A randomised controlled trial of the non-inferiority of erector spinae plane block vs. thoracic paravertebral block for laparoscopic nephro-ureterectomy.

Erector spinae plane block and paravertebral block can provide analgesia for abdominal surgery. It is unclear whether erector spinae block is inferior to paravertebral block. We aimed to determine whether sufentanil dose and pain intensity (11-point scale) to 24 h after erector spinae block exceeded those after paravertebral block by no more than 5 µg and 1 point, respectively. We randomly allocated 166 adults to 0.4 ml.kg-1 ropivacaine 0.375% before scheduled laparoscopic nephroureterectomy, 83 each to erector spinae or paravertebral injection. We measured incision pain and intra-abdominal pain at rest and on movement 0.5 h, 2 h, 6 h, 18 h, 24 h and 48 h after surgery. Median (IQR [range]) cumulative sufentanil dose after erector spinae block was 15 (5-30 [0-105]) µg vs. 20 (10-50 [0-145]) µg after paravertebral block, median (95%CI) difference 5 µg (0-10), erector spinae non-inferiority p < 0.001. Median (IQR [range]) pain were 1.5 (1.0-2.0 [0.0-5.3]) after erector spinae block vs. 2.0 (1.0-2.5 [0.0-6.0]) after paravertebral block, median (95% CI) difference 0.3 (0.0-0.5), erector spinae non-inferiority p < 0.001. Adverse events did not differ between groups. Erector spinae block analgesia was not inferior to paravertebral block analgesia after laparoscopic nephroureterectomy.

Near-GeV Electron Beams at a Few Per-Mille Level from a Laser Wakefield Accelerator via Density-Tailored Plasma.

A simple, efficient scheme was developed to obtain near-gigaelectronvolt electron beams with energy spreads of few per-mille level in a single-stage laser wakefield accelerator. Longitudinal plasma density was tailored to control relativistic laser-beam evolution, resulting in injection, dechirping, and a quasi-phase-stable acceleration. With this scheme, electron beams with peak energies of 780-840 MeV, rms energy spreads of 2.4‰-4.1‰, charges of 8.5-23.6 pC, and rms divergences of 0.1-0.4 mrad were experimentally obtained. Quasi-three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations agreed well with the experimental results. The dechirping strength was estimated to reach up to 11 TeV/mm/m, which is higher than previously obtained results. Such high-quality electron beams will boost the development of compact intense coherent radiation sources and x-ray free-electron lasers.

MiR-126 facilitates apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma rats via VEGF-Notch signaling pathway.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the effect of micro ribonucleic acid (miR)-126 on the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma rats via the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-Notch signaling pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 36 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups, including normal group (n=12), model group (n=12) and miR-126 antagomir group (n=12). Rats in normal group did not receive any treatment. In model group and miR-126 antagomir group, the rats were used to establish glaucoma models and intervened with normal saline and miR-126 antagomir, respectively. Intraocular pressure was detected at the completion of modeling and the last intervention, at 7 days after which samples were taken. Western blotting was adopted to detect the relative protein expressions of Notch1 and Notch2. The content of VEGF was examined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was carried out to detect the messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of VEGF, Notch1 and Notch2. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was performed to detect cell apoptosis. RESULTS: After modeling, intraocular pressure in model group and miR-126 antagomir group was significantly higher than that in normal group (p<0.05). At the end of the intervention, intraocular pressure in miR-126 antagomir group was notably lower than that in model group (p<0.05). VEGF content in model group and miR-126 antagomir group was notably higher than that in normal group (p<0.05). However, it was markedly lower in miR-126 antagomir group than model group (p<0.05). Model group exhibited remarkably higher protein expressions of Notch1 and Notch2 than normal group (p<0.05). However, the protein expressions of Notch1 and Notch2 in miR-126 antagomir group were evidently reduced (p<0.05). Besides, the mRNA expressions of VEGF, Notch1 and Notch2 in model group were significantly higher than those in normal group (p<0.05). However, they were significantly lower in miR-126 antagomir group than those in model group (p<0.05). Furthermore, the apoptosis rate in model group was distinctly higher than that in normal group (p<0.05). However, it was notably lower in miR-126 antagomir group than model group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: MiR-126 facilitates the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma rats by promoting the VEGF-Notch signaling pathway.

Single-scan, dual-functional interferometer for fast spatio-temporal characterization of few-cycle pulses.

