Factores pronósticos y análisis de la mortalidad de las hemorragias cerebrales asociadas a anticoagulantes orales antagonistas de la vitamina K. Resultados del Estudio TAC Registry / Prognostic factors and analysis of mortality due to brain haemorrhages associated with vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants. Results from the TAC registry

INTRODUCCIÓN: La hemorragia intracraneal (HIC) en pacientes tratados con anticoagulantes orales antagonistas de la vitamina K (AVK) es una complicación grave y frecuentemente letal; en este trabajo estudiamos las características clínicas y los factores que se relacionan con la mortalidad en este grupo de pacientes. MÉTODOS: Realizamos un estudio observacional, multicéntrico y retrospectivo, de ámbito nacional, basado en registros prospectivos de pacientes con ictus. Se incluyó a los pacientes ingresados en servicios de Neurología durante un período de un año y que cumplieran los criterios de inclusión: pacientes mayores de 18 años con HIC que estuvieran en tratamiento con AVK y que ingresaron durante el periodo de estudio. Se analizaron las variables clínicas y radiológicas y su evolución a 3 meses. RESULTADOS: Incluimos a 235 pacientes provenientes de 21 hospitales. La mortalidad a los 90 días fue del 42,6%. En el modelo bivariante los factores asociados con defunción fueron: mediana en la puntuación de la escala NIHSS al ingreso (5 (RIQ = 9) vs. 17 (RIQ = 14) puntos, p < 0,01) y la presencia de una hemorragia hemisférica extensa (4,9% vs. 35%, p < 0,01; chi2). Las hemorragias hemisféricas extensas, además de ser las más letales, también presentaron el tiempo más corto hasta el fallecimiento (media 16,5 días; IC del 95%, 7,1-26). Realizamos un modelo de regresión logística que evidenció que solo la NIHSS basal predijo de forma independiente el fallecimiento (odds ratio = 1,13 (IC del 95%, 1,0-1,17) por cada punto en la escala). CONCLUSIÓN: La HIC en pacientes tratados con AVK conlleva una elevada mortalidad asociada principal e independientemente con la situación clínica al inicio del ictus

INTRODUCTION: Intracranial haemorrhages (ICH) represent a severe and frequently lethal complication in patients treated with vitamin K antagonists (VKA). The purpose of our study is to describe the factors and clinical features associated with mortality in these patients. METHODS: We conducted an observational, retrospective, multi-centre study based on prospective stroke registries in Spain. We included all patients admitted to neurology departments during a one-year period who met the following inclusion criteria: being 18 or older, having a diagnosis of ICH, and receiving VKA. Clinical and radiological parameters and 3-month outcomes were analysed. RESULTS: A total of 235 patients from 21 hospitals were included. Mortality rate at 90 days was 42.6%. Bivariate analysis showed a significant association between death and the following factors: median NIHSS score at admission (5 (IQR = 9) vs 17 (IQR = 14) points, P < .01) and presence of an extensive hemispheric haemorrhage (4.9% vs 35%, P < .01; chi2). Extensive hemispheric haemorrhages, in addition to being the most lethal type, were associated with a shorter time to death (mean of 16.5 days; 95% CI: 7.1-26). A logistic regression model showed that only baseline NIHSS scores independently predicted death (odds ratio = 1.13 (95% CI: 1.08-1.17) for each point in the scale). CONCLUSION: ICH in patients treated with VKA is associated with high mortality rates; mortality in these patients is mainly and independently associated with the clinical situation at stroke onset

Prognostic factors and analysis of mortality due to brain haemorrhages associated with vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants. Results from the TAC registry. / Factores pronósticos y análisis de la mortalidad de las hemorragias cerebrales asociadas a anticoagulantes orales antagonistas de la vitamina K. Resultados del Estudio TAC Registry.

