UVR8-TCP4-LOX2 module regulates UV-B tolerance in Arabidopsis.

The phytohormone jasmonate (JA) coordinates stress and growth responses to increase plant survival in unfavorable environments. Although JA can enhance plant UV-B stress tolerance, the mechanisms underlying the interaction of UV-B and JA in this response remain unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that the UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 - TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, Cycloidea and PCF 4 - LIPOXYGENASE2 (UVR8-TCP4-LOX2) module regulates UV-B tolerance dependent on JA signaling pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that the nucleus-localized UVR8 physically interacts with TCP4 to increase the DNA-binding activity of TCP4 and upregulate the JA biosynthesis gene LOX2. Furthermore, UVR8 activates the expression of LOX2 in a TCP4-dependent manner. Our genetic analysis also provides evidence that TCP4 acts downstream of UVR8 and upstream of LOX2 to mediate plant responses to UV-B stress. Our results illustrate that the UV-B-dependent interaction of UVR8 and TCP4 serves as an important UVR8-TCP4-LOX2 module, which integrates UV-B radiation and JA signaling and represents a new UVR8 signaling mechanism in plants.

Effect of low-sodium salt applied to Chinese modified DASH diet on arterial stiffness in older patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes / Efecto de una sal baja en sodio aplicada a la dieta china DASH modificada sobre la rigidez arterial en pacientes mayores con hipertensión y diabetes tipo 2

Background and purpose: the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet has multifunctional health benefits. We evaluated theeffects of low-sodium salt applied to Chinese modified DASH diet on arterial stiffness in older patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes.Methods: sixty-one older adults with hypertension and type 2 diabetes were randomly allocated to low sodium salt group (n = 31) or normalsodium salt group (n = 30). They were given the Chinese modified DASH diet plus low-sodium salt (52 % sodium chloride) or same diet plusregular salt (99 % sodium chloride) for eight weeks, respectively. Brachial and ankle pulse wave conduction velocity, ankle brachial index andatherosclerosis-related indices were measured at baseline and week 8. In addition, 24-hour urine and blood samples were measured at baseline,the 4th week and the end of the intervention.Results: as compared with the baseline, the low sodium salt group significantly decreased in ankle brachial index (-0.09 ± 0.11, p < 0.001)and brachial and ankle pulse wave conduction velocity (-133.07 ± 265.99 cm/s, p = 0.010) at week 8 while the normal sodium salt group onlydecreased significantly in ankle brachial index (-0.06 ± 0.12, p = 0.010) at week 8.Conclusion: the low-sodium salt applied to Chinese modified DASH diet may improve arterial stiffness in patients with hypertension and type 2diabetes. Further research with an extended follow-up is needed. (AU)

Antecedentes y propósito: la dieta DASH (del inglés Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) tiene beneficios multifuncionales para la salud.Evaluamos los efectos de una sal baja en sodio aplicada a la versión modificada china de la dieta DASH sobre la rigidez arterial en pacientesmayores con hipertensión y diabetes tipo 2.Métodos: sesenta y un adultos mayores con hipertensión arterial y diabetes tipo 2 fueron asignados al azar al grupo de sal baja en sodio (n= 31) o al grupo de sal con contenido normal de sodio (n = 30). Se les administró la versión china modificada de la dieta DASH más sal bajaen sodio (52 % de cloruro de sodio) o la misma dieta más sal con la cantidad normal de sodio (99 % cloruro de sodio) durante ocho semanas,respectivamente. Se midieron la velocidad de onda de pulso brazo-tobillo, el índice brazo-tobillo y los índices relacionados con la aterosclerosis alinicio del estudio y a la semana 8. Se recogieron muestras de orina y sangre de 24 horas al inicio, a la cuarta semana y al final de la intervención.Resultados: en comparación con el estado inicial, el grupo de sal baja en sodio disminuyó significativamente el índice brazo-tobillo (-0,09 ±0,11, p < 0,001) y la velocidad de onda de pulso brazo-tobillo (-133,07 ± 265,99 cm/s, p = 0,010) en la semana 8, mientras que el grupode sal con contenido normal de sodio solo disminuyó significativamente en el índice brazo-tobillo (-0,06 ± 0,12, p = 0,010) en la semana 8.Conclusión: la sal baja en sodio aplicada a la versión china modificada de la dieta DASH puede mejorar la rigidez arterial en pacientes conhipertensión y diabetes tipo 2. Se necesitan más investigaciones con un seguimiento prolongado. (AU)

Effect of 23 % low-sodium salt applied to Chinese modified DASH diet on cerebrovascular function in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes: a pilot study / Efecto de la sal con un 23 % de sodio aplicada a la dieta china DASH modificada sobre la función cerebrovascular en pacientes con hipertensión y diabetes tipo 2: un estudio piloto

