MCP-1-Loaded Poly(l-lactide-co-caprolactone) Fibrous Films Modulate Macrophage Polarization toward an Anti-inflammatory Phenotype and Improve Angiogenesis.

Tissue engineering approaches such as the electrospinning technique can fabricate nanofibrous scaffolds which are widely used for small-diameter vascular grafting. However, foreign body reaction (FBR) and lack of endothelial coverage are still the main cause of graft failure after the implantation of nanofibrous scaffolds. Macrophage-targeting therapeutic strategies have the potential to address these issues. Here, we fabricate a monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1)-loaded coaxial fibrous film with poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL/MCP-1). The PLCL/MCP-1 fibrous film can polarize macrophages toward anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages through the sustained release of MCP-1. Meanwhile, these specific functional polarization macrophages can mitigate FBR and promote angiogenesis during the remodeling of implanted fibrous films. These studies indicate that MCP-1-loaded PLCL fibers have a higher potential to modulate macrophage polarity, which provides a new strategy for small-diameter vascular graft designing.

Association Between EphA1 and Tumor Microenvironment in Gastric Carcinoma and its Clinical Significance.

BACKGROUND With the growing global burden of gastric carcinoma (GC) and the urgent need for biomolecular targeted therapies, this study aimed to elucidate the relationship between EphA1 and the tumor microenvironment (focusing primarily on the key inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and tumor angiogenic cytokine VEGF) to identify a new potential therapeutic target. MATERIAL AND METHODS IHC and qRT-PCR were performed to quantify the protein and gene expression levels of EphA1, IL-6, and VEGF in normal mucosal tissues, carcinoma tissues, and paracarcinomatous tissues from 57 GC patients. Spearman's rank correlation test was performed to determine the relationship between EphA1, IL-6, and VEGF expression levels. The relationships of EphA1 with clinicopathologic parameter and survival in GC patients were also evaluated. RESULTS The protein and gene expression levels of EphA1 were all attenuated gradually from carcinoma tissues to paracarcinomatous tissues and then to normal mucosal tissues in GC patients. Additionally, significant correlations between the overexpression of EphA1 with aggressive clinicopathological features and shorter survival time of GC patients were verified. In particular, we found a significant positive correlation between the expression of EphA1 and tumor microenvironment hallmark proteins IL-6 and VEGF in carcinoma tissues and paracarcinomatous tissues. CONCLUSIONS EphA1 can promote the occurrence and development of GC by its selective high expression in cancer tissues and its relationship with malignant clinical features and prognosis of GC patients. The underlying potential mechanism appears to involve enhancement of the tumor microenvironment, which via drives the expression of tumor microenvironment hallmark proteins IL-6 and VEGF.

Perioperative analgesia with parecoxib sodium improves postoperative pain and immune function in patients undergoing hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma.