Accurate and fast characterization of spatio-temporal information of high-intensity, ultrashort pulses is crucial in the field of strong-field laser science and technology. While conventional self-referenced interferometers were widely used to retrieve the spatial profile of the relative spectral phase of pulses, additional measurements of temporal and spectral information at a particular position of the laser beam, however, were necessary to remove the indeterminacy, which increases the system complexity. Here we report an advanced, dual-functional interferometer that is able to reconstruct the complete spatio-temporal information of ultrashort pulses with a single scan of the interferometer arm. The setup integrates an interferometric frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) with a radial shearing Michelson interferometer. Through scanning one arm of the interferometer, both the cross-correlated FROG trace at the central part of the laser beam and the delay-dependent interferograms of the entire laser profile are simultaneously obtained, allowing a fast three-dimensional reconstruction of few-cycle laser pulses.

Hollow Plasma Acceleration Driven by a Relativistic Reflected Hollow Laser.

In order to address the present difficulty in experimentally generating the relativistic Laguerre-Gaussian laser, primarily due to damage caused to optical modulators, a high-reflectivity phase mirror is applied in the femtosecond petawatt laser system to generate a relativistic hollow laser at the highest intensity of 6.3×10^{19} W/cm^{2} for the first time. A simple optical model is used to verify that the vortex laser may be generated in this new scheme; using such a relativistic vortex laser, the hollow plasma drill and acceleration are achieved experimentally and proven by particle-in-cell simulations. With the development of the petawatt laser, this scheme opens up possibilities for the convenient production of the relativistic hollow laser at high repetition and possible hollow plasma acceleration, which is important for a wide range of applications such as the generation of radiation sources with orbital angular momentum, fast ignition for inertial confinement fusion, and jet research in the astrophysical environment.

[A clinical analysis of 32 patients with carotid web].

Carotid web is a rare risk factor of ischemic stroke. A total of 32 (0.54%) patients with carotid web were finally diagnosed in 5 943 patients who underwent carotid computerized tomography angiography (CTA) in two hospitals. Only one patient received carotid endarterectomy that pathological findings were fibrous tissue hyperplasia of vascular wall with mucinous degeneration. Stent implantation was administrated in two cases. Among 13 asymptomatic patients, the observational follow-up period was (20.9±12.4) months without strokes. Carotid web is a rare aberration. Asymptomatic patients with carotid web are usually silent. Large sized cohort and long-term follow-up are further needed.

New Optical Manipulation of Relativistic Vortex Cutter.

A new relativistic vortex cutter driven by the Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) mode is carried out for the first time in three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. Studies show that the electric fields periodically concentrate and emanate within every laser wavelength for the reflected circularly polarized LG_{p}^{l} (p=0, l=1, σ_{z}=-1) laser, which works just like a vortex cutter, resulting in a relativistic ultrashort collimated electron cluster with a constant period in space. A single particle model is given and verifies that the cluster formation has a close relation with the parameters of orbital angular momentum (l) and spin angular momentum (σ_{z}). Such a relativistic vortex cutter potentially can be applied for the accelerator, generating high-flux particle and coherent radiation sources, and so on.

Long-term outcomes and quality of life following ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract for high transsphincteric fistulas.

AIM: Published outcomes following ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT) for high transsphincteric fistulas (HTFs) are equivocal probably because most trials are small and comprise mixed patient populations. The aim of this study was to highlight the long-term efficacy of LIFT for HTFs in a large homogeneous sample and to determine the risk factors that contribute to non-healing resulting in failure and recurrence. METHOD: A retrospective study was performed which assessed patients with HTFs treated by LIFT without prior loose setons from September 2012 to December 2017. Continence function was evaluated by the Wexner incontinence scale and anal manometry. Quality of life was assessed by using the faecal incontinence quality of life (FIQL) scale with four domains: lifestyle, coping, depression and embarrassment. RESULTS: Seventy patients with HTFs underwent 71 LIFT procedures. The primary healing rate was 81.7% with a median follow-up duration of 16.5 (range 4.5-68) months. The healing rates of mature and immature fistulas were 83.7% and 77.3%, respectively. Two patients suffered failure with an unhealed intersphincteric wound. Recurrence occurred in 11 patients. Incontinence of flatus, present in four patients before surgery, improved postoperatively. Two patients undergoing LIFT combined with fistulotomy complained of flatus incontinence after surgery. No significant differences between preoperative and postoperative Wexner score, maximum resting pressure and maximum squeeze pressure were detected. The FIQL was improved in lifestyle, coping and depression. No risk factor for non-healing was found. CONCLUSION: LIFT has a promising long-term outcome for HTFs, with negligible impairment on continence and improved quality of life.