Aim: to investigate the effects of low sodium formula salt combined with the Chinese Modified Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on cerebrovascular function in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Methods: an eight-week single-arm trial was conducted in 66 patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes to investigate effects of low sodium formula salt (potassium chloride 56 %, sodium chloride 23 %, 5 g/day) combined with Chinese Modified DASH diet on cerebrovascular function (measured by transcranial Doppler sonography), indicators of chronic diseases (blood pressure, blood glucose and blood lipids) and urinary excretion. The above indicators were performed before and after intervention. Results: fifty-nine subjects completed the study. Peak systolic velocity, mean flow velocity, end-diastolic velocity, pulsatility index and resistance index of internal cerebral artery and vertebral artery decreased significantly (p < 0.05); pulsatility index and resistance index of anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery decreased significantly (p < 0.05); and end-diastolic velocity and pulsatility index of basilar artery decreasedsignificantly (p < 0.05). Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and postprandial blood glucose decreased significantly (p < 0.001; p < 0.001; p < 0.001; p < 0.001). Blood pressure and blood glucose control rates increased significantly (p < 0.001). Conclusions: based on the study, 23 % low-sodium formula combined with CM-DASH diet pattern can improve cerebrovascular function in community patients with hypertension complicated with diabetes and has a good short-term benefit of blood pressure and glucose control. (AU)

Objetivo: investigar los efectos de una sal baja en sodio combinada con la versión china de la dieta DASH (del inglés Dietary Approaches to StopHypertension) modificada en la función cerebrovascular en pacientes con hipertensión y diabetes tipo 2. Métodos: en 66 pacientes con hipertensión y diabetes tipo 2 se llevó a cabo un ensayo de ocho semanas para investigar los efectos de la sal baja en sodio (cloruro de potasio 56 %, cloruro de sodio 23 %, 5 g/día) combinada con la dieta DASH en su versión china modificada en la función cerebrovascular (medido por sonografía Doppler transcraneal), los indicadores de enfermedades crónicas (presión arterial, glucosa sanguínea y lípidos sanguíneos) y la excreción urinaria. Los indicadores anteriores se midieron antes y después de la intervención. Resultados: cincuenta y nueve sujetos completaron el estudio. La velocidad sistólica máxima, la velocidad media del flujo, la velocidad diastólica final, el índice de pulsatilidad y el índice de resistencia de la arteria cerebral anterior y la arteria vertebral disminuyeron significativamente (p < 0,05); el índice de pulsatilidad y el índice de resistencia de la arteria cerebral anterior y la arteria media disminuyeron significativamente (p < 0,05); y la velocidad diastólica final y el índice de pulsatilidad de la arteria basilar disminuyeron significativamente (p < 0,05). La presión arterial sistémica, la presión arterial diastólica, la glucosa arterial en ayuno y la glucemia posprandial disminuyeron significativamente (p < 0,001, p < 0,001, p < 0,001, p < 0,001). La presión arterial y las tasas de control de glucosa en sangre aumentaron significativamente (p < 0,001). Conclusiones: la fórmula de sal con un 23 % de sodio combinada con la dieta DASH en su versión china modificada puede mejorar la función cerebrovascular en pacientes comunitarios con hipertensión complicada por la diabetes y es beneficiosa a corto plazo para la presión arterial y el control de la glucosa. (AU)

Effect of 23 % low-sodium salt applied to Chinese modified DASH diet on cerebrovascular function in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes: a pilot study.

Introduction: Aim: to investigate the effects of low sodium formula salt combined with the Chinese Modified Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on cerebrovascular function in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Methods: an eight-week single-arm trial was conducted in 66 patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes to investigate effects of low sodium formula salt (potassium chloride 56 %, sodium chloride 23 %, 5 g/day) combined with Chinese Modified DASH diet on cerebrovascular function (measured by transcranial Doppler sonography), indicators of chronic diseases (blood pressure, blood glucose and blood lipids) and urinary excretion. The above indicators were performed before and after intervention. Results: fifty-nine subjects completed the study. Peak systolic velocity, mean flow velocity, end-diastolic velocity, pulsatility index and resistance index of internal cerebral artery and vertebral artery decreased significantly (p < 0.05); pulsatility index and resistance index of anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery decreased significantly (p < 0.05); and end-diastolic velocity and pulsatility index of basilar artery decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and postprandial blood glucose decreased significantly (p < 0.001; p < 0.001; p < 0.001; p < 0.001). Blood pressure and blood glucose control rates increased significantly (p < 0.001). Conclusions: based on the study, 23 % low-sodium formula combined with CM-DASH diet pattern can improve cerebrovascular function in community patients with hypertension complicated with diabetes and has a good short-term benefit of blood pressure and glucose control.

Introducción: Objetivo: investigar los efectos de una sal baja en sodio combinada con la versión china de la dieta DASH (del inglés Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) modificada en la función cerebrovascular en pacientes con hipertensión y diabetes tipo 2. Métodos: en 66 pacientes con hipertensión y diabetes tipo 2 se llevó a cabo un ensayo de ocho semanas para investigar los efectos de la sal baja en sodio (cloruro de potasio 56 %, cloruro de sodio 23 %, 5 g/día) combinada con la dieta DASH en su versión china modificada en la función cerebrovascular (medido por sonografía Doppler transcraneal), los indicadores de enfermedades crónicas (presión arterial, glucosa sanguínea y lípidos sanguíneos) y la excreción urinaria. Los indicadores anteriores se midieron antes y después de la intervención. Resultados: cincuenta y nueve sujetos completaron el estudio. La velocidad sistólica máxima, la velocidad media del flujo, la velocidad diastólica final, el índice de pulsatilidad y el índice de resistencia de la arteria cerebral anterior y la arteria vertebral disminuyeron significativamente (p < 0,05) ; el índice de pulsatilidad y el índice de resistencia de la arteria cerebral anterior y la arteria media disminuyeron significativamente (p < 0,05); y la velocidad diastólica final y el índice de pulsatilidad de la arteria basilar disminuyeron significativamente (p < 0,05). La presión arterial sistémica, la presión arterial diastólica, la glucosa arterial en ayuno y la glucemia posprandial disminuyeron significativamente (p < 0,001, p < 0,001, p < 0,001, p < 0,001). La presión arterial y las tasas de control de glucosa en sangre aumentaron significativamente (p < 0,001). Conclusiones: la fórmula de sal con un 23 % de sodio combinada con la dieta DASH en su versión china modificada puede mejorar la función cerebrovascular en pacientes comunitarios con hipertensión complicada por la diabetes y es beneficiosa a corto plazo para la presión arterial y el control de la glucosa.

