Immunotherapy with nivolumab for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma with pulmonary metastasis: A case report.

Sarcomas are an unusual group of tumors, accounting for ~1% of cancer in adults. Immunotherapy has been shown to be a potential therapeutic option for the management of patients with cancer. However, there is still insufficient information on the action of immunotherapy on sarcomas. A 16-year-old male patient, diagnosed in December 2013 with grade III soft-tissue sarcoma in the right arm, was admitted to a private oncology service after relapse following surgical treatment. The patient underwent chemotherapy with ifosfamide plus adriamycin for 4 cycles, associated with adjuvant radiotherapy, followed by a new resection to remove the residual lesion. A year later, imaging tests identified pulmonary micronodules, and a new resection was performed. After immunohistochemical evaluation of biopsy, a large presence of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) marker was identified in tumor tissue and immunotherapy with nivolumab was performed. At present, the patient is in immunotherapeutic treatment (42 cycles), presenting an excellent general condition and without any symptoms, and a decrease in neoplastic lung masses. The literature recommends three cycles of anthracycline plus ifosfamide as adjuvant therapy to surgical treatment. Combined surgery plus adjuvant therapy has shown benefits in malignant tumors. Immunotherapy is an important therapeutic option for soft-tissue sarcomas with high programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 expression. Treatment for high grade soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is still limited, due to tumor heterogeneity, and further studies are needed to consolidate the possibility of using immunotherapy to treat these neoplasms. When significant levels of specific biomarkers are present in tumor tissue, immunotherapy may be beneficial as shown by the present case report.

Metastatic carcinoma of unknown primary with complete metabolic response following sorafenib-based chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: The treatment of carcinoma of unknown primary based on histopathology and immunohistochemistry is generally chemotherapy. The use of molecular markers, genetic profiling platforms, and personalized medicine is under active investigation. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 56-year-old patient who presented to medical attention with palpable axillary adenopathy. Biopsy confirmed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Formal staging revealed extensive metastatic disease to bone and liver. Initial chemotherapy proved ineffective. We describe the diagnostic evaluation, treatment, and achievement of durable remission using a novel sorafenib-based drug combination that was chosen through the application of a functional analytic laboratory platform. CONCLUSION: The clinical management of patients with carcinoma of unknown primary continues to present a considerable challenge for practicing oncologists. Laboratory platforms capable of examining cellular response to injury, growth factor withdrawal, and cytotoxic insult at the level of cellular function may provide insights for drug selection in this patient population.

Percutaneous CT-Guided Cryoablation as an Alternative Treatment for an Extensive Pelvic Bone Giant Cell Tumor.

A giant cell tumor (GCT) is an intermediate grade, locally aggressive neoplasia. Despite advances in surgical and clinical treatments, cases located on the spine and pelvic bones remain a significant challenge. Failure of clinical treatment with denosumab and patient refusal of surgical procedures (hemipelvectomy) led to the use of cryoablation. We report the use of percutaneous CT-guided cryoablation as an alternative treatment, shown to be a minimally invasive, safe, and effective option for a GCT with extensive involvement of the pelvic bones and allowed structural and functional preservation of the involved bones.

WHO, RECIST, and immune-related response criteria: is it time to revisit pembrolizumab results?

In recent years, with the rise of immunotherapeutic agents for cancer treatment, we have observed a paradigm shift in oncology drug development. One common problem accompanying such paradigm shifts is how to build research strategies to fit the mechanism of action of the newer compounds. Developing immunotherapy in oncology requires us to address the unique characteristics of immunotherapeutic agents and to provide adequate tools for their evaluation, including the adjustment of clinical trial endpoints. Immunotherapy creates patterns of response different from those of chemotherapy, and thus they are not captured by the traditional World Health Organisation (WHO) tumour response criteria or the RECIST. Revisiting the results of pembrolizumab in patients with melanoma can help to evaluate the efficacy of the immune-related response criteria (irRC) as the gold standard for evaluating the clinical response of immunologic agents in oncology.

