Comprehensive genome-wide identification of Snf2 gene family and their expression profile under salt stress in six Brassica species of U's triangle model.

MAIN CONCLUSION: We comprehensively identified and analyzed the Snf2 gene family. Some Snf2 genes were involved in responding to salt stress based on the RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analysis. Sucrose nonfermenting 2 (Snf2) proteins are core components of chromatin remodeling complexes that not only alter DNA accessibility using the energy of ATP hydrolysis, but also play a critical regulatory role in growth, development, and stress response in eukaryotes. However, the comparative study of Snf2 gene family in the six Brassica species in U's triangle model remains unclear. Here, a total of 405 Snf2 genes were identified, comprising 53, 50, and 46 in the diploid progenitors: Brassica rapa (AA, 2n = 20), Brassica nigra (BB, 2n = 16), and Brassica oleracea (CC, 2n = 18), and 93, 91, and 72 in the allotetraploid: Brassica juncea (AABB, 2n = 36), Brassica napus (AACC, 2n = 38), and Brassica carinata (BBCC, 2n = 34), respectively. These genes were classified into six clades and further divided into 18 subfamilies based on their conserved motifs and domains. Intriguingly, these genes showed highly conserved chromosomal distributions and gene structures, indicating that few dynamic changes occurred during the polyploidization. The duplication modes of the six Brassica species were diverse, and the expansion of most Snf2 in Brassica occurred primarily through dispersed duplication (DSD) events. Additionally, the majority of Snf2 genes were under purifying selection during polyploidization, and some Snf2 genes were associated with various abiotic stresses. Both RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of BnaSnf2 genes was significantly induced under salt stress, implying their involvement in salt tolerance response in Brassica species. The results provide a comprehensive understanding of the Snf2 genes in U's triangle model species, which will facilitate further functional analysis of the Snf2 genes in Brassica plants.

Genome-wide identification of the ICS family genes and its role in resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae in Brassica napus L.

The isochorismate synthase (ICS) proteins are essential regulators of salicylic acid (SA) synthesis, which has been reported to regulate resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. Clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is a common disease that threatens the yield and quality of Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Exogenous application of salicylic acid reduced the incidence of clubroot in oilseed rape. However, the potential importance of the ICS genes family in B. napus and its diploid progenitors has been unclear. Here, we identified 16, 9, and 10 ICS genes in the allotetraploid B. napus, diploid ancestor Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea, respectively. These ICS genes were classified into three subfamilies (I-III), and member of the same subfamilies showed relatively conserved gene structures, motifs, and protein domains. Furthermore, many hormone-response and stress-related promoter cis-acting elements were observed in the BnaICS genes. Exogenous application of SA delayed the growth of clubroot galls, and the expression of BnaICS genes was significantly different compared to the control groups. Protein-protein interaction analysis identified 58 proteins involved in the regulation of ICS in response to P. brassicae in B. napus. These results provide new clues for understanding the resistance mechanism to P. brassicae.

Root system architecture change in response to waterlogging stress in a 448 global collection of rapeseeds (Brassica napus L.).