Effect of low-sodium salt applied to Chinese modified DASH diet on arterial stiffness in older patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes.

Introduction: Background and purpose: the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet has multifunctional health benefits. We evaluated the effects of low-sodium salt applied to Chinese modified DASH diet on arterial stiffness in older patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Methods: sixty-one older adults with hypertension and type 2 diabetes were randomly allocated to low sodium salt group (n = 31) or normal sodium salt group (n = 30). They were given the Chinese modified DASH diet plus low-sodium salt (52 % sodium chloride) or same diet plus regular salt (99 % sodium chloride) for eight weeks, respectively. Brachial and ankle pulse wave conduction velocity, ankle brachial index and atherosclerosis-related indices were measured at baseline and week 8. In addition, 24-hour urine and blood samples were measured at baseline, the 4th week and the end of the intervention. Results: as compared with the baseline, the low sodium salt group significantly decreased in ankle brachial index (-0.09 ± 0.11, p < 0.001) and brachial and ankle pulse wave conduction velocity (-133.07 ± 265.99 cm/s, p = 0.010) at week 8 while the normal sodium salt group only decreased significantly in ankle brachial index (-0.06 ± 0.12, p = 0.010) at week 8. Conclusion: the low-sodium salt applied to Chinese modified DASH diet may improve arterial stiffness in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Further research with an extended follow-up is needed.

Introducción: Antecedentes y propósito: la dieta DASH (del inglés Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) tiene beneficios multifuncionales para la salud. Evaluamos los efectos de una sal baja en sodio aplicada a la versión modificada china de la dieta DASH sobre la rigidez arterial en pacientes mayores con hipertensión y diabetes tipo 2. Métodos: sesenta y un adultos mayores con hipertensión arterial y diabetes tipo 2 fueron asignados al azar al grupo de sal baja en sodio (n = 31) o al grupo de sal con contenido normal de sodio (n = 30). Se les administró la versión china modificada de la dieta DASH más sal baja en sodio (52 % de cloruro de sodio) o la misma dieta más sal con la cantidad normal de sodio (99 % cloruro de sodio) durante ocho semanas, respectivamente. Se midieron la velocidad de onda de pulso brazo-tobillo, el índice brazo-tobillo y los índices relacionados con la aterosclerosis al inicio del estudio y a la semana 8. Se recogieron muestras de orina y sangre de 24 horas al inicio, a la cuarta semana y al final de la intervención. Resultados: en comparación con el estado inicial, el grupo de sal baja en sodio disminuyó significativamente el índice brazo-tobillo (-0,09 ± 0,11, p < 0,001) y la velocidad de onda de pulso brazo-tobillo (-133,07 ± 265,99 cm/s, p = 0,010) en la semana 8, mientras que el grupo de sal con contenido normal de sodio solo disminuyó significativamente en el índice brazo-tobillo (-0,06 ± 0,12, p = 0,010) en la semana 8. Conclusión: la sal baja en sodio aplicada a la versión china modificada de la dieta DASH puede mejorar la rigidez arterial en pacientes con hipertensión y diabetes tipo 2. Se necesitan más investigaciones con un seguimiento prolongado.

Whole genome sequencing and analysis of Armillaria gallica Jzi34 symbiotic with Gastrodia elata.

BACKGROUND: Armillaria species are plant pathogens, but a few Armillaria species can establish a symbiotic relationship with Gastrodia elata, a rootless and leafless orchid, that is used as a Chinese herbal medicine. Armillaria is a nutrient source for the growth of G. elata. However, there are few reports on the molecular mechanism of symbiosis between Armillaria species and G. elata. The genome sequencing and analysis of Armillaria symbiotic with G. elata would provide genomic information for further studying the molecular mechanism of symbiosis. RESULTS: The de novo genome assembly was performed with the PacBio Sequel platform and Illumina NovaSeq PE150 for the A. gallica Jzi34 strain, which was symbiotic with G. elata. Its genome assembly contained ~ 79.9 Mbp and consisted of 60 contigs with an N50 of 2,535,910 bp. There were only 4.1% repetitive sequences in the genome assembly. Functional annotation analysis revealed a total of 16,280 protein coding genes. Compared with the other five genomes of Armillaria, the carbohydrate enzyme gene family of the genome was significantly contracted, while it had the largest set of glycosyl transferase (GT) genes. It also had an expansion of auxiliary activity enzymes AA3-2 gene subfamily and cytochrome P450 genes. The synteny analysis result of P450 genes reveals that the evolutionary relationship of P450 proteins between A. gallica Jzi34 and other four Armillaria was complex. CONCLUSIONS: These characteristics may be beneficial for establishing a symbiotic relationship with G. elata. These results explore the characteristics of A. gallica Jzi34 from a genomic perspective and provide an important genomic resource for further detailed study of Armillaria. This will help to further study the symbiotic mechanism between A. gallica and G. elata.