INTRODUCTION: Intracranial haemorrhages (ICH) represent a severe and frequently lethal complication in patients treated with vitamin K antagonists (VKA). The purpose of our study is to describe the factors and clinical features associated with mortality in these patients. METHODS: We conducted an observational, retrospective, multi-centre study based on prospective stroke registries in Spain. We included all patients admitted to neurology departments during a one-year period who met the following inclusion criteria: being 18 or older, having a diagnosis of ICH, and receiving VKA. Clinical and radiological parameters and 3-month outcomes were analysed. RESULTS: A total of 235 patients from 21 hospitals were included. Mortality rate at 90 days was 42.6%. Bivariate analysis showed a significant association between death and the following factors: median NIHSS score at admission (5 [IQR = 9] vs 17 [IQR = 14] points, P<.01) and presence of an extensive hemispheric haemorrhage (4.9% vs 35%, P < .01; χ2). Extensive hemispheric haemorrhages, in addition to being the most lethal type, were associated with a shorter time to death (mean of 16.5 days; 95% CI: 7.1-26). A logistic regression model showed that only baseline NIHSS scores independently predicted death (odds ratio=1.13 [95% CI: 1.08-1.17] for each point in the scale). CONCLUSION: ICH in patients treated with VKA is associated with high mortality rates; mortality in these patients is mainly and independently associated with the clinical situation at stroke onset.

Utilización de recursos sanitarios y costes asociados al manejo de los pacientes con infarto cerebral cardioembólico agudo en la Comunidad de Madrid: Estudio CODICE / Use of healthcare resources and costs of acute cardioembolic stroke management in the Region of Madrid: The CODICE Study

Introducción: El ictus es la principal causa de ingreso en los servicios de Neurología, siendo el infarto cerebral cardioembólico (ICE) de los subtipos más frecuentes. Métodos: Estudio observacional, multicéntrico, prospectivo, realizado en 5 hospitales públicos de la Comunidad de Madrid, cuyo objetivo fue estimar la utilización de recursos sanitarios y costes en el manejo del ICE agudo. Se incluyeron pacientes con ICE agudo de evolución < 48 h. Se registraron datos sociodemográficos, clínicos y los recursos sanitarios utilizados durante el ingreso y al alta hasta 30 días desde el ingreso, incluyendo el tratamiento rehabilitador al alta. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 128 pacientes durante 8 meses, de 75,3 ± 11,25 años, siendo un 46,9% mujeres, con una mortalidad del 4,7%. El 100% cumplía los criterios diagnósticos del GEENCV-SEN por antecedentes o el estudio realizado. Como antecedentes clínicos, el 50% presentó fibrilación auricular, y el 18,8%, otras fuentes mayores embolígenas. La fibrilación auricular no valvular fue la causa más frecuente de ICE (33,6%). Consumo de recursos: estancia media, 10,3 ± 9,3 días; rehabilitación durante el ingreso, 46,9%, media 4,5 días, y al alta, 56,3%, media 26,8 días; complicaciones, 32%; intervenciones hospitalarias específicas, 19,5%; pruebas diagnósticas y analíticas sanguíneas, 100%, siendo la TAC craneal (98,4%), el dúplex TSA (87,5%) y el electrocardiograma (85,9%), las diagnósticas más frecuentes. El coste total medio por paciente en la fase aguda y rehabilitación por ICE fue de 13.139 Euros, siendo la estancia hospitalaria (45,0%) y la rehabilitación al alta (29,2%) los recursos más importantes. Conclusiones: El manejo agudo del ICE en la Comunidad de Madrid generó un importante consumo de recursos (13.139 Euros) debido a la asistencia hospitalaria y la rehabilitación

Introduction: Stroke is the main cause of admission to Neurology departments and cardioembolic stroke (CS) is one of the most common subtypes of stroke. Methods: A multicentre prospective observational study was performed in 5 Neurology departments in public hospitals in the Region of Madrid (Spain). The objective was to estimate the use of healthcare resources and costs of acute CS management. Patients with acute CS at < 48 h from onset were recruited. Patients’ socio-demographic, clinical, and healthcare resource use data were collected during hospitalisation and at discharge up to 30 days after admission, including data for rehabilitation treatment after discharge. Results: During an 8-month recruitment period, 128 patients were recruited: mean age, 75.3 ± 11.25; 46.9% women; mortality rate, 4.7%. All patients met the CS diagnostic criteria established by GEENCV-SEN, based on medical history or diagnostic tests. Fifty per cent of the patients had a history of atrial fibrillation and 18.8% presented other major cardioembolic sources. Non-valvular atrial fibrillation was the most frequent cause of CS (33.6%). Data for healthcare resource use, given a mean total hospital stay of 10.3 ± 9.3 days, are as follows: rehabilitation therapy during hospital stay (46.9%, mean 4.5 days) and after discharge (56.3%, mean 26.8 days), complications (32%), specific interventions (19.5%), and laboratory and diagnostic tests (100%). Head CT (98.4%), duplex ultrasound of supra-aortic trunks (87.5%), and electrocardiogram (85.9%) were the most frequently performed diagnostic procedures. Average total cost per patient during acute-phase management and rehabilitation was Euros 13,139. Hospital stay (45.0%) and rehabilitation at discharge (29.2%) accounted for the largest part of resources used. Conclusions: Acute CS management in the Region of Madrid resulted consumes large amounts of resources (Euros 13,139), mainly due to hospital stays and rehabilitation