RATIONALE, AIMS, AND OBJECTIVES: Acute postoperative pain can result in immune dysfunction, which can be partly mitigated by efficient pain management. Opioids that have been widely applied to analgesia have been shown to suppress immune function, which has a negative impact on the treatment of patients with cancer. This study investigated the effects of perioperative fentanyl analgesia alone or in combination with parecoxib sodium on postoperative pain, immune function, and prognosis in patients undergoing hepatectomy of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: A total of 80 patients scheduled for hepatectomy between October 2013 and August 2014 were included. Patients were randomly divided into two groups (n = 40) and allocated to receive parecoxibsodium 40 mg (group P) or placebo (group C) 30 minutes before induction of anaesthesia, followed by 40 mg every 12 hours for 48 hours after the operation. All patients had access to patient-controlled analgesia with intravenous fentanylpostoperatively. Venous blood samples were collected at the following time points: 30 minutes before induction of anaesthesia (T0), the end of the surgery (T1), 24 hours after surgery (T2), and 72 hours after surgery (T3). The percentages of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD4+/CD8+ T cells, and CD3+CD16+CD56+ (NK) cells at these time points were quantified by flow cytometry (FCM).Visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, total fentanyl consumption, and adverse effects were recorded. The prognostic differences in overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) between the two groups was also investigated. RESULTS: For both groups, the percentages of CD3+, CD4+ T cells, and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ significantly decreased at T1 and T2 (P < .05). The percentages of CD3+ T cells were significantly lower in group C than that in group P at T2 (P < .05). In group C, the amount of CD3+ T cells was lower at T3 compared with T0 (P < .05). The percentages of NK cells significantly decreased at T1 in both groups (P < .05). The percentages of NK in group P were recovered nearly to baseline (T0) at T2, which was higher than that of group C (P < .05). In group C, the percentages of NK cells have not recovered nearly to baseline at T3 compared with T0 (P < .05). VAS scores at rest and on cough in group P were significantly lower than those in group C at 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours after operation (P < .05), and there were no significant differences in VAS scores between the two groups at 48 hours after surgery (P > .05). There were no significant differences regarding the incidence of adverse effects between the two groups (P > .05). Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that the DFS time in group P was significantly longer than in group C (19.0 months, 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.8-28.2 vs 14.0 months, 95% CI, 8.1-19.9; P < .05). There was no significant difference in OS time (36.0 months, 95% CI, 13.4-58.9 vs 14.0 months, 95% CI, 10.6-25.4; P > .05) between two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The present study indicated that perioperative analgesia of parecoxib sodium combined with patient-controlled analgesic fentanyl resulted in better preserved immune function with enhancement of the analgesic efficacy to fentanyl alone of HCC patients undergoing hepatectomy and helped postpone postoperative tumour recurrence.

Senna alexandrina extract supplementation reverses hepatic oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic effects of cadmium chloride administration in rats.

Senna alexandrina is traditionally used for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, but little information is available concerning its potential protective effects against cadmium, which is a widespread environmental toxicant that causes hepatotoxicity. Here, we explored the effects of S. alexandrina extract (SAE) on cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-induced liver toxicity over 4 weeks in rats. Rats were allocated into four groups: control, SAE (100 mg/kg), CdCl2 (0.6 mg/kg), and SAE + CdCl2, respectively. Cadmium level in hepatic tissue, blood transaminases, and total bilirubin as indicators of liver function were assessed. Oxidative stress indices [malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrate/nitrite (NO), and glutathione (GSH)], antioxidant molecules [superoxide dismutase (SOD, catalase (CAT), glutathione-derived enzymes, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)], pro-inflammatory mediators [interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)], apoptosis proteins (Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3), and histological alterations to the liver were examined. SAE administration before CdCl2 exposure decreased cadmium deposition in liver tissue and the blood liver function indicators. SAE pre-treatment prevented oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic reactions and decreased histological alterations to the liver caused by CdCl2 exposure. SAE can be used as a promising protective agent against CdCl2-induced hepatotoxicity by increasing Nrf2 expression. Graphical abstract.

Analyses of a Panel of Transcripts Identified From a Small Sample Size and Construction of RNA Networks in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers in the world. Dysregulation of mRNAs and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) plays critical roles in the progression of HCC. Here, we investigated HCC samples by RNA-seq and identified a series of dysregulated RNAs in HCC. Various bioinformatics analyses established long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)-mRNA co-expression and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks in circRNA-miRNA-mRNA axis, indicating the potential cis and/or trans regulatory roles of lncRNAs and circRNAs. Moreover, GO pathway analysis showed that these identified RNAs were associated with many biological processes that were related to tumorigenesis and tumor progression. In conclusion, we systematically established functional networks of lncRNA-mRNA, circRNA-miRNA-mRNA to further unveil the potential interactions and biological processes in HCC. These results provide further insights into gene expression network of HCC and may assist future diagnosis of HCC.

