Role of hydrogen sulfide in dermatological diseases.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), together with carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO), is recognized as a vital gasotransmitter. H2S is biosynthesized by enzymatic pathways in the skin and exerts significant physiological effects on a variety of biological processes, such as apoptosis, modulation of inflammation, cellular proliferation, and regulation of vasodilation. As a major health problem, dermatological diseases affect a large proportion of the population every day. It is urgent to design and develop effective drugs to deal with dermatological diseases. Dermatological diseases can arise from a multitude of etiologies, including neoplastic growth, infectious agents, and inflammatory processes. The abnormal metabolism of H2S is associated with many dermatological diseases, such as melanoma, fibrotic diseases, and psoriasis, suggesting its therapeutic potential in the treatment of these diseases. In addition, therapies based on H2S donors are being developed to treat some of these conditions. In the review, we discuss recent advances in the function of H2S in normal skin, the role of altering H2S metabolism in dermatological diseases, and the therapeutic potential of diverse H2S donors for the treatment of dermatological diseases.

Peripheral blood MR1 tetramer-positive mucosal-associated invariant T-cell function is modulated by mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 in patients with active tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis (TB) is still an urgent global public health problem. Notably, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells play an important role in early anti-TB immune response. Targeted control of them may be an effective method to improve vaccine efficacy and TB treatment. However, the biology and signal regulation mechanisms of MAIT cells in TB patients are still poorly understood. Previous studies have been limited by the lack of reagents to specifically identify MAIT cells. In addition, the use of alternative markers may subsume non-MAIT cell into MAIT cell populations. In this study, the human MR1 tetramer which can specifically identify MAIT cells was used to further explore the effect and mechanism of MAIT cells in anti-TB immune response. Our results showed that the tetramer+ MAIT cells in peripheral blood of TB patients were mainly CD8+ or CD4-CD8- cells, and very few were CD4+ cells. After BCG infecting autologous antigen-presenting cells, MAIT cells in patients produced significantly higher levels of cytokines, lysis and proliferation compared with healthy controls. After suppression of mTORC1 by the mTORC1-specific inhibitor rapamycin, the immune response of MAIT cells in patients was significantly reduced. This study demonstrates that peripheral blood tetramer+ MAIT cells from TB patients have significant anti-TB immune effect, which is regulated by mTORC1. This could provide ideas and potential therapeutic targets for the development of novel anti-TB immunotherapy.

Determining the Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID) and Responsiveness of the Chinese Version of Zurich Chronic Middle Ear Inventory (ZCMEI-21-Chn): A Prospective Multicenter Study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to establish the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) and assess the responsiveness of the Chinese version of Zurich Chronic Middle Ear Inventory (ZCMEI-21-Chn). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective multicenter study. SETTING: Four Chinese tertiary referral centers admitting patients nationwide. PATIENTS: 230 adult patients with chronic otitis media (COM) undergoing tympanoplasty. INTERVENTION: Patients were required to complete the ZCMEI-21-Chn to measure health-related quality of life both preoperatively and postoperatively. An anchor-based method was used to determine the MCID of the derivative cohort by including the Global Rating of Change Questionnaire as an anchor. The generalizability and consistency with functional outcomes of the MCID estimates were externally examined in a validation cohort using a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS: A total of 161 and 69 patients were included in the derivative and validation cohort. The mean preoperative and postoperative ZCMEI-21-Chn total scores were 28.4 (standard deviation [SD] 14.5) and 17.5 (SD 12.6). The mean change in ZCMEI-21-Chn score was 10.9 (SD 14.3, p < 0.001). The MCIDs of the ZCMEI-21-Chn for improvement and deterioration were estimated at 13 (SD 13.0) and -7 (SD 12.9), accordingly. For patients who have reported an improved health-related quality of life, a cutoff value of 15.6 dB HL for elevation of the air-conducted hearing threshold was noticed. However, change of clinical importance judged according to MCID and Japan Otological Society criteria disagreed with each other, notably with a Cohen's kappa ( κ ) of 0.14 ( p = 0.21) in the validation cohort. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to establish the MCID of a COM-specific questionnaire in Chinese. For the COM population undergoing surgical intervention, MCID values of 13 for improvement and -7 for deterioration are recommended. The results were externally validated to be generalizable to nationwide usage, yet distinguishable from the audiological criteria. The availability of the MCID greatly adds to the clinical utility of the ZCMEI-21-Chn by enabling a clinically meaningful interpretation of its score changes.