Overexpression of tomato glutathione reductase (SlGR) in transgenic tobacco enhances salt tolerance involving the S-nitrosylation of GR.

S-nitrosylation, a post-translational modification (PTM) dependent on nitric oxide, is essential for plant development and environmental responsiveness. However, the function of S-nitrosylation of glutathione reductase (GR) in tomato (SlGR) under NaCl stress is yet uncertain. In this study, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an exogenous NO donor, alleviated the growth inhibition of tomato under NaCl treatment, particularly at 100 µM. Following NaCl treatment, the transcripts, enzyme activity, and S-nitrosylated level of GR were increased. In vitro, the SlGR protein was able to be S-nitrosylated by S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), significantly increasing the activity of GR. SlGR overexpression transgenic tobacco plants exhibited enhanced germination rate, fresh weight, and increased root length in comparison to wild-type (WT) seedlings. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was lower, whereas the expression and activities of GR, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT); the ratio of ascorbic acid/dehydroascorbic acid (AsA/DHA), reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG), total soluble sugar and proline contents; and the expression of stress-related genes were higher in SlGR overexpression transgenic plants in comparison to the WT plants following NaCl treatment. The accumulation of NO and S-nitrosylated levels of GR in transgenic plants was higher in comparison to WT plants following NaCl treatment. These results indicated that S-nitrosylation of GR played a significant role in salt tolerance by regulating the oxidative state.

Transcriptome analysis reveals the regulatory mode by which NAA promotes the growth of Armillaria gallica.

A symbiotic relationship is observed between Armillaria and the Chinese herbal medicine Gastrodia elata (G. elata). Armillaria is a nutrient source for the growth of G. elata, and its nutrient metabolism efficiency affects the growth and development of G. elata. Auxin has been reported to stimulate Armillaria species, but the molecular mechanism remains unknown. We found that naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) can also promote the growth of A. gallica. Moreover, we identified a total of 2071 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by analyzing the transcriptome sequencing data of A. gallica at 5 and 10 hour of NAA treatment. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses showed that these unigenes were significantly enriched in the metabolism pathways of arginine, proline, propanoate, phenylalanine and tryptophan. The expression levels of the general amino acid permease (Gap), ammonium transporter (AMT), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), glutamine synthetase (GS), Zn(II) 2Cys6 and C2H2 transcription factor genes were upregulated. Our transcriptome analysis showed that the amino acid and nitrogen metabolism pathways in Armillaria were rapidly induced within hours after NAA treatment. These results provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms by which NAA promotes the growth of Armillaria species.

Effect of 52 % low-sodium salt applied to CM-DASH Diet on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risks in patients with hypertension and type-2 diabetes.

Introduction: Introduction: hypertension and diabetes are chronic disorders associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Objectives: to evaluate the effect of 52 % low-sodium salt applied to the Chinese-modified DASH (CM-DASH) diet on risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in patients with hypertension and type-2 diabetes. Methods: the low-sodium salt group (LSSG) took 5 g/day of 52 % low-sodium salt plus CM-DASH diet for 8 weeks, while the normal-sodium salt group (NSSG) took the same dose of normal-sodium salt plus CM-DASH diet for 8 weeks. Blood tests, 24-hour urine tests, anthropometric measurements, and 10-year risk of ASCVD prediction were assessed. Results: compared with baseline, both LSSG and NSSG showed a significant reduction in 10-year risk of ASCVD, but we did not find any statistically significant differences in 10-year risk of ASCVD between LSSG and NSSG. Conclusions: our study shows that salt limits and DASH diets reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease whereas low-sodium salt containing 52 % sodium chloride did not significantly lower the risk of cardiovascular disease when compared to regular salt. Due to the limitations of the research, additional studies will be necessary to confirm our findings.

Introducción: Introducción: la hipertensión y la diabetes son trastornos crónicos asociados a un mayor riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular. Objetivos: evaluar el efecto de la sal baja en sodio (52 %) aplicada a la dieta DASH modificada en China (CM-DASH) sobre los riesgos de enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica (ECA) en pacientes con hipertensión arterial y diabetes de tipo 2. Métodos: el grupo de sal baja en sodio (LSSG) tomó 5 g/día de sal baja en sodio al 52 % más dieta CM-DASH durante 8 semanas, mientras que el grupo de sal normal en sodio (NSSG) tomó la misma dosis de sal normal en sodio más dieta CM-DASH durante 8 semanas. Se evaluaron los análisis de sangre, los análisis de orina de 24 horas, las mediciones antropométricas y los riesgos de predicción de ECVA a 10 años. Resultados: en comparación con el valor basal, tanto el LSSG como el NSSG mostraron una reducción significativa de los riesgos a 10 años de ECVA, mientras que no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los riesgos a 10 años de ECVA entre el LSSG y el NSSG. Conclusiones: nuestro estudio muestra que los límites de sal y las dietas DASH reducen el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular mientras que la sal baja en sodio con un 52 % de cloruro sódico no redujo significativamente el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular en comparación con la sal normal. Debido a las limitaciones de la investigación, serán necesarios estudios adicionales para confirmar nuestros hallazgos.