Endovascular repair of type B aortic dissection with the restrictive bare stent technique: morphologic changes, technique details, and outcomes.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to present our experience and assess the morphologic changes of the descending aorta after the restrictive bare stent (RBS) technique in the treatment of type B aortic dissection (TBAD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted of 22 consecutive patients with TBAD who underwent RBS treatment between February 2012 and June 2016. Indications for the RBS procedure included radiological evidence of true lumen (TL) compression or collapse and/or tortuosity index (TI) of the descending aorta >1.4. Technique success, descending aorta morphology, and clinical outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: The technical success rate was 100%. Patients treated with the RBS technique were often accompanied by TL collapse (45.5%) or TI >1.4 (59.1%). One-month postoperative computed tomography angiography showed that the taper ratio, oversizing ratio of the stent graft, and TI values were significantly decreased compared with preoperative computed tomography angiography values (P<0.05). The 30-day mortality rate was 0%. In total 95.2% had a thrombosed false lumen in the segment of aortic coverage, and TL diameters were increased in 40.3%±11% (mean ± SD) and 37.5%±17.9% of patients in the thoracic and abdominal segments, respectively. During the follow-up from 16 to 64 months (33±19 months), no distal stent graft-induced new entry, endoleak, and paraplegia were observed. One patient died from rupture of a chronic TBAD with aneurysm degeneration. CONCLUSION: Mid-term outcomes showed RBS to be a flexible and feasible approach to repair TBAD. RBS corrects the descending aorta morphology and promotes TL expansion in most patients, but the rupture of chronic TBAD with aneurysm degeneration was not prevented in all patients.

Effect of Huaier granule on recurrence after curative resection of HCC: a multicentre, randomised clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: There is little evidence that adjuvant therapy after radical surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) improves recurrence-free survival (RFS) or overall survival (OS). We conducted a multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase IV trial evaluating the benefit of an aqueous extract of Trametes robinophila Murr (Huaier granule) to address this unmet need. DESIGN AND RESULTS: A total of 1044 patients were randomised in 2:1 ratio to receive either Huaier or no further treatment (controls) for a maximum of 96 weeks. The primary endpoint was RFS. Secondary endpoints included OS and tumour extrahepatic recurrence rate (ERR). The Huaier (n=686) and control groups (n=316) had a mean RFS of 75.5 weeks and 68.5 weeks, respectively (HR 0.67; 95% CI 0.55 to 0.81). The difference in the RFS rate between Huaier and control groups was 62.39% and 49.05% (95% CI 6.74 to 19.94; p=0.0001); this led to an OS rate in the Huaier and control groups of 95.19% and 91.46%, respectively (95% CI 0.26 to 7.21; p=0.0207). The tumour ERR between Huaier and control groups was 8.60% and 13.61% (95% CI -12.59 to -2.50; p=0.0018), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first nationwide multicentre study, involving 39 centres and 1044 patients, to prove the effectiveness of Huaier granule as adjuvant therapy for HCC after curative liver resection. It demonstrated a significant prolongation of RFS and reduced extrahepatic recurrence in Huaier group. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01770431; Post-results.

Oncofetal gene SALL4 reactivation by hepatitis B virus counteracts miR-200c in PD-L1-induced T cell exhaustion.

A chronic viral or tumor microenvironment can push T cells to exhaustion by promoting coinhibitory ligand expression. However, how host factors control coinhibitory ligand expression and whether viral infection breaks this control during tumor progress is unknown. Here we show a close negative correlation between SALL4 or PD-L1 and miR-200c in tumors from 98 patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. SALL4 or PD-L1 expression correlates negatively with miR-200c expression, and patients with lower levels of SALL4 or PD-L1 and higher miR-200c survive longer. Moreover, over-expression of miR-200c antagonizes HBV-mediated PD-L1 expression by targeting 3'-UTR of CD274 (encoding PD-L1) directly, and reverses antiviral CD8+ T cell exhaustion. MiR-200c transcription is inhibited by oncofetal protein SALL4, which is re-expressed through HBV-induced STAT3 activation in adulthood. We propose that an HBV-pSTAT3-SALL4-miR-200c axis regulates PD-L1. Therapeutic strategies to influence this axis might reverse virus-induced immune exhaustion.

