Whole genome amplification using single-primer PCR.

Comprehensive genomic molecular analyses require relatively large DNA amounts that are often not available from forensic, clinical and other crucial biological samples. Numerous methods to amplify the whole genome have been proposed for cancer, forensic and taxonomic research. Unfortunately, when using truly random primers for the initial priming step, all of these procedures suffer from high background problems for sub-nanogram quantities of input DNA. Here we report an approach to eliminate this problem for PCR-based methods even at levels of DNA approaching that of a single cell.

Somatodendritic microRNAs identified by laser capture and multiplex RT-PCR.

The catalog of RNAs present in dendrites represents the complete repertoire of local translation that contributes to synaptic plasticity. Most views hold that a pool of dendritic mRNAs is selectively transported to a dendritic destination. This view requires that some mRNAs in the dendrite are locally enriched relative to the cell body; however, quantitative comparisons that would support this assumption do not currently exist. These issues related to somatodendritic distribution of mRNAs also apply to the microRNAs, approximately 21 nucleotide noncoding transcripts that bind to target mRNAs and either inhibit their translation or destabilize them. We combined laser capture with multiplex real-time RT (reverse transcription) PCR to quantify microRNAs in the neuritic and somatic compartments separately. The samples were standardized by RT-PCR measurements of a set of mRNAs, including known dendritic mRNAs, in these two compartments. Most neuronal miRNAs were detected in dendrites. With a few notable exceptions, most miRNAs were distributed through the somatodendritic compartment across a nearly constant gradient. Thus for lower-abundance miRNAs, the total neuronal concentration of the miRNA can remain readily detectable in the cell body but vanish from the dendrite. A very small number of miRNAs deviate from the distribution gradient across the miRNA population as relatively enriched or depleted in the dendrite.

Real time PCR profiling of 330 human micro-RNAs.

The small size of miRNAs makes profiling of all the 462 known human miRNAs difficult using single cell samples. Recently, we showed that judicious sequence partitioning between RT primers and second strand synthesis primers permitted multiplexed RT-PCR amplification of miRNA in very small samples to allow individual real time PCR quantification. Here, we show that zip coding the primers and TaqMan probes with sequences specific to each miRNA greatly improves reaction specificity, which permits the profiling of all miRNAs in a single multiplexed RT-PCR reaction.

Multiplexing RT-PCR for the detection of multiple miRNA species in small samples.

MicroRNAs are short (approximately 22 nucleotides), non-coding RNAs that play critical roles in gene regulation and may be used as rapid precise diagnostic indicators of early stages of cancer. The small size of these RNAs makes detection of multiple microRNA species in very small samples problematic. Here we investigate the parameters associated with multiplexing RT-PCR to obtain relative abundance profiles of multiple microRNAs in small sample sizes down to the amount of RNA found in a single cell.

Real-time quantification of microRNAs by stem-loop RT-PCR.

A novel microRNA (miRNA) quantification method has been developed using stem-loop RT followed by TaqMan PCR analysis. Stem-loop RT primers are better than conventional ones in terms of RT efficiency and specificity. TaqMan miRNA assays are specific for mature miRNAs and discriminate among related miRNAs that differ by as little as one nucleotide. Furthermore, they are not affected by genomic DNA contamination. Precise quantification is achieved routinely with as little as 25 pg of total RNA for most miRNAs. In fact, the high sensitivity, specificity and precision of this method allows for direct analysis of a single cell without nucleic acid purification. Like standard TaqMan gene expression assays, TaqMan miRNA assays exhibit a dynamic range of seven orders of magnitude. Quantification of five miRNAs in seven mouse tissues showed variation from less than 10 to more than 30,000 copies per cell. This method enables fast, accurate and sensitive miRNA expression profiling and can identify and monitor potential biomarkers specific to tissues or diseases. Stem-loop RT-PCR can be used for the quantification of other small RNA molecules such as short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Furthermore, the concept of stem-loop RT primer design could be applied in small RNA cloning and multiplex assays for better specificity and efficiency.