Neuroendocrine and biologic features of primary tumors and tissue in pulmonary large cell carcinomas.

BACKGROUND: Because biological behavior in lung tumors with neuroendocrine differentiation is highly dependent on cell death (apoptosis) and angiogenesis, p21(waf1/cip1) and microvessel density have been targeted as potentially useful tumor markers. We sought to validate the importance of p21(waf1/cip1) and microvessel density and study their interrelationship, analyzing clinical factors, subclassifications, and tumor and stromal markers. METHODS: We examined p21(waf1/cip1) and other markers in tissue from 61 patients with surgically excised large cell carcinomas. The amount of tumor staining for p21(waf1/cip1) and microvessel density was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and morphometry. The study outcome was survival time until death from recurrent lung cancer. RESULTS: Multivariate Cox model analysis demonstrated that after surgical excision, histologic subtypes were significantly related to survival time (p = 0.02), but quantitative staining of the tumor for p21(waf1/cip1) and microvessel density added prognostic information and these variables were more strongly prognostic than histologic subtype (p = 0.00). Cut points at the median staining of 3.5% and 3.0% for p21(waf1/cip1) and microvessel density, respectively, divided patients into two groups with distinctive survival times. Patients with p21(waf1/cip1) staining of more than 3.5% and microvessel density staining of more than 3.0% had a median survival time of 14 months. CONCLUSIONS: Tumor staining for p21(waf1/cip1) and microvessel density in resected large cell carcinomas and certain other types of lung tumors was strongly related to survival. Patients with more than 3.0% staining in their tumors were at high risk of death from lung cancer and may be an appropriate target for prospective studies of adjuvant chemotherapy after surgical resection.

COX-2, MMP-9, and Noguchi classification provide additional prognostic information about adenocarcinoma of the lung. A study of 117 patients from Brazil.

We report immunohistochemical staining results for cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in primary tumors of 117 patients with resected adenocarcinoma of the lung (median follow-up, 20 months). For COX-2, we graded the degree of tumor staining according to the sum of staining intensity and the proportion of cells staining. For MMP-9, we used morphometry to quantify cytoplasmic staining. We used the Cox proportional hazards model to analyze overall survival. With only 29 patients censored at last follow-up, after controlling for the effect of pathologic stage, staining for COX-2 and MMP-9 and subtype of tumor were related significantly to survival (P < 6 x 10(-5)). The effects of COX-2 and MMP-9 were opposite. Whereas any staining for COX-2 decreased the hazard and increased survival time, increased staining for MMP-9 increased the hazard and decreased survival time. The results also suggested that staining for COX-2 decreases with dedifferentiation. Our results suggest that staining for the combination of COX-2 and MMP-9 and categorizing tumors into papillary and nonpapillary types may provide important prognostic information for patients with resected adenocarcinoma of the lung; it is possible that these 3 variables could aid decisions about postoperative adjuvant treatment.

Association of carmustine with a lipid emulsion: in vitro, in vivo and preliminary studies in cancer patients.

PURPOSE: We had previously shown in acute leukemia and in breast and ovary carcinoma patients that a cholesterol-rich emulsion (LDE) that binds to receptors for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) may concentrate in neoplastic tissues. In this study, the potential of LDE as a carrier for anticancer drugs was investigated. METHODS: LDE was associated with carmustine, and the cytotoxicity of the LDE-carmustine complex was studied in a neoplastic cell line and its biodistribution was studied in mice. The plasma kinetics of the complex and its uptake by tumor and normal tissue were determined in cancer patients. Finally, an exploratory clinical study to determine the toxicity profile of LDE-carmustine at escalating dose levels was conducted in 42 advanced cancer patients refractory to conventional chemotherapy. RESULTS: Carmustine formed a stable association with LDE. The pharmacological action of carmustine, as tested in cancer cells, was not diminished by association with LDE compared with the free drug and was indeed mediated by the LDL receptor. The biodistribution in mice and plasma kinetics in patients of the emulsion were not changed by association of the drug. The uptake of LDE-carmustine by tumor was severalfold greater than the uptake by the corresponding normal tissue. Finally, patients treated with LDE-carmustine showed negligible side effects even at very high dose levels. CONCLUSIONS: Association with LDE preserves the cytotoxicity of carmustine and markedly diminishes its side effects.