MAIN CONCLUSIONS: A novel image-based screening method for precisely identifying genotypic variations in rapeseed RSA under waterlogging stress was developed. Five key root traits were confirmed as good indicators of waterlogging and might be employed in breeding, particularly when using the MFVW approach. Waterlogging is a vital environmental factor that has detrimental effects on the growth and development of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Plant roots suffer from hypoxia under waterlogging, which ultimately confers yield penalty. Therefore, it is crucially important to understand the genetic variation of root system architecture (RSA) in response to waterlogging stress to guide the selection of new tolerant cultivars with favorable roots. This research was conducted to investigate RSA traits using image-based screening techniques to better understand how RSA changes over time during waterlogging at the seedling stage. First, we performed a t-test by comparing the relative root trait value between four tolerant and four sensitive accessions. The most important root characteristics associated with waterlogging tolerance at 12 h are total root length (TRL), total root surface area (TRSA), total root volume (TRV), total number of tips (TNT), and total number of forks (TNF). The root structures of 448 rapeseed accessions with or without waterlogging showed notable genetic diversity, and all traits were generally restrained under waterlogging conditions, except for the total root average diameter. Additionally, according to the evaluation and integration analysis of 448 accessions, we identified that five traits, TRL, TRSA, TRV, TNT, and TNF, were the most reliable traits for screening waterlogging-tolerant accessions. Using analysis of the membership function value (MFVW) and D-value of the five selected traits, 25 extremely waterlogging-tolerant materials were screened out. Waterlogging significantly reduced RSA, inhibiting root growth compared to the control. Additionally, waterlogging increased lipid peroxidation, accompanied by a decrease in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT). This study effectively improves our understanding of the response of RSA to waterlogging. The image-based screening method developed in this study provides a new scientific guidance for quickly examining the basic RSA changes and precisely predicting waterlogging-tolerant rapeseed germplasms, thus expanding the genetic diversity of waterlogging-tolerant rapeseed germplasm available for breeding.

Effects of Deposition Pressure on the Microstructural and Tribological Properties of CrAgCeN Coatings Prepared by Magnetron Sputtering.

This study investigates the effect of deposition pressure on the microstructure and tribological properties of CrAgCeN coatings synthesized via unbalanced magnetron sputtering. The CrAgCeN coatings presented a face-centered cubic structure. As the deposition pressure increased, the surface grain topography of the CrAgCeN coatings transformed from a looser pyramidal structure to a denser structure, while their hardness H and elastic modulus E first increased and then decreased. The strengthening effect was mainly attributable to Ag and Ce elements. Conversely, the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear rates of the coatings reduced and then increased. Under 0.6-Pa deposition pressure, the COF and wear rate of the CrAgCeN coating were minimized (0.391 and 3.2 × 10-7 mm3/(N·m), respectively) while the H and E were maximized (14.2 and 206.2 GPa, respectively). The values of hardness, wear resistance, resistance of elastic strain to failure (H/E) and resistance to plastic deformation (H3/E2) were improved for the coatings by Ce. The wear mechanisms were adhesion and delamination. The wear mechanisms were adhesion and delamination. Selecting the appropriate deposition pressure can improve the tribological properties of the CrAgCeN coatings. The received results of research in this study allow us to establish a rational coating composition for deposition on tools providing an increase in machining efficiency of the materials used in engineering. CrAgCeN coating with excellent properties may be applied to steel substrate through the combined action of corrosion, high temperature and mechanics.

Effect of Nitrogen Doping on Tribological Properties of Ta2O5 Coatings Deposited by RF Magnetron Sputtering.

Ta2O5 was deposited on quartz glass and Si substrates as a protective coating. The inherent RF magnetron sputtering power of 140 W was maintained during the deposition process. During the deposition process, amounts of 5%, 10%, and 15% of N2 were injected, and the total sputtering gas (N2+Ar) flow was kept at 40 sccm. The microstructure and surface morphology of the coatings were characterized, and the friction and wear experiments of the coatings were carried out. The results show that the coatings' surface is smooth and the main chemical compositions are Ta, O, and N. The maximum average roughness of the coatings was prepared by pure argon sputtering. It is proved that the introduction of N2 reduces the surface roughness of the coatings and increases the surface hardness and elastic modulus of the coatings. Adhesive wear and brittle fracture are the two main wear forms of coatings. The wear debris is mainly composed of columnar particles and a flake structure.

Influence of roundness errors of bearing components on rotational accuracy of cylindrical roller bearings.

Understanding the influence of bearing component roundness errors and roller number on the rotational accuracy of rolling bearings is crucial in the design of high precision bearings. The rotational accuracy of an assembled bearing is dependent upon roller number and roundness errors of the bearing components. We propose a model for calculating the rotational accuracy of a cylindrical roller bearing; we experimentally verified the effectiveness of the model in predicting the radial run-out of the inner ring proposed in the previous paper in this series. We sought to define the key contributing factors to the rotational accuracy by studying both the influence of the coupling effect of the roller number and the influence of the roundness errors in the inner raceway, outer raceway, and rollers on the motion error. The model and results will help engineers choose reasonable manufacturing tolerances for bearing components to achieve the required rotational accuracy.