Knockdown of GTPBP4 inhibits cell growth and survival in human hepatocellular carcinoma and its prognostic significance.

GTP-binding protein 4 (GTPBP4), as a novel member of GTPases involved in the synthesis of 60S subunit and maturation, is closely related to cell proliferation and growth. Till now, a small number of existing studies have found a contradictory dual role of GTPBP4 in cancer. Whether the expression level of GTPBP4 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with the patients' prognosis or its function and underlying molecular mechanisms still remains unclear. In the present study, the above issues were explored for the first time. Our results showed that GTPBP4 was overexpressed in HCC and knockdown of GTPBP4 delayed cell proliferation, impaired colony formation ability, induced cell cycle arrest in G2/M period and promoted apoptosis in HCC cell lines. Besides, in vivo xenograft nude mice model revealed that GTPBP4 knockdown could significantly suppress HCC tumorigenesis. Gene microarray and further pathway enrichment analyses indicated that ERBB signaling pathway was the most significantly changed one. More importantly, high GTPBP4 expression level significantly correlated to the poor prognosis of HCC patients. Taken together, all these findings suggest that GTPBP4 serves as an oncogene and plays a pivotal role in HCC development, which will be a potential therapeutic target or a biomarker for HCC.

Real-time multi-target ranging based on chaotic polarization laser radars in the drive-response VCSELs.

According to the principle of complete chaos synchronization and the theory of Hilbert phase transformation, we propose a novel real-time multi-target ranging scheme by using chaotic polarization laser radar in the drive-response vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). In the scheme, to ensure each polarization component (PC) of the master VCSEL (MVCSEL) to be synchronized steadily with that of the slave VCSEL, the output x-PC and y-PC from the MVCSEL in the drive system and those in the response system are modulated by the linear electro-optic effect simultaneously. Under this condition, by simulating the influences of some key parameters of the system on the synchronization quality and the relative errors of the two-target ranging, related operating parameters can be optimized. The x-PC and the y-PC, as two chaotic radar sources, are used to implement the real-time ranging for two targets. It is found that the measured distances of the two targets at arbitrary position exhibit strong real-time stability and only slight jitter. Their resolutions are up to millimeters, and their relative errors are very small and less than 2.7%.

Synaptotagmin-7 is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma and regulates hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation via Chk1-p53 signaling.

BACKGROUND: Synaptotagmin-7 (Syt-7) is a member of the synaptotagmin (Syt) family, which plays an important role in many physiological and pathological processes. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no study describing its function in tumors, particularly in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, in this study, we examined the role of Syt-7 in HCC and attempted to elucidate its underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined the expression levels of Syt-7 in HCC cell lines and normal hepatocytes by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. The effects of Syt-7 knockdown on in vitro cell growth were assessed by Celigo image cytometry, MTT assay, colony formation assay, and cell cycle analysis. In vivo tumorigenesis was evaluated using a nude mouse model. The underlying molecular mechanism was evaluated using a PathScan Stress Signaling Antibody Array. RESULTS: Syt-7 mRNA levels were highly expressed in Huh-7 and Hep3B cells; moderately expressed in SMMC-7721, HepG2, and BEL-7402 cells; and lowly expressed in normal hepatocytes L-O2. Functional experiments demonstrated that Syt-7 knockdown significantly suppressed cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest by increasing phosphorylation of Chk1 and p53. Furthermore, Syt-7 knockdown remarkably reduced the growth of xenograft tumors in mice. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that Syt-7 plays a vital role in tumorigenesis and in the development of HCC. Syt-7 can be used as a new diagnostic and therapeutic target in HCC.

Overexpression of Acyl-CoA Ligase 4 (ACSL4) in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma and its Prognosis.