Highly Efficient Biotransformation of Phenolic Glycosides Using a Recombinant ß-Glucosidase From White Rot Fungus Trametes trogii.

Phenolic glycosides are the important bioactive molecules, and their bioavailability can be influenced by enzyme hydrolysis, such as ß-glucosidases (EC3.2.1.21) and other glycosyl hydrolases (GHs). Wood rotting fungi possess a superfamily of GHs, but little attention has been paid to the GHs and their potential applications in biotransformation of phenolic glycosides. In this study, two GH3 gene family members of Trametes trogii S0301, mainly expressed in the carbon sources conversion stage were cloned, and TtBgl3 coded by T_trogii_12914 showed ß-glucosidase activity toward 4-nitrophenyl ß-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG). The recombinant TtBgl3 preferred an intermediately neutral optimum pH with >80% of the maximum activity at pH 5.0-7.0 and was stable at a wide range of pH (5.0-10.0). Phenolic glycosides transformation experiments showed that TtBgl3 was a dual-activity enzyme with both activities of aryl-ß-D-glucosidase and ß-glucuronidase, and could hydrolyze the ß-glucoside/glucuronide bond of phenolic glycosides. Under optimized conditions, the recombinant TtBgl3 had much higher transformation efficiency toward the ß-glucoside bond of gastrodin, esculin and daidzin than ß-glucuronide bond of baicalin, with the transformation rate of 100 and 50%, respectively. Our homology modeling, molecular docking, and mutational analysis demonstrated that His85 and Lys467 in the acceptor-binding pocket of TtBgl3 were the potential active sites. The point mutation of His85 and Lys467 leads to the significantly impaired catalytic activity toward pNPG and also the weak transformation efficiency toward gastrodin. These findings provide insights for the identification of novel GH3 ß-glucosidases from T. trogii and other wood-rotting fungi. Furthermore, TtBgl3 might be applied as green and efficient biological catalysts in the deglycosylation of diverse phenolics to produce bioactive glycosides for drug discovery in the future.

Effect of sodium reduction based on the DASH diet on blood pressure in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes.

Introduction: Objectives: to evaluate the effect of sodium reduction based on a modified DASH diet on blood pressure in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes. Material and methods: sixty-one hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes were selected from the community and randomly allocated to a common salt group and low sodium salt group receiving the 8-week dietary intervention, in which weeks 1-2 was the dietary guidance phase, weeks 3-4 was the centralized feeding phase, and weeks 5-8 was the home medical care phase. Participants were followed up in the hospital once a week to collect information on outpatient blood pressure, salt, and drug use. Physical examinations were conducted at 4 weeks and the end of the intervention, as well as at baseline. Results: after the intervention, the blood pressure of both the low sodium group (SBP: -14.32 mmHg, p < 0.001; DBP: -6.32mmHg, p < 0.001) and the common salt group (SBP: -10.98 mmHg, p < 0.001; DBP: -5.24 mmHg, p = 0.001) decreased significantly with a more pronounced decrease in the low sodium group but no statistically significant differences between the two groups (SBP: -0.28 mmHg, p = 0.929; DBP: -3.32 mmHg, p = 0.093). At the end of the intervention, sodium intake was significantly decreased, but potassium intake was increased in the low sodium group (p < 0.05); however, the common salt group had no significant change. Conclusion: reducing sodium intake based on the modified DASH diet had a good effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes. Sodium reduction based on the modified DASH diet is safe and effective, and can be used as a guide for healthy living in hypertensive patients.

Introducción: Objetivos: evaluar el efecto de la reducción de sodio basada en una dieta DASH modificada sobre la presión arterial en pacientes hipertensos con diabetes de tipo 2. Material y métodos: sesenta y un pacientes hipertensos con diabetes de tipo 2 fueron seleccionados de la comunidad y asignados aleatoriamente a un grupo de sal común y un grupo de sal baja en sodio, que recibieron una intervención dietética de 8 semanas en la que las semanas 1-2 fueron la fase de orientación dietética, las semanas 3-4 fueron la fase de alimentación centralizada, y las semanas 5-8 fueron la fase de atención médica domiciliaria. Los participantes fueron seguidos en el hospital una vez por semana para recopilar información sobre la presión arterial, la sal y el uso de drogas en pacientes ambulatorios. Los exámenes físicos se realizaron a las 4 semanas y al final de la intervención, así como al inicio del estudio. Resultados: después de la intervención, la presión arterial tanto del grupo bajo en sodio (PAS: -14,32 mmHg, p < 0,001; PAD: -6,32 mmHg, p < 0,001) como del grupo de sal común (PAS: -10,98 mmHg, p < 0,001; PAD: -5,24 mmHg, p = 0,001) disminuyó significativamente con una disminución más pronunciada en el grupo bajo en sodio pero sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los dos grupos (PAS: -0,28 mmHg, p = 0,929; PAD: -3,32 mmHg, p = 0,093). Al final de la intervención, la ingesta de sodio disminuyó significativamente, pero la ingesta de potasio aumentó en el grupo bajo en sodio (p < 0,05); sin embargo, el grupo de la sal común no tuvo cambios significativos. Conclusión: la reducción de la ingesta de sodio basada en la dieta DASH modificada tuvo un buen efecto sobre la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica en pacientes hipertensos con diabetes de tipo 2. La reducción de sodio basada en la dieta DASH modificada es segura y eficaz, por lo que puede utilizarse como guía para una vida saludable en pacientes hipertensos.