SPAG5 promotes proliferation and suppresses apoptosis in bladder urothelial carcinoma by upregulating Wnt3 via activating the AKT/mTOR pathway and predicts poorer survival.

Sperm-associated antigen 5 (SPAG5) is involved in various biological processes. However, the roles of SPAG5 in bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) are unknown. This study showed that upregulation of SPAG5 was detected frequently in primary BUC tissues, and was associated with significantly worse survival among the 112 patients that underwent radical cystectomy (RC). Up and downregulating the expression of SPAG5 enhanced or inhibited, respectively, the proliferation of BUC cells in vitro and in vivo, and suppressed or enhanced, respectively, apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, SPAG5 increased the resistance of BUC cells to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Mechanistic investigations showed that SPAG5 promotes proliferation and suppresses apoptosis in BUC at least partially via upregulating Wnt3 through activating the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. The importance of the SPAG5/AKT-mTOR/Wnt3 axis identified in BUC cell models was confirmed via immunohistochemical analysis of a cohort of human BUC specimens that underwent RC. Collectively, our data suggested that in patients with BUC who underwent RC, high SPAG5 expression is associated with poor survival. In addition, targeting SPAG5 might represent a novel therapeutic strategy to improve the survival of patients with BUC.

Application of liquid semen technology under the seasonal dairy production system in New Zealand.

Systems for preserving semen in liquid form for artificial insemination were developed before cryopreserved semen became widely available in the 1960s. Advantages of liquid semen include reduced number of sperm per dose, reduced storage and transportation costs, increased insemination speed and safety in the field. A liquid semen dose requires one tenth the sperm number in a frozen semen dose to achieve equivalent fertility (24 day non-return rate: 67.6% for liquid versus 67.8% for frozen). The main disadvantage of liquid semen is its relatively short shelf life, thus limiting its application mainly to countries, like New Zealand and Ireland, with predominantly seasonal dairy production systems. Nevertheless, successful application of liquid semen technology can improve the rate of genetic gain by increasing the utilization of elite sires. This brief review covers the principles of liquid semen preservation and describes why and how this technology is implemented by Livestock Improvement Corporation in New Zealand.

Effect of combined epidural anaesthesia on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in lung adenocarcinoma: a prospective exploratory sub-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Regional anaesthesia may have advantages in preserving immune function. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are considered indicators of immune response in the tumor microenvironment and used as a prognostic marker in patients after cancer surgery. This study investigated the effects of combined epidural anaesthesia on the number of TILs in patients undergoing surgery for lung adenocarcinoma. METHODS: Patients undergoing radical resection for primary lung cancer were randomized to receive either combined epidural-general anaesthesia (Epi-GA) or general anaesthesia (GA) in an ongoing randomized controlled trial (ChiCTR-TRC-14004136). Excised adenocarcinoma specimens from patients enrolled between 1 June 2015 and 30 November 2015 were selected for immunohistochemical staining of CD8 and FOXP3 molecules. The numbers of positive lymphocytes were counted and expressed as the number of cells per mm2 tumor area. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-eight patients were recruited and randomized; 64 patients were included in immunohistochemistry analysis (37 received Epi-GA vs. 27 received GA). The number of CD8+ T cells was higher in the Epi-GA group than in the GA group (median [interquartile range]: 292.8 [198.0-418.3] vs. 204.7 [131.1-305.8], P = 0.036); whereas the number of FOXP3+ T cells was less in the Epi-GA group than in the GA group (37.6 [14.7-92.3] vs. 99.8 [68.9-168.3], P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: For patients undergoing surgery for lung adenocarcinoma under general anesthesia, use of epidural anaesthesia increased CD8+ T cells infiltration but decreased FOXP3+ T cells accumulation in tumor tissues. Epidural anaesthesia may affect TILs in a manner that preserves immune function.

Collisionless Shock Acceleration of High-Flux Quasimonoenergetic Proton Beams Driven by Circularly Polarized Laser Pulses.

