Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to human cytomegalovirus in pregnant women with vertically transmitted infection following primary infection: A case report.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the major cause of neurological sequelae in infants. Immune control of primary HCMV infection appears to depend on the interaction between humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. We report the case of an HCMV-transmitter mother observed with dissociation between humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. The patient had immunoglobulin (Ig) G and M positivity at 11 weeks of gestation and showed fetal hyperechoic bowel and minimal ascites at 21 weeks of gestation. At 25 weeks of gestation, the polymerase chain reaction result for HCMV using amniotic fluid was positive. The numbers of spots in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay at 25, 36, and 39 weeks of gestation were three, five, and six spots/2 × 105 peripheral blood mononuclear cells, respectively. Furthermore, IgG avidity indexes (AIs) at 21, 25, 36, and 39 weeks of gestation were 37.6, 49.7, 72.5, and 74.3, respectively. At 40+1 weeks of gestation, the patient delivered a symptomatic infected newborn with a weight of 2,384 g (-2.6 SD) and a head circumference of 30 cm (-2.6 SD). The neonate had a petechial rash and bilateral hearing loss although did not show liver dysfunction or thrombocytopenia. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging revealed mild ventriculomegaly, left lateral/parietal polymicrogyria, and a punctate white matter lesion. This case showed that IgG AI increased with increasing gestational age, whereas the numbers of spots in the ELISPOT assay had no change. The dissociation between humoral and cell-mediated immune responses may be characteristic of the immune response of a transmitter mother.

Low-dose aspirin therapy improves decidual arteriopathy in pregnant women with a history of preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia, a multisystem pregnancy-specific hypertensive disorder, results in significant maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. This condition is associated with placental histopathological abnormalities and particularly affects the decidual spiral arteries. Reportedly, aspirin prevents preeclampsia, specifically early-onset preeclampsia, although findings in decidual arteries in women treated with aspirin therapy remain unclear. We compared the clinical and histopathological placental findings between women with a history of preeclampsia, who did and did not receive low-dose aspirin therapy (LDA and non-LDA groups, respectively). We identified 26 women with a history of preeclampsia; 9 women received LDA (aspirin ≤ 100 mg/day, initiated at < 16 weeks, LDA group), and 17 women did not receive LDA (non-LDA group). The mean gestational age was higher (36.7 weeks vs. 32.3 weeks, P = 0.0221) and the incidence of preeclampsia was lower (11% vs. 59%, P = 0.0362) in the LDA than in the non-LDA group. Histopathologically, the incidence of decidual arteriopathy, particularly that of fibrinoid necrosis and thrombosis, was lower in the LDA than in the non-LDA group (44% vs. 88%, P = 0.0283). Immunohistologically, endothelial marker (CD31 and CD39) expression was stronger in the LDA than in the non-LDA group. Notably, we observed no significant intergroup differences in inflammatory changes (chronic perivasculitis, protease-activated receptor 1 expression, and CD3-positive cells). This study highlights that LDA inhibits hypertension-induced endothelial injury and thrombosis, and thereby protects maternal placental perfusion and prevents preeclampsia.

A case of facial cellulitis caused by group B streptococcus in an extremely low birthweight infant.

Group B streptococcus (GBS) is an important pathogen that causes neonatal sepsis and meningitis, which have high mortality and morbidity. Cellulitis is a rare presentation of late-onset neonatal GBS infection. We report the case of an extremely low birthweight infant with facial cellulitis caused by late-onset GBS infection. A 590-g male neonate was delivered by Cesarean section at 23 gestational weeks due to intrauterine GBS infection. Although he was effectively treated with 2 weeks of antimicrobial therapy for early-onset GBS sepsis, he subsequently developed facial and submandibular cellulitis caused by GBS at 44 days of age. He was treated with debridement and antibiotic therapy, and after 2 months his facial involvement had improved, but cosmetic issues remained. Neonatal GBS infection requires a prompt sepsis workup followed by the initiation of empiric antibiotic therapy. Additionally, lifesaving surgical debridement is sometimes necessary for cellulitis, even in premature infants.

Histological severity of fetal inflammation is useful in predicting neonatal outcome.

Intrauterine inflammation contributes to neonatal infection-related morbidity. A new histological framework of placental inflammation has recently been proposed; however, the association between this method and clinical findings has not been defined. To assess the clinical relevance of this system, we studied placental findings in 272 singleton neonates born at less than 34 weeks gestation. The incidences of sepsis, intraventricular hemorrhage, chronic lung disease, and necrotizing enterocolitis increased in a stepwise fashion with severity of placental inflammation. After adjusting for gestational age, a high grade of fetal inflammation was significantly associated with chronic lung disease and necrotizing enterocolitis.

Perinatal morbidity and mortality for extremely low-birthweight infants: A population-based study of regionalized maternal and neonatal transport.