Overexpression of tomato thioredoxin h (SlTrxh) enhances excess nitrate stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco interacting with SlPrx protein.

The thioredoxin (Trx) system plays a vital function in cellular antioxidative defense. However, little is known about Trx in tomato under excess nitrate. In this study, we isolated the tomato gene encoding h-type Trx gene (SlTrxh). The mRNA transcript of SlTrxh in roots and leaves of tomato was induced incrementally under excess nitrate for 24 h. Subcellular localization showed that SlTrxh might localize in the cytoplasm, nucleus and plasma membrane. Enzymatic activity characterization revealed that SlTrxh protein possesses the disulfide reductase function and Cysteine (Cys) 54 is important for its activity. Overexpressing SlTrxh in tobacco resulted in increasing seed germination rate, root length and decreasing H2O2 and O2- accumulation, compared with the wild type (WT) tobacco under nitrate stress. While overexpressing SlTrxhC54S (Cysteine 54 mutated to Serine) in tobacco showed decreased germination rate and root length compared with the WT after nitrate treatment. After nitrate stress treatment, SlTrxh overexpressing transgenic tobacco plants have lower malonaldehyde (MDA), H2O2 contents and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) accumulation, and higher mRNA transcript level of NtP5CS, NtDREB2, higher ratio of ASA/DHA and GSH/GSSG, higher activities of ascorbate peroxidase and NADP thioredoxin reductase. Besides, SlTrxh overexpressing plants showed higher tolerance to Methyl Viologen (MV) in the seed germination and seedling stage. The yeast two-hybrid, pull-down, Co-immunoprecipitation and Bimolecular luciferase complementation assay confirmed that SlTrxh physically interacted with tomato peroxiredoxin (SlPrx). These results suggest that SlTrxh contributes to maintaining ROS homeostasis under excess nitrate stress interacting with SlPrx and Cys54 is important for its enzyme activity.

The Manganese Peroxidase Gene Family of Trametes trogii: Gene Identification and Expression Patterns Using Various Metal Ions under Different Culture Conditions.

Manganese peroxidases (MnPs), gene family members of white-rot fungi, are necessary extracellular enzymes that degrade lignocellulose and xenobiotic aromatic pollutants. However, very little is known about the diversity and expression patterns of the MnP gene family in white-rot fungi, especially in contrast to laccases. Here, the gene and protein sequences of eight unique MnP genes of T. trogii S0301 were characterized. Based on the characteristics of gene sequence, all TtMnPs here belong to short-type hybrid MnP (type I) with an average protein length of 363 amino acids, 5-6 introns, and the presence of conserved cysteine residues. Furthermore, analysis of MnP activity showed that metal ions (Mn2+ and Cu2+) and static liquid culture significantly influenced MnP activity. A maximum MnP activity (>14.0 U/mL) toward 2,6-DMP was observed in static liquid culture after the addition of Mn2+ (1 mM) or Cu2+ (0.2 or 2 mM). Moreover, qPCR analysis showed that Mn2+ obviously upregulated the Group I MnP subfamily (T_trogii_09901, 09904, 09903, and 09906), while Cu2+ and H2O2, along with changing temperatures, mainly induced the Group II MnP subfamily (T_trogii_11984, 11971, 11985, and 11983), suggesting diverse functions of fungal MnPs in growth and development, stress response, etc. Our studies here systematically analyzed the gene structure, expression, and regulation of the TtMnP gene family in T. trogii, one of the important lignocellulose-degrading fungi, and these results extended our understanding of the diversity of the MnP gene family and helped to improve MnP production and appilications of Trametes strains and other white-rot fungi.

The interaction of MYB, bHLH and WD40 transcription factors in red pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) peel.

KEY MESSAGE: Sunlight enhanced peel color and significantly up-regulated the expression of PyMYB10 and PybHLH genes. MYB-bHLH-WD40 transcriptional complex forms in the light and is involved in regulating anthocyanin accumulation in the peel. Anthocyanin is the major pigment in the peel of Yunnan red pear (Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.) Nak.). A transcriptional activation protein complex, involving members of the transcription factor classes of MYB, bHLH and WD40, regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis. This complex was examined in the peel of red pear. In order to clarify the interaction of PyMYB10, PybHLH and PyWD40, fruit were bagged then peel samples collected 0, 3, 5, and 7 days after bag removal. Samples were used for Western blotting and protein interaction analysis. The results showed that sunlight enhanced peel color and significantly up-regulated the expression of both PyMYB10 and PybHLH genes. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) analysis showed that PybHLH interacted with PyMYB10 or PyWD40, and PyMYB10 interacted with PyWD40. Using onion cells as a model system, bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) confirmed these interactions and showed that the interaction localized to the nuclei. GST Pull down and Far-Western blotting assays demonstrated that PybHLH interacted with PyMYB10 or PyWD40, respectively, and PyMYB10 interacted with PyWD40 in vitro. In addition, EMSA assay showed that PyMYB10 can directly bind to the promoter of the gene encoding the anthocyanin biosynthesis enzyme anthocyanidin synthase (PyANS). Taken together, these results showed that the ternary complex of PyMYB10, PybHLH and PyWD40 transcription factors forms to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation in Yunnan red pear.