We present experimental studies on ion acceleration using an 800-nm circularly polarized laser pulse with a peak intensity of 6.9×10^{19} W/cm^{2} interacting with an overdense plasma that is produced by a laser prepulse ionizing an initially ultrathin plastic foil. The proton spectra exhibit spectral peaks at energies up to 9 MeV with energy spreads of 30% and fluxes as high as 3×10^{12} protons/MeV/sr. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations reveal that collisionless shocks are efficiently launched by circularly polarized lasers in exploded plasmas, resulting in the acceleration of quasimonoenergetic proton beams. Furthermore, this scheme predicts the generation of quasimonoenergetic proton beams with peak energies of approximately 150 MeV using current laser technology, representing a significant step toward applications such as proton therapy.

Solute carrier family 12 member 5 promotes tumor invasion/metastasis of bladder urothelial carcinoma by enhancing NF-κB/MMP-7 signaling pathway.

Solute carrier family 12 member 5 (SLC12A5), an integral membrane KCl cotransporter, which maintains chloride homeostasis in neurons, is aberrantly expressed and involved in the tumorigenesis of certain cancers. However, the clinical significance and biological role of SLC12A5 in human bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) remains unclear. In this study, the expression of SLC12A5 was examined in clinical specimens of primary BUC and in BUC cell lines using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The prognostic value of SLC12A5 expression and its correlation with the clinicopathological features of patients with BUC were analyzed statistically. A series of in vitro and in vivo assays were performed to elucidate the effect of SLC12A5 in BUC and its underlying mechanisms. The present results showed that SLC12A5 expression was significantly increased in BUC tissues. SLC12A5 expression significantly correlated with the tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that high SLC12A5 expression was associated with poor survival in patients with BUC. Multivariate analysis indicated that SLC12A5 expression was an independent prognostic marker for the survival of patients. Downregulation of SLC12A5 inhibited the migratory and invasive abilities of BUC cells in vitro, and knocking down SLC12A5 diminished BUC metastasis in vivo. Moreover, we identified that SLC12A5 promoted the migration and invasion of BUC by enhancing MMP-7 expression via NF-κB-dependent transcription. Taken together, our findings indicated that SLC12A5 might function as a tumor metastasis promoting factor in the development and progression of BUC by regulating the NF-κB/MMP-7 signaling pathway. Thus, SLC12A5 might be a prognostic marker as well as a therapeutic target for BUC.

Effect of time of artificial insemination after oestrus detection on non-return rate of lactating dairy cows on pasture.

AIMS: To determine the difference in reproductive performance between cows detected in oestrus during morning or afternoon milking when artificial insemination (AI) was carried out once daily, either after the morning or afternoon milking. METHODS: The study used 20,816 records for cows in 30 spring calving dairy herds that used a camera-based system for oestrus detection during both morning and afternoon milkings. This system automatically determined whether a pressure-sensitive oestrus detection device had been activated or not, or was missing. In all study herds cows were milked twice daily and AI was performed by professional AI technicians once daily, after either morning or afternoon milking. The time of recorded oestrus was classified into AM or PM oestrus groups using 12:00 noon as the cut-off point and time of AI was classified into AM or PM AI groups using 13:00 as the cut-off point. Reproductive performance was determined using non-return to oestrus (NRR) between 2 and 24 days after AI, and was compared between oestrus and AI groups using generalised linear mixed models. RESULTS: Most AI (18,621/20,816; 89%) were carried out after morning milking, and more cows were recorded in oestrus during morning milking (12,328/20,816; 59%) than during afternoon milking (8,488/20,816; 41%). The NRR of cows inseminated after morning milking did not differ (OR=1.04; 95% CI=0.97-1.10) for cows recorded in oestrus in the morning (LSM=68.6 (95% CI=66.3-70.9)%) or afternoon (LSM=67.9 (95% CI=65.4-70.2)%); and did not differ for cows inseminated after the afternoon milking (OR=1.10; 95% CI=0.92-1.32) for cows recorded in oestrus in the morning (LSM=63.4 (95% CI=58.2-68.2)%) or afternoon (LSM=61.2 (95% CI=55.8-66.3)%). There were no differences in NRR between cows detected in oestrus during the morning or the afternoon milking after AI with either liquid (OR=1.04; 95% CI=0.97-1.12) or frozen-thawed (OR=1.02; 95% CI=0.88-1.18) semen. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results from the present study show that, under New Zealand conditions, the difference in NRR between cows first detected in oestrus during morning milking and those first detected in oestrus during afternoon milking is likely small when AI is carried out once daily after either morning or afternoon milking, regardless of whether the semen used for AI is liquid or frozen. Because twice daily AI is more costly than once daily AI, these results do not support a change to the current once daily AI practice in New Zealand.

High-Brightness High-Energy Electron Beams from a Laser Wakefield Accelerator via Energy Chirp Control.