BACKGROUND Recently, accumulating studies have found that ACSL4 dysregulation is related to a great number of malignant tumors. The purpose of the present study was to explore the relationship between ACSL4 expression level and clinical prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS The Oncomine and TCGA databases were used to predict the expression of ACSL4 mRNA in HCC and its association with HCC prognosis. Further, immunohistochemistry was performed to verify the ACSL4 protein expression in 116 paired HCC and adjacent normal tissues. Kaplan-Meier and cox analysis were performed to validate the correlation between ACSL4 expression and HCC prognosis. RESULTS We first used the Oncomine database to find that ACSL4 mRNA expression level was significantly higher in HCC tissues than that in normal tissues (p all <0.001). The results were consistent with those in the TCGA database. Then, immunohistochemical results demonstrated that the ACSL4 positive expression rate was 70.7% in HCC tissues. ACSL4 differential expression level was significantly related to Edmondson grade (p=0.010), AFP (p=0.001) and TNM stage (p=0.012). Survival analysis revealed that both overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) time were remarkably reduced in HCC patients with ACSL4 high expression (p=0.001 and 0.000, respectively). Moreover, Cox multivariate analysis demonstrated that ACSL4 expression was the only independent prognostic factor for both OS and DFS (both p values=0.001). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our study demonstrated that ACSL4 was overexpressed in HCC, and it will be a new potential therapeutic target for HCC as an independent adverse prognostic parameter.

A single-center experience of sorafenib monotherapy in patients with advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

Patients with advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) have a poor prognosis and the therapeutic options available for treating ICC are limited. Sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and 3, platelet derived growth factor receptor-ß, B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase and C-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase, is a novel reference standard for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Sorafenib has previously been demonstrated to exhibit significant antitumor activity in various cholangiocarcinoma cell lines and in xenograft ICC models. The present study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of sorafenib as a single-agent treatment in patients with advanced ICC. Eligible patients were administere no prior therapy for metastatic or unresectable disease. Sorafenib was administered orally at a dose of 400 mg twice daily continuously. The primary endpoint was considered as the disease control rate (DCR) at 12 weeks. Secondary endpoints included time to progression (TTP), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), duration of treatment (DOT) and the adverse event profile. A total of 15 patients were enrolled in the present study, with a median DOT of 3.2 months (range, 1.5-30 months). A total of 4 patients achieved a partial response and 7 patients achieved stable disease, with a DCR of 73.3%. The median OS time was 5.7 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 5.0-6.4], the PFS time was 5.5 months (95% CI, 3.9-7.1) and the median TTP was 3.2 months (range, 1.5-29 months). The most common toxicity was a skin rash, which w1as observed in 5 patients (33.3%). Grade 3 hand-foot syndrome was observed in 1 patient (6.7%), which required treatment termination. The results of the present study suggest that sorafenib monotherapy may exhibit promising anticancer activity in patients with advanced ICC and that it has a manageable toxicity profile.

Bovine lactoferricin P13 triggers ROS-mediated caspase-dependent apoptosis in SMMC7721 cells.

Bovine lactoferricin P13 (LfcinB-P13) is a peptide derived from LfcinB. In the present study, the effect of LfcinB-P13 on the human liver cancer cell line SMMC7721 was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The results of the present study indicate that LfcinB-P13 significantly decreased SMMC7721 cell viability in vitro (P=0.032 vs. untreated cells), while exhibiting low cytotoxicity in the wild-type liver cell line L02. In addition, the rate of apoptosis in SMMC7721 cells was significantly increased following treatment with 40 and 60 µg/ml LfcinB-P13 (P=0.0053 vs. the control group), which was associated with an increase in the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activation of caspase-3 and -9. Furthermore, ROS chelation led to the suppression of LfcinB-P13-mediated caspase-3 and -9 activation in SMMC7721 cells. LfcinB-P13 was demonstrated to markedly inhibit tumor growth in an SMMC7721-xenograft nude mouse model. The results of the present study indicate that LfcinB-P13 is a novel candidate therapeutic agent for the treatment of liver cancer.