Alternative Splicing of Heat Shock Transcription Factor 2 Regulates the Expression of Laccase Gene Family in Response to Copper in Trametes trogii.

White-rot fungi, especially Trametes strains, are the primary source of industrial laccases in bioenergy and bioremediation. Trametes strains express members of the laccase gene family with different physicochemical properties and expression patterns. However, the literature on the expression pattern of the laccase gene family in T. trogii S0301 and the response mechanism to Cu2+, a key laccase inducer, in white-rot fungal strains is scarce. In the present study, we found that Cu2+ could induce the mRNAs and proteins of the two alternative splicing variants of heat shock transcription factor 2 (TtHSF2). Furthermore, the overexpression of alternative splicing variants TtHSF2α and TtHSF2ß-I in the homokaryotic T. trogii S0301 strain showed opposite effects on the extracellular total laccase activity, with the maximum laccase activity of approximately 0.6 U mL-1 and 3.0 U mL-1, respectively, on the eighth day, which is 0.4 and 2.3 times that of the wild type strain. Similarly, TtHSF2α and TtHSF2ß-I play opposite roles in the oxidation tolerance to H2O2 In addition, the direct binding of TtHSF2α to the promoter regions of the representative laccase isoenzymes (TtLac1 and TtLac13) and protein-protein interactions between TtHSF2α and TtHSF2ß-I were detected. Our results demonstrate the crucial roles of TtHSF2 and its alternative splicing variants in response to Cu2+ We believe that these findings will deepen our understanding of alternative splicing of HSFs and their regulatory mechanism of the laccase gene family in white-rot fungi.Importance The members of laccase gene family in Trametes strains are the primary source of industrial laccase and have gained widespread attention. Increasing the yield and enzymatic properties of laccase through various methods has always been a topic worthy of attention, and there is no report on the regulation of laccase expression through HSF transcription factor engineering. Here, we found that two alternative splicing variants of TtHSF2 functioned oppositely in regulating the expression of laccase genes, and copper can induce the expression of almost all members of the laccase gene family. Most importantly, our study suggested that TtHSF2 and its alternative splicing variants are vital for copper-induced production of laccases in T. trogii S0301.

Comparative analysis of visit and home blood pressure in a pilot trial on the effect of 18% sodium substitute salt on blood pressure.

Aim to compare the home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) and visit blood pressure monitoring in a clinical phase I single-arm pilot trial. The 18% sodium substitute salt was used in 43 hypertensives for 8 weeks, and visited once a week, while weekly visit blood (VBP) pressure, daily home blood pressure (HBP) and urine test results before and after intervention were collected. 43 hypertensive patients were recruited, 4 were lost. And enrolled 39 patients for analysis. The VBP were lower than morning HBP and night HBP (P < 0.05). And VBP was good correlated with morning BP (SBP: r = 0.692, P < 0.001, DBP: r = 0.789, P < 0.001) and night BP (SBP: r = 0.571, P < 0.001, DBP: r = 0.738, P < 0.001). The results of mixed linear model analysis showed that patients' visit SBP (- 11.4 mmHg, 95% CI: - 17.0 to - 5.7, P < 0.001), morning home SBP (- 10.0 mmHg, 95% CI: - 16.4 to - 3.6, P = 0.003) and night home SBP (- 10.2 mmHg, 95% CI: - 15.8 to - 4.6, P = 0.001) decreased significantly, after intervention. Both HBP and VBP showed that 18% substitute salt intervention could decrease the blood pressure of hypertensives. Medication led to VBP lower than HBP, but the two still had a good correlation.Trial registration: NCT03226327. Registered 21 July 2017-Retrospectively registered, http://www.clinicaltrials.gov .

The Arabidopsis transcription factor LBD15 mediates ABA signaling and tolerance of water-deficit stress by regulating ABI4 expression.

To survive, sessile plants must adapt to grow and develop when facing water-deficit stress. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying fine-tuning of the antagonistic action between stress response and growth remain to be determined. Here, plants overexpressing Lateral Organ Boundaries Domain 15 (LBD15) showed abscisic acid (ABA) hypersensitivity and tolerance of water-deficit stress, whereas the loss-of-function mutant lbd15 presented decreased sensitivity to ABA and increased sensitivity to water-deficit stress. Further analysis revealed that LBD15 directly binds to the promoter of the ABA signaling pathway gene ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE4 (ABI4) to activate its expression, thereby forming an LBD15-ABI4 cascade to optimally regulate ABA signaling-mediated plant growth and tolerance of water-deficit stress. In addition, drought stress-induced ABA signaling promoted LBD15 expression, which directly activates expression of ABI4 to close stomata. As a result, water loss is reduced, and then water-deficit stress tolerance is increased. The results of this study reveal a molecular mechanism by which LBD15 coordinates and balances plant growth and resistance to water-deficit stress.