By designing a structured gas density profile between the dual-stage gas jets to manipulate electron seeding and energy chirp reversal for compressing the energy spread, we have experimentally produced high-brightness high-energy electron beams from a cascaded laser wakefield accelerator with peak energies in the range of 200-600 MeV, 0.4%-1.2% rms energy spread, 10-80 pC charge, and ∼0.2 mrad rms divergence. The maximum six-dimensional brightness B_{6D,n} is estimated as ∼6.5×10^{15} A/m^{2}/0.1%, which is very close to the typical brightness of e beams from state-of-the-art linac drivers. These high-brightness high-energy e beams may lead to the realization of compact monoenergetic gamma-ray and intense coherent x-ray radiation sources.

[Topical voriconazole as an effective treatment for fungal keratitis].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of topical voriconazole in patients with fungal keratitis caused by different fungal species. METHODS: Interventional case series. Eighty-four patients aged 18 years or older from central China with confirmed fungal keratitis who presented at the outpatient department of Henan Eye Institute were enrolled in the study. The patients underwent in vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy examination, coneal scraping and microscopic examination and fungal culture, and then received topical voriconazole, closed curative effects were conducted. The sensitivity of three different diagnostic techniques, spectrum of the fungi, cure rate for fungal corneal infection related to each species were analyzed. RESULTS: In our study, 84 patients were diagnosed with fungal keratitis based on clinical symptoms, and results of at least one of the examinations of in vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy, conventional smear, and corneal scraping culture and the sensitivity were 92.85%(78/84), 85.71%(72/84), 84.52%(71/84)respectively. In viro confocal scanning laser microscopy. Successful management was achieved in 83.33% of the patients. Topical voriconazole treatment failed in 14 patients(16.67%), who required surgical treatment. In 36 patients with Fusarium corneal infections, 26(72.22%)were successfully treated with topical voriconazole; however, in 18 patients with Aspergillus corneal infections and 7 patients with Alternaria corneal infections, 94.44% and 100.00% of them were successfully treated, respectively. In a case-based dynamic tracking study, in vivo confocal microscopy provided real-time dynamic detection of surviving hyphae. The existence of hyphae was(38.35±17.32)days for Fusarium,(25.00±16.11)days for Aspergillus,(21.00±4.36)days for Alternaria, and(41.50±31.68)days for the focus in the deep stroma. The duration of treatment was similar for all four groups. CONCLUSIONS: Topical application of voriconazole is on effective method for the freatment of fungal keratitis Topical voriconazole is highly effective for fungal keratitis caused by Alternaria spp. and Aspergillus, however, for Fusarium, it is relatively low effective. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2016, 52: 657-662).

Changes and clinical significance of peripheral blood helper T lymphocyte and natural killer (NK) cells in unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA) patients after abortion and successful pregnancy .

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the number changes and the clinical significance of the peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets and NK (natural killer) cells in unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA) patients before and after abortion, as well as after successful pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-nine URSA patients (URSA-abortion group), among who 22 patients were followed up until the final successful parturition (URSA-pregnancy group), 31 normal-pregnancy (NP) cases and 25 normal non-pregnancy (NNP) control cases in which the peripheral blood T lymphocytes and subsets, B cells, and NK cells were assessed flow cytometry. RESULTS: Compared with the URSA-pregnancy group and the NP group, the Th cells and NK cells of the URSA-abortion group increased (p < 0.05); compared with the NNP group, the total number of T cells decreased after the first, second, and third month of the URSA abortion (p < 0.05); Th cells decreased within one to six months of the URSA abortion (p < 0.05); proportion of NK cells was significantly higher in URSA patients (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The abnormal numbers of the peripheral blood T cell subsets and NK cells were related with the occurrence of URSA.

Application of liquid semen technology improves conception rate of sex-sorted semen in lactating dairy cows.