Tumor neuroectodérmico primitivo periférico originado em ramo do nervo ciático / Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor arising in a branch of the sciatic nerve

Os autores relatam caso de tumor neuroectodérmico primitivo periférico originado de ramo do nervo ciático, em paciente de 17 anos, do sexo feminino. O tumor foi extirpado cirurgicamente e o tratamento foi complementado com rádio e quimioterapia. A lesão apresentava tanto um aspecto histológico característico, com células pequenas e arredondadas formando pseudo-rosetas, como um perfil imunoistoquímico compatível. Os tumores neuroectodérmicos primitivos de nervos periféricos são lesões raras, descritas em 36 casos da literatura. Neste relato são discutidas as principais características dessa lesão e enfatizada a importância de um tratamento cirúrgico agressivo associado à terapêutica adjuvante apropriada.

Diarrhea and malabsorption in primary humoral immunodeficiency

Pacientes com sindrome de imunodeficiencia humoral primária frequentemente apresentam infecçöes recorrentes, em especial acometendo o trato respiratório e o digestivo. Este estudo realizou avaliaçäo clinica e laboratorial em 15 pacientes com imunodeficiência humoral primária e sintomas gastrointestinais. Nossos resultados reforçam a relevância das sindromes de imunodeficiência humoral primária do diagnóstico diferencial da diarréia crônica

Imunodeficiência comum variável (hipogamaglobulinemia de início tardio ou hipogamoglobulinemia adquirida): seguimento inicial de 11 casos / Common variable immunodeficiency (hypogammaglobulinemia of late onset or acquired hypogammaglobulinemia): initial follow-up of 11 cases

O presente trabalho faz a avaliaçäo clínico-laboratorial de 11 pacientes com imunodeficiência comum variável, seguidos no Serviço de Imunopatologia do HC/FMUSP. A idade destes pcientes variou de oito a 45 anos, com tempo médio de doença de 12,6 anos e de diagnóstico de 4,3 anos. Manifestaçöes infecciosas, principalmente de vias aéreas e digestivas, ocorreram em todos os pacientes. Poliadenomegalia ocorreu em sete, hepatomegalia em seis, esplenomegalia em cinco e artralgia em quatro pacientes. Todos os casos apresentaram IgG sérica < 250 mg dl. IgA < 33 mg/dl e IGM < 31 ml/dl, exceto um paciente com IgM de 176 mg/dl. Os títulos de iso hemaglutininas foram < 1/20, exceto em um paciente. A determinaçäo de linfócitos B no sangue périférico revelou níveis normais em três, elevados em um e diminuidos em cinco pacientes. Cinco apresentaram testes cutâneos tardios positivos a pelo menos um dos antígenos testados (PPD, varidase (SK-SD), Tricofitina e Levedurina). A avaliaçäo da relaçäo CD-4/CD-8 obtida no sangue periférico foi <1 em oito e > 1 em três. Observou-se também déficit da funçäo NK, paralelamente a uma depressäo da atividade proliferativa de células mononucleares estimuladas por lectinas (PHA, Con-A e PWM). A associaçäo destas duas disfunçöes foi comum, sugerindo um possível papel de linfócitos T reguladores na imunopatogênese da doença nestes pacientes. Os dados obtidos demonstraram a diversidade das manifestaçöes clínicas e imunológicas desta doença, que pode ser notada ente pacientes diferentes e mesmo no seguimento de um único paciente. Em nossos casos a doença apresentou um caráter evolutivo, com uma disfunçäo primariamente humoral seguida por distúrbios da imunidade celular que resultaron em pior prognóstico e dificuldades progressivas na terapêutica...