High expression of TRIM11 correlates with poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Tripartite Motif Containing 11 (TRIM11), a member of TRIM proteins is overexpressed in gliomas and lung cancer. However, the role of TRIM11 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unknown. BASIC PROCEDURES: Herein, we aimed to investigate the expression and clinical significance role of TRIM11 in HCC. MAIN FINDING: In this study, our data showed significant higher TRIM11 in HCC tissues (n=117) than in the matched non-tumor liver (NTL) tissues (P<0.01). In consistent with above data, we also found TRIM11 protein expression was significantly increased compared with the matched NTL (P<0.01) by immunohistochemistry analysis. Additionally, our results showed that TRIM11 protein expression in HCC tissues was significantly associated with pathological grade (P<0.01), tumor postoperative metastasis (P=0.031), recurrence (P=0.022), and serum a-fetoprotein (AFP) (P<0.01). Moreover, patients' survival was negatively correlated with TRIM11 protein expression. Furthermore, we found that TRIM11 protein was an independent prognostic factor for disease-free (P<0.01) and overall survival (P<0.01) in HCC patients. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSIONS: Our data showed that TRIM11 expression was significantly elevated in HCC tissues. The overexpression of TRIM11 is closely associated with HCC progression and poor survival of the patients, indicating TRIM11 is a potential therapeutic target for HCC patients.

Hepatocellular Carcinoma-propagating Cells are Detectable by Side Population Analysis and Possess an Expression Profile Reflective of a Primitive Origin.

The recent identification of "Side Population" (SP) cells in a number of unrelated human cancers has renewed interests in the hypothesis of cancer stem cells. Here we isolated SP cells from HepG2 cells and 18 of the 21 fresh hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue samples. These SP cells have higher abilities of forming spheroids, invasion and migration. Tumors could generate only from SP, not non-SP (NSP), cells in a low dose of subcutaneous injection to the NOD/SCID mice (5 × 102 cells/mouse). The mRNA microarray analysis of the SP vs. NSP cells isolated from HepG2 cells revealed that the SP cells express higher levels of pluripotency- and stem cell-associated transcription factors including Klf4, NF-Ya, SALL4 and HMGA2. Some of the known hepatobiliary progenitor/stem cell markers, such as Sox9 was also up-regulated. RT-qPCR analysis of the gene expression between SP cells and NSP cells isolated from both HepG2 cells and HCC tissue samples showed that most of the tested mRNAs' changes were in consistent with the microarray data, including the general progenitor/stem cells markers such as Klf4, NF-Ya, SALL4 and HMGA2, which were up-regulated in SP cells. Our data indicates that HCC cancer stem cells exist in HepG2 and HCC fresh tissue samples and can be isolated by SP assay.

A novel multi-target RNAi adenovirus inhibits hepatoma cell proliferation, migration, and induction of angiogenesis.

The pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a multi-step process involving many genes. Consequently, single gene targeting therapy has limited efficacy, making combination therapy targeting multiple genes a necessity. Based on our previous findings, we constructed a single vector mediating simultaneous expression of multiple short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) against human vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), chemokine C-C motif receptor 1 (CCR1), and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), three genes closely related to HCC progression that act through separate pathways. The shRNA vector efficiently downregulated the mRNA and protein of all three molecules in Huh7 hepatoma cells. The vector also inhibited cell proliferation and migration and reduced angiogenesis. Furthermore, this shRNA vector can be recombined into adenovirus, a gene therapy vector, for better in vivo application. It thus offers a potentially effective future gene therapy approach to treating human liver cancer.

Prognostic value of polarized macrophages in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection.

