ABSTRACT
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common benign disease of the prostate gland and is caused by benign hyperplasia of the smooth muscle cells and stromal cells in this important gland. BPH is also the most common disease underlying lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). The incidence of BPH increases with age and affects more than half of all men 50 years or older. BPH mainly exerts effects on urinary function and can seriously reduce a patient's quality of life. At present, treatment for BPH aims primarily to improve the quality of life and reduce the risk of BPH-related complications. Pharmacological therapy is recommended for moderate-to-severe cases of LUTS that are suggestive of BPH. A range of drugs is currently available to treat this condition, including α1-adrenoceptor antagonists, 5α-reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs), phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is), muscarinic receptor antagonists (MRAs), ß3-adrenoceptor agonists, and plant extracts. Of these, the most commonly used drugs in the clinic are α1-adrenoceptor antagonists, 5-ARIs, and combination therapy. However, these drugs exert their effects via various mechanisms and are associated with adverse reactions. The purpose of this review is to provide current comprehensive perspectives on the mechanisms of action, efficacy, and adverse reactions associated with the drugs most commonly used for the treatment of BPH.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the expression and clinical significance of late endosomal/lysosomal adaptor,mitogen-activated protein kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin activator 3(LAMTOR3)in bladder carcinoma.Methods Oncomine and Expression Atlas were used to extract the useful mining gene chip database for analyzing the expression of LAMTOR3 in bladder carcinoma tissues and cell lines,and the correlation of LAMTOR3 with the clinicopathological features were analyzed.RT-PCR,Western blot,and immunohistochemistry were performed to detect the expression of LAMTOR3 in bladder carcinoma cell lines,specimens,and adjacent normal tissues for verifying the results exploited from the above databases.Results The Expression Atlas showed that LAMTOR3 had high expressions in Hs172.T,HT-1376,RT4,JMSU-1,and T24 cell lines among 20 bladder carcinoma cell lines,among which the LAMTOR3 expression was different.Oncomine reported that LAMTOR3 expression in bladder carcinoma,including invasive(t=2.857,P=0.005)and non-invasive carcinoma(t=3.105,P=0.003),was significantly higher than that in adjacent normal tissues.The expression of LAMTOR3 was positively correlated with pathological grade(P<0.05).The expressions of LAMTOR3 mRNA in bladder carcinoma cell lines,including UMUC3(t=10.84,P=0.0084),J82(t=21.75,P=0.0021),5637(t=45.88,P=0.0005),and T24(t=87.58,P=0.0001)were significantly higher than that in normal bladder cell line SV-HUC-1,while its expression in bladder carcinoma tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent normal tissues(P<0.05),so was its protein level in tissues(P<0.05).Immunohistochemistry showed that LAMTOR3 protein was over-expressed in bladder carcinoma tissues;its level in invasive carcinoma tissues was higher than that in no-invasive carcinoma tissues and was related closely with the clinical stages(χ 2=9.189,P=0.002),pathological grades(χ 2=4.746,P=0.029),and lymphatic metastasis(χ 2=6.210,P=0.013)but had no significant correlation to sex(χ 2=0.965,P=0.326),age(χ 2=2.126,P=0.145),and distant metastasis(χ 2=1.261,P=0.261).Conclusion LAMTOR3 is highly expressed in bladder carcinoma cell lines and tissues and plays a key role in the development and progression of bladder carcinoma.