AIM: The aim of this study was to clarify the mortality and long-term outcomes of extremely low-birthweight infants according to the process of maternal or infant transport and indications for maternal transport. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a population-based study between 2005 and 2009. The collected data included the process and indications for maternal or neonatal transport, maternal and infant characteristics and the prognosis of extremely low-birthweight infants. Intergroup comparisons were made using the Mann-Whitney U-test, while multiple group comparisons were made using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the post-hoc paired t-test according to the Dunn procedure. Comparisons of the cumulative survival rates based on postnatal age according to the process of maternal or neonatal transport were performed using a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and the log-rank test. RESULTS: The study subjects included 195 infants from 189 mothers following 50,632 deliveries during the study period. Overall, 32 (16.4%) infants died and 33 (20.2%) infants had neurological impairments. The rates of mortality and handicaps among the infants in the maternal transport group were 15.2% and 23.2%, respectively, compared to 25% and 44%, respectively, in the neonatal transport group. There were no differences in the prognoses of the infants according to the process of maternal transport, although more premature neonates were managed in the tertiary center. There were no differences in the cumulative survival rates based on the institution that managed the neonate. The incidence of a poor prognosis was significantly higher among the infants born from mothers transported to the tertiary center due to bulging membranes (P = 0.047). All mothers with placental abruption were transported to the nearest secondary center. CONCLUSION: The morbidity and mortality of extremely low-birthweight infants demonstrated a low incidence following the regionalization of high-risk pregnancies in our region. Further reductions in severe neonatal morbidities may depend on reducing the rate of neonatal transport.

Palladium-catalyzed [4 + 2] cycloaddition of aldimines and 1,4-dipolar equivalents via amphiphilic allylation.

The combination of Pd catalyst and diethylzinc with triethylborane promotes the amphiphilic allylation of aldimines with 2,3-bismethylenebutane-1,4-diol derivatives to serve as bis-allylic zwitterion species to form 3,4-bismethylenepiperidines via a formal [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction. 3,4-Bismethylenepiperidine rings are applicable for the synthesis of isoquinoline derivatives via the Diels-Alder reaction followed by an oxidation reaction with DDQ.

Case report and review of delayed-interval delivery for dichorionic, diamniotic twins with normal development.

We report a case of delayed-interval delivery of a dichorionic, diamniotic twin pregnancy with the survival of both twins. The patient presented at 22 weeks and 1 day of gestation with vaginal bleeding and preterm labor. Five days later, the first twin was born. The second twin remained in utero. The management consisted of careful monitoring of both maternal and fetal status. Nine days later, the second twin was delivered vaginally. Both twins received full resuscitation and immediate life-support intervention; at 7 years of age both twins exhibited normal development.

A huge intraventricular congenital anaplastic astrocytoma: case report with histopathological and genetic consideration.

Congenital malignant gliomas are rare brain tumors about which few reports have been published. We present the clinical course and genetic alterations in an infant with a congenital malignant glioma detected incidentally by ultrasonography at 36 weeks. The tumor occupied the right temporoparietal region, extended to the posterior fossa, and significantly compressed surrounding structures. The female infant was entirely normal without macrocrania, tense fontanel, or sucking difficulties. The tumor was subtotally resected by two-stage surgery; pathological diagnosis was anaplastic astrocytoma. Immunohistochemical staining was positive for p53 and negative for epidermal growth factor receptor. There was no O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene promoter methylation, no 1p/19q loss of heterozygosity, and no isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutation. She underwent postoperative chemotherapy and is alive and well 12 months after surgery.

Diagnosis of endoscopic Barrett's esophagus by transnasal flexible spectral imaging color enhancement.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of endoscopic Barrett's esophagus (BE) has been under discussion for the past decade because palisade vessels may be obscured by inflammation or the location of upper end of gastric fold may be diversely changed. The flexible spectral imaging color enhancement (FICE) system can reconstruct improved spectral images decomposed from ordinary endoscopic images with free selection of three wavelengths, and can provide non-magnified images with high light intensity. METHODS: To evaluate whether the transnasal FICE system enables easier diagnosis of endoscopic BE, 72 patients with endoscopic BE were observed prospectively with a transnasal endoscope using both conventional images and FICE images. The visualization of palisade vessels and the identification of the demarcation between endoscopic BE mucosa and gastric mucosa were compared between FICE images and conventional endoscopic images, and the CIELAB color differences were calculated among palisade vessels, background BE mucosa and gastric folds. RESULTS: Palisade vessels could be more clearly visualized in BE mucosa with transnasal FICE than with conventional endoscopy. Demarcation between whitish BE mucosa and the upper end of the brownish gastric mucosa could be clearly identified using transnasal FICE images. Greater color differences existed with FICE images between palisade vessels and background BE mucosa as well as between BE mucosa and gastric folds than with conventional images, leading to better contrasting images. CONCLUSIONS: The transnasal FICE system enables clear visualization of palisade vessels and provides better contrasting images of the demarcation between the BE mucosa and the gastric mucosa, and thus contributes to easier diagnosis of endoscopic BE.