Use of healthcare resources and costs of acute cardioembolic stroke management in the Region of Madrid: The CODICE Study.

INTRODUCTION: Stroke is the main cause of admission to Neurology departments and cardioembolic stroke (CS) is one of the most common subtypes of stroke. METHODS: A multicentre prospective observational study was performed in 5 Neurology departments in public hospitals in the Region of Madrid (Spain). The objective was to estimate the use of healthcare resources and costs of acute CS management. Patients with acute CS at<48h from onset were recruited. Patients' socio-demographic, clinical, and healthcare resource use data were collected during hospitalisation and at discharge up to 30 days after admission, including data for rehabilitation treatment after discharge. RESULTS: During an 8-month recruitment period, 128 patients were recruited: mean age, 75.3±11.25; 46.9% women; mortality rate, 4.7%. All patients met the CS diagnostic criteria established by GEENCV-SEN, based on medical history or diagnostic tests. Fifty per cent of the patients had a history of atrial fibrillation and 18.8% presented other major cardioembolic sources. Non-valvular atrial fibrillation was the most frequent cause of CS (33.6%). Data for healthcare resource use, given a mean total hospital stay of 10.3±9.3 days, are as follows: rehabilitation therapy during hospital stay (46.9%, mean 4.5 days) and after discharge (56.3%, mean 26.8 days), complications (32%), specific interventions (19.5%), and laboratory and diagnostic tests (100%). Head CT (98.4%), duplex ultrasound of supra-aortic trunks (87.5%), and electrocardiogram (85.9%) were the most frequently performed diagnostic procedures. Average total cost per patient during acute-phase management and rehabilitation was €13,139. Hospital stay (45.0%) and rehabilitation at discharge (29.2%) accounted for the largest part of resources used. CONCLUSIONS: Acute CS management in the Region of Madrid resulted consumes large amounts of resources (€13,139), mainly due to hospital stays and rehabilitation.

[Clinical management of the new anticoagulants]. / Manejo clínico de los nuevos anticoagulantes.

The vitamin K antagonists (VKA) available for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation have many drawbacks due to their difficult clinical use and high risk of bleeding. Currently, several drugs are being developed as possible substitutes for VKA that have many advantages such as the lack of monitoring requirement and scarce pharmacologic and food interactions. The present article provides an update on the new oral anticoagulants that are in a more advanced stage of clinical research, their pharmacologic properties, advantages and disadvantages and their results in recent clinical trials.

Manejo clínico de los nuevos anticoagulantes / Clinical management of the new anticoagulants

Los antagonistas de la vitamina K (AVK) actualmente disponibles para la prevención del ictus en pacientes con fibrilación auricular tienen diversos inconvenientes, por su dificultad de manejo y riesgo de sangrado. Actualmente están en desarrollo diversos fármacos que serían posibles sustitutos de los AVK y que tienen grandes ventajas, siendo las principales la ausencia de necesidad de monitorización y las escasas interacciones farmacológicas y con los alimentos. Presentamos una revisión de los nuevos anticoagulantes orales que están en fases más avanzadas de investigación clínica, sus propiedades farmacológicas, ventajas y desventajas y los resultados en recientes ensayos clínicos (AU)

The vitamin K antagonists (VKA) available for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation have many drawbacks due to their difficult clinical use and high risk of bleeding. Currently, several drugs are being developed as possible substitutes for VKA that have many advantages such as the lack of monitoring requirement and scarce pharmacologic and food interactions. The present article provides an update on the new oral anticoagulants that are in a more advanced stage of clinical research, their pharmacologic properties, advantages and disadvantages and their results in recent clinical trials (AU)