The objective was to compare reproductive performance of liquid sex-sorted (SS) semen with that of conventional (CON) semen in lactating dairy cows. Between 2011 and 2013, commercial dairy herds (n = 101, 203, and 253 for 2011, 2012, and 2013, respectively) with predominantly Holstein-Friesian cows were enrolled in a contract mating program to produce surplus heifers for export using liquid SS semen. During the spring mating period, each herd was allocated with liquid SS semen at 50% of its daily requirement and the remaining daily requirement was allocated with CON liquid semen. Sperm for producing SS semen was sorted by Sexing Technologies NZ Ltd. (Hamilton, New Zealand) and then packaged using the liquid semen technology of LIC (Hamilton, New Zealand) at a dose of 1 × 10(6) sperm. Artificial insemination (AI) with liquid SS semen was carried out between 43 and 46 h after collection. Conventional semen straws contained 1.25 × 10(6), 1.75 × 10(6), or 2 × 10(6) sperm for semen to be used on d 1, 2, or 3 after collection, respectively. Only CON inseminations on the same days as when SS semen was used were included in the comparison. Herd managers biased usage of SS semen toward cows with a longer postpartum interval before the mating start date (64.0 vs. 62.8 d), cows of higher genetic merit (NZ$107.0 vs. NZ$98.4), younger cows (5.1 vs. 5.2 yr), and cows in which they had more confidence of being genuinely in estrus as measured by a lower percentage of short returns between 1 and 17 d (5.3 vs. 7.5%). After adjusting for these factors, the estimated difference in nonreturn rate between AI with SS and CON semen over the 3 seasons was -3.8 percentage points (SS = 70.2% vs. CON = 74.0%; SS/CON = 94.9%). The estimated maximum difference in calving rate per AI between SS and CON semen was -3.1 percentage points for 2011 (SS = 51.2% vs. CON = 54.3%; SS/CON = 94.3%) and -3.0 percentage points for 2012 (SS = 49.7% vs. CON = 52.6%; SS/CON = 94.5%). Calving data for 2013 were not yet available. The percentage of heifer calves born to AI with SS semen was 87.0% for 2011 and 85.8% for 2012, both of which were lower than the expectation of 90% mainly due to misidentification of calf dams in seasonal dairy herds calving on pasture. In summary, results in this report showed that liquid SS semen only required half the dose rate of frozen SS semen to achieve a reproductive performance of over 94% of CON semen in lactating dairy cows. Careful planning and a robust distribution network are required to avoid semen wastage and to maximize the benefit of liquid SS semen.

Tissue plasminogen activator contributes to morphine tolerance and induces mechanical allodynia via astrocytic IL-1ß and ERK signaling in the spinal cord of mice.

Accumulating evidence indicates that activation of spinal cord astrocytes contributes importantly to nerve injury and inflammation-induced persistent pain and chronic opioid-induced antinociceptive tolerance. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) and induction of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß) in spinal astrocytes have been implicated in astrocytes-mediated pain. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine protease that has been extensively used to treat stroke. We examined the potential involvement of tPA in chronic opioid-induced antinociceptive tolerance and activation of spinal astrocytes using tPA knockout (tPA(-/-)) mice and astrocyte cultures. tPA(-/-) mice exhibited unaltered nociceptive pain and morphine-induced acute analgesia. However, the antinociceptive tolerance, induced by chronic morphine (10mg/kg/day, s.c.), is abrogated in tPA(-/-) mice. Chronic morphine induces tPA expression in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-expressing spinal cord astrocytes. Chronic morphine also increases IL-1ß expression in GFAP-expressing astrocytes, which is abolished in tPA-deficient mice. In cultured astrocytes, morphine treatment increases tPA, IL-1ß, and pERK expression, and the increased IL-1ß and pERK expression is abolished in tPA-deficient astrocytes. tPA is also sufficient to induce IL-1ß and pERK expression in astrocyte cultures. Intrathecal injection of tPA results in up-regulation of GFAP and pERK in spinal astrocytes but not up-regulation of ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 in spinal microglia. Finally, intrathecal tPA elicits persistent mechanical allodynia, which is inhibited by the astroglial toxin alpha-amino adipate and the MEK (ERK kinase) inhibitor U0126. Collectively, these data suggest an important role of tPA in regulating astrocytic signaling, pain hypersensitivity, and morphine tolerance.

Scaling of the low-energy structure in above-threshold ionization in the tunneling regime: theory and experiment.

A calculation of the second-order (rescattering) term in the S-matrix expansion of above-threshold ionization is presented for the case when the binding potential is the unscreened Coulomb potential. Technical problems related to the divergence of the Coulomb scattering amplitude are avoided in the theory by considering the depletion of the atomic ground state due to the applied laser field, which is well defined and does not require the introduction of a screening constant. We focus on the low-energy structure, which was observed in recent experiments with a midinfrared wavelength laser field. Both the spectra and, in particular, the observed scaling versus the Keldysh parameter and the ponderomotive energy are reproduced. The theory provides evidence that the origin of the structure lies in the long-range Coulomb interaction.