As the most predominant tumour-infiltrating immune cells, tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) are significant for fostering tumour growth, progression and metastasis. CD68-positive TAMs display dissimilarly polarized programmes comprising CD11c-positive pro-inflammatory macrophages (M1) and CD206-positive immunosuppressive macrophages (M2). The aim of this study is to determine the prognostic significance of diametrically polarized TAMs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and their application to risk stratification of patients according to their specific prognostic values. This study included 80 consecutive patients with HCC, and we evaluated diametrically polarized functional status of macrophages by immunohistochemical staining of CD68, CD11c and CD206. Prognostic values and clinicopathologic features were assessed in these patients. High versus low CD11c-positive TAM density (P = 0.005) and low versus high CD206-positive TAM density (P = 0.002) were associated with better overall survival, whereas CD68-positive TAM density had no prognostic significance (low versus high, P = 0.065). Furthermore, the presence of these positive staining macrophages did not show any prognostic significance for recurrence-free survival (all P > 0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified CD11c-positive and CD206-positive TAMs as an independent prognostic factor (P < 0.001, P = 0.031, respectively). Intratumoural infiltration of diametrically polarized TAMs, a novel identified independent prognostic factor for survival in patients with HCC, could be combined with the TNM stage and the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage to improve a risk stratification system.

Expression and clinical significance of Nectin-4 in hepatocellular carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: Nectin-4 is a member of the Nectin family of four Ca(+)-independent immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules and implicated in cell adhesion, movement, proliferation, differentiation, polarization, and survival. The aberrant expression of Nectin-4 has been found in a variety of tumors; however, its expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still poorly understood. This study was to investigate the expression of Nectin-4 and its clinical significance in the patients with HCC. METHODS: The expression of Nectin-4 was assessed at mRNA and protein levels by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting assays in 20 HCC specimens and adjacent non-tumor live tissues. Furthermore, the clinical significance of Nectin-4 in 87 cases of HCC was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The mRNA and protein levels of Nectin-4 were higher in HCC tumor tissues than in the matched non-tumor tissues. Nectin-4 was located in the cytoplasm of tumor cells and over-expressed in 67.82% (59/87) HCC tissues by immunohistochemical staining. Positive Nectin-4 expression was significantly correlated with tumor size (P=0.029), status of metastasis (P=0.023), vascular invasion (P=0.018) and tumor-node-metastasis stage (P=0.003). In addition, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that positive Nectin-4 expression was associated with worse recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) (P=0.006 and P=0.005, respectively). In multivariate analysis, Nectin-4 was an independent prognostic factor for RFS and OS in the patients with HCC. CONCLUSION: Nectin-4 is upregulated in HCC and may be a novel prognostic biomarker for the patients after surgical resection.

STAT3 cooperates with Twist to mediate epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is critical for the invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, to date, the association of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) with EMT, and its mediated tumor invasion and metastasis in HCC, remain elusive. We investigated the relationship between STAT3 activation and EMT, and the underlying mechanisms involved in HCC progression. By stable transfection, we successfully overexpressed STAT3 in low metastatic SMMC7721 cells and silenced STAT3 expression in high metastatic MHCC97H cells. The EMT-associated molecular HCC cell changes were analyzed by real-time PCR, western blotting and immunocytochemical methods. The EMT-mediated HCC cell invasion and migration were evaluated by a Transwell cell invasion and cell migration assay, respectively. The interaction between STAT3 and Twist (a key EMT inducer) was evaluated by dual-luciferase reporter assay. In the present study, we found that STAT3 overexpression significantly reduced E-cadherin and ß-cadherin, and it enhanced N-cadherin and vimentin expression in the SMMC7721 cells. STAT3 knockdown significantly increased E-cadherin and ß-cadherin, and it decreased N-cadherin and vimentin expression in the MHCC97H cells. Meanwhile, a dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that STAT3 may bind the Twist promoter, mediate its transcriptional activity, and then promote the EMT process in HCC cells. STAT3 activation-mediated EMT also evidently enhanced HCC cell invasion and migration. In summary, the present study demonstrated for the first time that STAT3 may cooperate with Twist to mediate EMT and induce HCC invasion and metastasis. Activated STAT3, Twist, and EMT markers may serve as potential molecular targets in the prevention and/or treatment of HCC invasion and metastasis.