Navß2 Intracellular Fragments Contribute to Aß1-42-Induced Cognitive Impairment and Synaptic Deficit Through Transcriptional Suppression of BDNF.

A pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the region-specific accumulation of the amyloid-beta protein (Aß), which triggers aberrant neuronal excitability, synaptic impairment, and progressive cognitive decline. Previous works have demonstrated that Aß pathology induced aberrant elevation in the levels and excessive enzymatic hydrolysis of voltage-gated sodium channel type 2 beta subunit (Navß2) in the brain of AD models, accompanied by alteration in excitability of hippocampal neurons, synaptic deficits, and subsequently, cognitive dysfunction. However, the mechanism is unclear. In this research, by employing cell models treated with toxic Aß1-42 and AD mice, the possible effects and potential mechanisms induced by Navß2. The results reveal that Aß1-42 induces remarkable increases in Navß2 intracellular domain (Navß2-ICD) and decreases in both BDNF exons and protein levels, as well as phosphorylated tropomyosin-related kinase B (pTrkB) expression in cells and mice, coupled with cognitive impairments, synaptic deficits, and aberrant neuronal excitability. Administration with exogenous Navß2-ICD further enhances these effects induced by Aß1-42, while interfering the generation of Navß2-ICD and/or complementing BDNF neutralize the Navß2-ICD-conducted effects. Luciferase reporter assay verifies that Navß2-ICD regulates BDNF transcription and expression by targeting its promoter. Collectively, our findings partially elucidate that abnormal enzymatic hydrolysis of Navß2 induced by Aß1-42-associated AD pathology leads to intracellular Navß2-ICD overload, which may responsible to abnormal neuronal excitability, synaptic deficit, and cognition dysfunction, through its transcriptional suppression on BDNF. Therefore, this work supplies novel evidences that Navß2 plays crucial roles in the occurrence and progression of cognitive impairment of AD by transcriptional regulatory activity of its cleaved ICD.

Bifunctional Chiral Electrocatalysts Enable Enantioselective α-Alkylation of Aldehydes.

Herein, we describe an innovative approach to the asymmetric electrochemical α-alkylation of aldehydes facilitated by a newly designed bifunctional chiral electrocatalyst. The highly efficient bifunctional chiral electrocatalyst combines a chiral aminocatalyst with a redox mediator. It plays a dual role as a redox mediator for electrooxidation, while simultaneously providing remarkable asymmetric induction for the stereoselective α-alkylation of aldehydes. Additionally, this novel catalyst exhibits enhanced catalytic activity and excellent stereoselective control comparable to conventional catalytic systems. As a result, this strategy provides a new avenue for versatile asymmetric electrochemistry. The electrooxidation of diverse phenols enables the C-H/C-H oxidative α-alkylation of aldehydes in a highly chemo- and stereoselective fashion. Detailed mechanistic studies by control experiments and cyclic voltammetry analysis demonstrate possible reaction pathways and the origin of enantio-induction.

EGR3 Inhibits Tumor Progression by Inducing Schwann Cell-Like Differentiation.

The mechanism and function of the expression of Schwann characteristics by nevus cells in the mature zone of the dermis are unknown. Early growth response 3 (EGR3) induces Schwann cell-like differentiation of melanoma cells by simulating the process of nevus maturation, which leads to a strong phenotypic transformation of the cells, including the formation of long protrusions and a decrease in cell motility, proliferation, and melanin production. Meanwhile, EGR3 regulates the levels of myelin protein zero (MPZ) and collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1) through SRY-box transcription factor 10 (SOX10)-dependent and independent mechanisms, by binding to non-strictly conserved motifs, respectively. Schwann cell-like differentiation demonstrates significant benefits in both in vivo and clinical studies. Finally, a CD86-P2A-EGR3 recombinant mRNA vaccine is developed which leads to tumor control through forced cell differentiation and enhanced immune infiltration. Together, these data support further development of the recombinant mRNA as a treatment for cancer.

