 2014 to 2060, considerably reducing energy poverty nationwide. By 2060, electric cooking ranges and air-to-air heat pumps should be widely integrated, costing an additional 13 billion USD nationally in transformation costs, with ~40% concentrated in Shandong, Heilongjiang, Shanxi and Hebei provinces. Rural residential decarbonization would remarkably improve air quality in northern China, yielding substantial health co-benefits. Notably, monetized health benefits in most provinces are projected to offset transformation costs, except for certain relatively lower-development southwestern provinces, implying more financial support for rural residents in these areas will be needed.

Hydrogen-bonded layers in the 1:2 cocrystal of 2,2'-dithiodibenzoic acid with isonicotinohydrazide.

Cocrystallization of 2,2'-dithiodibenzoic acid with isonicotinohydrazide from methanol solution yields the 1:2 cocrystal 2,2'-dithiodibenzoic acid-isonicotinohydrazide (1/2), C(14)H(10)O(4)S(2) x 2 C(6)H(7)N(3)O. The component molecules are linked by intermolecular O-H...N, N-H...O, N-H...N and C-H...O hydrogen bonds into layers running parallel to the (010) plane, and these layers are further linked into a three-dimensional framework structure by means of weak aromatic pi-pi stacking interactions. As a potential cocrystallization agent, isonicotinohydrazide may be used for effective and versatile synthetic supramolecular strategies utilizing hydrogen bonding of specific molecular building blocks.

Three-dimensional networks in 5-methylimidazolium 3-carboxy-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate and bis(5-methylimidazolium) 3-carboxylato-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate.

The two title proton-transfer compounds, 5-methylimidazolium 3-carboxy-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate, C(4)H(7)N(2)(+).C(7)H(5)O(6)S(-), (I), and bis(5-methylimidazolium) 3-carboxylato-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate, 2C(4)H(7)N(2)(+).C(7)H(5)O(6)S(2-), (II), are each organized into a three-dimensional network by a combination of X-H...O (X = O, N or C) hydrogen bonds, and pi-pi and C-H...pi interactions.