A Thermo-Active Laccase Isoenzyme From Trametes trogii and Its Potential for Dye Decolorization at High Temperature.

A thermo-activation and thermostable laccase isoenzyme (Lac 37 II) produced by Trametes trogii S0301 at 37°C was purified to apparent homogeneity by anionic exchange chromatography and sephadex G-75 chromatography, with 12.3% of yeiled and a specific activity of 343.1 U mg-1. The molecular weight of the purified Lac 37 II was estimated to be approximately 56 kDa in 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The optimal pH and temperature for the protein was 2.7 and 60°C, respectively. The purified Lac 37 II showed higher resistance to all tested metal ions and organic solvents except for Fe2+ and Cd2+ at 37°C and the activity of the purified Lac 37 was significantly enhanced by Cu2+ at 50 mM. The K cat , K m , and K cat /K m of Lac 37 II were 2.977 s-1, 16.1 µM, and 184.9 s-1 µM-1, respecively, in the condition of pH 2.7 and 60°C using ABTS as a substrate. Peptide-mass fingerprinting analysis showed that the Lac 37 II matched to the gene-deduced sequences of lcc3 in T. trogii BAFC 463, other than Lcc1, Lcc 2, and Lcc 4. Compared with laccase prepared at 28°C, the onset of thermo-activation of Lac 37 II activity occurred at 30°C with an increase of 10%, and reached its maximum at the temperatures range of 40-60°C with an increase of about 40% of their original activity. Furthermore, Lac 37 II showed the efficient decolorization ability toward triphenylmethane dyes at 60°C, with decolorization rates of 100 and 99.1% for 25 mg L-1 malachite and crystal violet in 5 h, respectively, when hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT) was used as a mediator. In conclusion, it is the first time to report a thermo-activation laccase from a thermophilic T. trogii strain, which has a better enzyme property and higher decolorization ability among fungal laccases, and it also has a further application prospective in the field of biotechnology.

Transcranial direct current stimulation reduces seizure frequency in patients with refractory focal epilepsy: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled, and three-arm parallel multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been explored in epilepsy with limited samples, varied parameters, and inconclusive results. We aimed to study the efficacy of tDCS for patients with refractory focal epilepsy. METHOD: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled, and three-arm (Group 1 (sham), Group 2 (20-min), and Group 3 (2 × 20-min)) tDCS parallel multicenter study. The primary outcome measurement was seizure frequencies (SFs). The study consisted of 28-days baseline, 14-days treatment, and 56-days follow-up. The cathode was placed over the epileptogenic focus, and the current intensity was 2 mA. The generalized estimating equations model, one-way analysis of variance, chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for analysis. RESULTS: Of the 82 enrolled patients, 70 patients were included for final analysis (Group 1, n = 21; Group 2, n = 24; and Group 3, n = 25). There was a significant reduction in SFs for both active tDCS groups compared with the sham group. Patients in Group 2 showed a significantly 50.73-21.91% greater reduction in SFs that lasted for 4 weeks (p = 0.008-0.060). Patients in Group 3 showed a significantly 63.19-49.79% greater reduction in SFs compared with the sham group that lasted for 5 weeks (p = 0.011-0.045). Patients in Group 3 had a 64.98-66.32% greater reduction in SFs at W9-W10, when compared with Group 2 (p = 0.021-0.022). CONCLUSION: Fourteen consecutive days tDCS significantly decreased SFs in patients with refractory focal epilepsy, with 2 × 20-min daily stimulation protocol being superior to 20-min daily stimulation protocol.

Lignin degradation potential and draft genome sequence of Trametes trogii S0301.

BACKGROUND: Trametes trogii is a member of the white-rot fungi family, which has a unique ability to break down recalcitrant lignin polymers to CO2 and water, and they have enormous potential to biodegrade a wide range of toxic environmental pollutants. Because of its industrial potential, the identification of lignin-degrading enzyme systems in Trametes is an important area of research. Development and utilization of industrial value genes are suffering due to deficiency knowledge of genome available for their manipulation. RESULTS: In the present study, Homokaryotic strains of T. trogii S0301 were screened and sequencing by PacBio Sequel II platform. The final draft genome is ~ 39.88 Mb, with a contig N50 size of 2.4 Mb, this was the first genome sequencing and assembly of T. trogii species. Further analyses predicted 14,508 protein-coding genes. Results showed that T. trogii S0301 contains 602 genes encoding CAZymes, include 211 glycoside hydrolase and 117 lignin-degrading family genes, nine laccases related genes. Small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (18S rRNA) sequencing confirms its phylogenetic position. Moreover, T. trogii S0301 has the largest number of cytochromes P450 (CYPs) superfamily genes compare to other fungi. All these results are consistent with enzymatic assays and transcriptome analysis results. We also analyzed other genome characteristics in the T. trogii S0301genome. CONCLUSION: Here, we present a nearly complete genome for T. trogii S0301, which will help elucidate the biosynthetic pathways of the lignin-degrading enzyme, advancing the discovery, characterization, and modification of novel enzymes from this genus. This genome sequence will provide a valuable reference for the investigation of lignin degradation in the Trametes genus.