High-quality reference genome of cowpea beetle Callosobruchus maculatus.

Callosobruchus maculatus is one of the most competitive stored grain pests, which causes a great loss to agricultural economy. However, due to an inadequacy of high-quality reference genome, the molecular mechanisms for olfactory and hypoxic adaptations to stored environments are unknown and require to be revealed urgently, which will contribute to the detection and prevention of the invasive pests C. maculatus. Here, we presented a high-quality chromosome-level genome of C. maculatus based on Illumina, Nanopore and Hi-C sequencing data. The total size was 1.2 Gb, and 65.17% (797.47 Mb) of it was identified to be repeat sequences. Among assembled chromosomes, chromosome 10 was considered the X chromosome according to the evidence of reads coverage and homologous genes among species. The current version of high-quality genome provides preferable data resources for the adaptive evolution research of C. maculatus.

Fluoride impairs vascular smooth muscle A7R5 cell lines via disrupting amino acids metabolism.

Given the insidious and high-fatality nature of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the emergence of fluoride as a newly identified risk factor demands serious consideration alongside traditional risk factors. While vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a pivotal role in the progression of CVDs, the toxicological impact of fluoride on VSMCs remains largely uncharted. In this study, we constructed fluorosis model in SD rats and A7R5 aortic smooth muscle cell lines to confirm fluoride impaired VSMCs. Fluoride aggravated the pathological damage of rat aorta in vivo. Then A7R5 were exposed to fluoride with concentration ranging from 0 to 1200 µmol/L over a 24-h period, revealing a dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation and migration. The further metabolomic analysis showed alterations in metabolite profiles induced by fluoride exposure, notably decreasing organic acids and lipid molecules level. Additionally, gene network analysis underscored the frequency of fluoride's interference with amino acids metabolism, potentially impacting the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Our results also highlighted the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters pathway as a central element in VSMC impairment. Moreover, we observed a dose-dependent increase in osteopontin (OPN) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) mRNA level and a dose-dependent decrease in ABC subfamily C member 1 (ABCC1) and bestrophin 1 (BEST1) mRNA level. These findings advance our understanding of fluoride as a CVD risk factor and its influence on VSMCs and metabolic pathways, warranting further investigation into this emerging risk factor.

Functional role of autophagy in testicular and ovarian steroidogenesis.

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular recycling process that maintains cellular homeostasis. Despite extensive research in endocrine contexts, the role of autophagy in ovarian and testicular steroidogenesis remains elusive. The significant role of autophagy in testosterone production suggests potential treatments for conditions like oligospermia and azoospermia. Further, influence of autophagy in folliculogenesis, ovulation, and luteal development emphasizes its importance for improved fertility and reproductive health. Thus, investigating autophagy in gonadal cells is clinically significant. Understanding these processes could transform treatments for endocrine disorders, enhancing reproductive health and longevity. Herein, we provide the functional role of autophagy in testicular and ovarian steroidogenesis to date, highlighting its modulation in testicular steroidogenesis and its impact on hormone synthesis, follicle development, and fertility therapies.

Nuclear proteins and diabetic retinopathy: a review.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an eye disease that causes blindness and vision loss in diabetic. Risk factors for DR include high blood glucose levels and some environmental factors. The pathogenesis is based on inflammation caused by interferon and other nuclear proteins. This review article provides an overview of DR and discusses the role of nuclear proteins in the pathogenesis of the disease. Some core proteins such as MAPK, transcription co-factors, transcription co-activators, and others are part of this review. In addition, some current advanced treatment resulting from the role of nuclear proteins will be analyzes, including epigenetic modifications, the use of methylation, acetylation, and histone modifications. Stem cell technology and the use of nanobiotechnology are proposed as promising approaches for a more effective treatment of DR.