The MADS transcription factor GhFYF is involved in abiotic stress responses in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.).

Cotton is an important textile industry raw material crops, which plays a critical role in the development of society. MADS transcription factors (TFs) play a key role about the flowering time, flower development, and abiotic stress responses in plants, but little is known about their functions on abiotic stress in cotton. In this study, a MIKCC subfamily gene from cotton, GhFYF (FOREVER YOUNG FLOWER), was isolated and characterized. Our data showed that GhFYF localized to the nucleus. A ß-glucuronidase (GUS) activity assay revealed that the promoter of GhFYF was mainly expressed in the flower and seed of ProGhFYF::GUS transgenic A. thaliana plants. The GUS staining of flowers and seeds was deepened after drought, salt treatment, and the expression level of the GUS gene and corresponding stress genes AtERD10, AtAnnexin1 are up-regulated in the inflorescence. Overexpression GhFYF in A. thaliana could promote the seed germination and growth under different salt concentrations, and determin the proline content. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assays showed that GhFYF interacted with the HAD-like protein GhGPP2, which has responds to abiotic stress. Our findings indicate that GhFYF is involved in abiotic stress responses, especially for salt stress. This work establishes a solid foundation for further functional analysis of the GhFYF gene in cotton.

Genome-Wide Identification and Functional Investigation of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic Acid Oxidase (ACO) Genes in Cotton.

ACO is one of the rate-limiting enzymes in the biosynthesis of ethylene, and it plays a critical role in the regulation of plant growth and development. However, the function of ACO genes in cotton is not well studied. In this study, a total of 332 GhACOs, 187 GaACOs, and 181 GrACOs were identified in G. hirsutum, G. arboretum, and G. raimondii, respectively. Gene duplication analysis showed that whole-genome duplication (WGD) and tandem duplication were the major forces driving the generation of cotton ACO genes. In the promoters of GhACOs, there were cis-acting elements responding to stress, phytohormones, light, and circadian factors, indicating the possible involvement of GhACOs in these processes. Expression and co-expression analyses illustrated that most GhACOs were not only widely expressed in various tissues but also coexpressed with other genes in response to salt and drought stress. GhACO106_At overexpression in Arabidopsis promoted flowering and increased salt tolerance. These results provide a comprehensive overview of the ACO genes of cotton and lay the foundation for subsequent functional studies of these genes.

Testing Physical Activity Level as Determinant of Procrastination in Exercise: Will This Direction Work? / Prueba del nivel de actividad física como determinante de la procrastinación en el ejercicio: ¿funcionará esta dirección?

China has witnessed massive economic development in the past few decades and one of the consequences of increased urbanization has been the reduction of physical activity in the adult population. In light of this trend, the researcher has conducted this study with the aim of examining how the low physical activity levels lead to exercise procrastination in the longer run by looking at data collected from Chinese adults that have at least a year or so experience of athletics of any type. The variables that were studied for this purpose in this research include the low level of physical activity as the independent variable, exercise procrastination as dependent and three mediating variable i.e. Low level of perceived self-efficacy in the athletes, perceived task difficulty in the athletes and negative affectivity in the athletes. The researcher conducted an in-depth literature review that led to the formation of 4 hypotheses for direct and indirect relationships. The researcher used positivism to conduct this quantitative research. The nature of research is exploratory with the random sampling technique used to conduct the survey. . Moreover, data is collected through an online questionnaire. The collected data was used to test the hypotheses through statistical and analytical procedures using SPSS. Various tests were applied including descriptive tests, KMO tests, CFA and SEM. The results of SEM showed that the direct impact of low physical activity was insignificant on exercise procrastination. As for the indirect effects, the mediation of negative affect and low self-efficacy were significant while that of perceived task difficulty was insignificant. In addition, the researcher has presented the limitations as well as the future directions that can be adopted in future researches.(AU)