ABSTRACT
AIMS: Chemical entities containing mercapto group have been increasingly attractive in the therapy of central nerve system (CNS) diseases. In the recent study, we screened a series of mercapto-tacrine derivatives with synergistic neuropharmacological profiles in vitro. METHODS: We investigated the effect and mechanism of ST09, a thioester derivative of tacrine containing a potential mercapto group, on the vascular dementia (VaD) model of rat induced by bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (2-VO). RESULTS: ST09 and its active metabolite ST10 retained excellent inhibition on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. ST09 significantly attenuated the 2-VO-induced impairment in spatial acquisition performance and inhibited the 2-VO-induced rise of AChE activity. In the VaD model, ST09 attenuated the oxidative stress and decreased the apoptosis in the cortex and hippocampus. Compared with donepezil, ST09 exhibited a better effect on the regeneration of free thiols in 2-VO rats. Interestingly, ST09, not donepezil, greatly improved glucose metabolism in various brain regions of 2-VO rats using functional imaging of (18) F-labeled fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET). CONCLUSIONS: ST09 may serve as a more promising agent for the therapy of VaD than tacrine owing to the introduction of a potential mercapto group into the parent skeleton.
Subject(s)
Cognition Disorders/drug therapy , Cognition Disorders/etiology , Dementia, Vascular/complications , Dementia, Vascular/metabolism , Glucose/metabolism , Niacinamide/analogs & derivatives , Nootropic Agents/therapeutic use , Acetylcholinesterase/metabolism , Animals , Apoptosis/drug effects , Cell Line, Transformed , Cerebral Cortex/drug effects , Cerebral Cortex/metabolism , Dementia, Vascular/diagnostic imaging , Dementia, Vascular/pathology , Disease Models, Animal , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy , Fluorodeoxyglucose F18/pharmacokinetics , Hippocampus/drug effects , Hippocampus/metabolism , In Vitro Techniques , Male , Maze Learning/drug effects , Niacinamide/chemistry , Niacinamide/therapeutic use , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Tacrine/analogs & derivatives , Tacrine/pharmacologyABSTRACT
11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11ßHSD1), converting glucocorticoids from hormonally inactive cortisone to active cortisol, plays an essential role in glucose homeostasis. Accumulating evidence suggests that enhanced glycolytic activity is closely associated with postoperative recurrence and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Whether 11ßHSD1 contributes to HCC metastasis and recurrence remains unclear. Here we found that expression of 11ßHSD1 in human HCC (310 pairs) was frequently decreased compared to the adjacent non-neoplastic liver tissues (ANT), which correlated well with the intrahepatic-metastatic index, serum glycemia, and other malignant clinicopathological characteristics of HCC and predicted poor prognosis. Knockdown of 11ßHSD1 in BEL-7402 cells drastically reduced the pH of culture medium and induced cell death. Meanwhile, overexpression of 11ßHSD1 in SMMC-7721 HCC cells resulted in repression of cell migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and proliferation in vitro. When transferred into BALB/c nude mice, 11ßHSD1 overexpression resulted in decreased intrahepatic metastasis, angiogenesis, and tumor size. F-18-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose accumulation assay measured by positron emission tomography elucidated that 11ßHSD1 reduced glucose uptake and glycolysis in SMMC-7721 cells in vitro, and intrahepatic metastasis foci and subcutaneous tumor growth in vivo. We showed that 11ßHSD1 repressed cell metastasis, angiogenesis and proliferation of HCC by causing disruption of glycolysis via the HIF-1α and c-MYC pathways. In conclusion, 11ßHSD1 inhibits the intrahepatic metastasis of HCC via restriction of tumor glycolysis activity and may serve as a prognostic biomarker for patients.