Talaesthanes A-C, three new meroterpenoids from the endophytic fungus Talaromyces primulinus H21.

Three new meroterpenoids (1-3) and ten known ones (4-13) were obtained from the endophytic fungus Talaromyces primulinus H21 isolated from the plant of Euphorbia sikkimensis. Their structures including their absolute configurations were elucidated by extensive analysis of spectroscopic data such as HR-ESI-MS, 1D/2D NMR, and X-ray diffraction of single crystal together with comparison of experimental ECD with calculated ECD. All compounds were examined for their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW264.7 cells, and compounds 3, 9, 12, and 13 exhibited certain inhibition on NO production, with IC50 values of 27.19, 41.55, 25.23, and 24.71 µM, respectively.

LKB1 inhibits telomerase activity resulting in cellular senescence through histone lactylation in lung adenocarcinoma.

Despite the confirmed role of LKB1 in suppressing lung cancer progression, its precise effect on cellular senescence is unknown. The aim of this research was to clarify the role and mechanism of LKB1 in restraining telomerase activity in lung adenocarcinoma. The results showed that LKB1 induced cellular senescence and apoptosis either in vitro or in vivo. Overexpression of LKB1 in LKB1-deficient A549 cells led to the inhibition of telomerase activity and the induction of telomere dysfunction by regulating telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression in terms of transcription. As a transcription factor, Sp1 mediated TERT inhibition after LKB1 overexpression. LKB1 induced lactate production and inhibited histone H4 (Lys8) and H4 (Lys16) lactylation, which further altered Sp1-related transcriptional activity. The telomerase inhibitor BIBR1532 was beneficial for achieving the optimum curative effect of traditional chemotherapeutic drugs accompanied by the glycolysis inhibitor 2DG. These data reveal a new mechanism by which LKB1 regulates telomerase activity through lactylation-dependent transcriptional inhibition, and therefore, provide new insights into the effects of LKB1-mediated senescence in lung adenocarcinoma. Our research has opened up new possibilities for the creation of new cancer treatments.

Regulatory roles of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation in RNA processing and non-communicable diseases.

Post-transcriptional RNA modification is an emerging epigenetic control mechanism in cells that is important in many different cellular and organismal processes. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is one of the most prevalent, prolific, and ubiquitous internal transcriptional alterations in eukaryotic mRNAs, making it an important topic in the field of Epigenetics. m6A methylation acts as a dynamical regulatory process that regulates the activity of genes and participates in multiple physiological processes, by supporting multiple aspects of essential mRNA metabolic processes, including pre-mRNA splicing, nuclear export, translation, miRNA synthesis, and stability. Extensive research has linked aberrations in m6A modification and m6A-associated proteins to a wide range of human diseases. However, the impact of m6A on mRNA metabolism and its pathological connection between m6A and other non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, liver diseases, and cancer remains in fragmentation. Here, we review the existing understanding of the overall role of mechanisms by which m6A exerts its activities and address new discoveries that highlight m6A's diverse involvement in gene expression regulation. We discuss m6A deposition on mRNA and its consequences on degradation, translation, and transcription, as well as m6A methylation of non-coding chromosomal-associated RNA species. This study could give new information about the molecular process, early detection, tailored treatment, and predictive evaluation of human non-communicable diseases like cancer. We also explore more about new data that suggests targeting m6A regulators in diseases may have therapeutic advantages.

Copper metabolism and its role in diabetic complications: A review.

Disturbances in copper (Cu) homeostasis have been observed in diabetes and associated complications. Cu is an essential micronutrient that plays important roles in various fundamental biological processes. For example, diabetic cardiomyopathy is associated with elevated levels of Cu in the serum and tissues. Therefore, targeting Cu may be a novel treatment strategy for diabetic complications. This review provides an overview of physiological Cu metabolism and homeostasis, followed by a discussion of Cu metabolism disorders observed during the occurrence and progression of diabetic complications. Finally, we discuss the recent therapeutic advances in the use of Cu coordination complexes as treatments for diabetic complications and their potential mechanisms of action. This review contributes to a complete understanding of the role of Cu in diabetic complications and demonstrates the broad application prospects of Cu-coordinated compounds as potential therapeutic agents.

[Responses of radial growth of Fraxinus mandshurica from different provenances to climate at Maoershan in Northeast China]. / 东北地区帽儿山种源实验林区不同种源水曲柳径向生长对气候的响应.

To understand the responses of radial growth of Fraxinus mandshurica from different provenances to climatic factors, we used the dendrochronological method to establish the standard chronologies of F. mandshurica from 20 provenances in Maoershan provenance test forest, and analyzed the differences in radial growth and their correlation with climate factors. The results showed that the overall trend of F. mandshurica chronologies from 20 provenances was generally similar. There were differences in growth amplitude, with the average radial growth of F. mandshurica from Dailing, Lushuihe and Sanchazi being the highest. The radial growth of F. mandshurica from 20 provenances was significantly positively correlated with the highest temperature in July and the average temperature in July except for Huinan. The radial growth of F. mandshurica from 14 provenances was significantly positively correlated with the precipitation in August. The radial growth of F. mandshurica was constrained by temperature and precipitation during the growing season. There was difference in radial growth among F. mandshurica from different provenances under drought stress. F. mandshurica from Wangqing, Dailing, and Hailin had stronger resistance to drought, while that from Wandianzi, Zhanhe, and Xinglong had better recovery ability after drought.

Targeting colorectal cancer at the level of nuclear pore complex.

BACKGROUND: Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are the architectures entrenched in nuclear envelop of a cell that regulate the nucleo-cytoplasmic transportation of materials, such as proteins and RNAs for proper functioning of a cell. The appropriate localization of proteins and RNAs within the cell is essential for its normal functionality. For such a complex transportation of materials across the NPC, around 60 proteins are involved comprising nucleoporins, karyopherins and RAN system proteins that play a vital role in NPC's structure formation, cargo translocation across NPC, and cargoes' rapid directed transportation respectively. In various cancers, the structure and function of NPC is often exaggerated, following altered expressions of its nucleoporins and karyopherins, affecting other proteins of associated signaling pathways. Some inhibitors of karyopherins at present, have potential to regulate the altered level/expression of these karyopherin molecules. AIM OF REVIEW: This review summarizes the data from 1990 to 2023, mainly focusing on recent studies that illustrate the structure and function of NPC, the relationship and mechanisms of nucleoporins and karyopherins with colorectal cancer, as well as therapeutic values, in order to understand the pathology and underlying basis of colorectal cancer associated with NPC. This is the first review to our knowledge elucidating the detailed updated studies targeting colorectal cancer at NPC. The review also aims to target certain karyopherins, Nups and their possible inhibitors and activators molecules as a therapeutic strategy. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW: NPC structure provides understanding, how nucleoporins and karyopherins as key molecules are responsible for appropriate nucleocytoplasmic transportation. Many studies provide evidences, describing the role of disrupted nucleoporins and karyopherins not only in CRC but also in other non-hematological and hematological malignancies. At present, some inhibitors of karyopherins have therapeutic potential for CRC, however development of more potent inhibitors may provide more effective therapeutic strategies for CRC in near future.

[Annual review of capillary electrophoresis technology in 2023].

This paper serves as an annual review of capillary electrophoresis (CE) technology for 2023. The journals were selected based on their impact factor (IF), a universally recognized academic performance metric, combined with experimental work closely related to CE technology, to facilitate the rapid acquisition of significant research and application advancements in CE technology in 2023. A thematic search of the ISI Web of Science database yielded 669 research papers on CE technology published in 2023. This review highlights five experimental papers published in journals with IFs greater than 10.0, including Nature Communications, Nucleic Acids Research, Engineering, Journal of Medical Virology, and Carbohydrate Polymers, and 31 experimental papers from representative journals with IFs between 5.0 and 10.0, such as Analytical Chemistry, Analytica Chimica Acta, Talanta, and Food Chemistry. It also provides an overview of experimental research in journals with focused reporting on CE technology but with IFs less than 5.0, such as Journal of Chromatography A and Electrophoresis, as well as significant experimental research from key domestic Chinese core journals (Peking University). In 2023, all the latest scientific advancements reported in journals with an IF greater than 10.0 utilized previously reported CE methods, offering new breakthroughs for the promotion and application of CE technology. Additionally, new applications of CE in conjunction with mass spectrometry remained a hot topic. An increase in reports on the hardware aspects of CE, such as 3D printing and underwater systems, and significant breakthroughs in the analysis of non-solution samples, such as solid particles, cell vesicles, cells, viruses, and bacteria, was noted. CE is advantageous for the analysis of drugs and their components. In Chinese journals, the number of papers on CE applications exceeded that in previous years, with particular focus on the field of printing for new applications.

High-fidelity single logical qubit encoding scheme assisted by single-sided quantum dot-cavity systems.

We present an encoding scheme of a single logical qubit with single-sided quantum dot (QD)-cavity systems, which is immune to the collective decoherence. By adjusting the Purcell factor to satisfy the balanced reflection condition, the detrimental effects of unbalanced reflection between the coupled and uncoupled QD-cavity systems can be effectively suppressed. Furthermore, the fidelity of each step can be increased to unity regardless of the strong coupling regime and the weak coupling regime of cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) with the assistance of waveform correctors. The scheme requires QD-cavity systems and simple linear optical elements, which can be implemented with the currently experimental techniques.

Dulaglutide restores endothelial progenitor cell levels in diabetic mice and mitigates high glucose-induced endothelial injury through SIRT1-mediated mitochondrial fission.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) significantly impairs the functionality and number of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and resident endothelial cells, critical for vascular repair and regeneration, exacerbating the risk of vascular complications. GLP-1 receptor agonists, like dulaglutide, have emerged as promising therapeutic agents due to their multifaceted effects, including the enhancement of EPC activity and protection of endothelial cells. This study investigates dulaglutide's effects on peripheral blood levels of CD34+ and CD133+ cells in a mouse model of lower limb ischemia and its protective mechanisms against high-glucose-induced damage in endothelial cells. Results demonstrated that dulaglutide significantly improves blood flow, reduces tissue damage and inflammation in ischemic limbs, and enhances glycemic control. Furthermore, dulaglutide alleviated high-glucose-induced endothelial cell damage, evident from improved tube formation, reduced reactive oxygen species accumulation, and restored endothelial junction integrity. Mechanistically, dulaglutide mitigated mitochondrial fission in endothelial cells under high-glucose conditions, partly through maintaining SIRT1 expression, which is crucial for mitochondrial dynamics. This study reveals the potential of dulaglutide as a therapeutic option for vascular complications in T2DM patients, highlighting its role in improving endothelial function and mitochondrial integrity.

Recent Insights into the Roles of PEST-Containing Nuclear Protein.

PEST-containing nuclear protein (PCNP), a short-lived small nuclear protein with 178 amino acids, is a nuclear protein containing two PEST sequences. PCNP is highly expressed in several malignant tumors such as cervical cancer, rectal cancer, and lung cancer. It is also associated with cell cycle regulation and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) and Wnt signaling pathways during tumor growth. The present article discuss how PCNP regulates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Wnt signaling pathways and related proteins, and the ubiquitination of PCNP regulates tumor cell cycle as well as the progress of the application of PCNP in the pathophysiology and treatment of colon cancer, human ovarian cancer, thyroid cancer, lung adenocarcinoma and oral squamous cell carcinoma. The main relevant articles were retrieved from PubMed, with keywords such as PEST-containing nuclear protein (PCNP), cancer (tumor), and signaling pathways as inclusion/exclusion criteria. Relevant references has been included and cited in the manuscript.