ABSTRACT
Viewing one's body and even a fake/virtual body experienced as one's own has been suggested to modulate pain perception. However, what happens to pain perception when one's own body part is felt as not belonging to one? We designed a paradigm to induce an illusory feeling of disownership regarding one's limb, investigating whether the feeling affects pain threshold. Participants observed right-side images of their bodies from a third-person perspective via a head-mounted display in real-time. Following instructions, they moved their left hand while keeping their left elbow behind the upper body, so that the connection of their arm to the torso was not visible (test condition), or in front of it, so they could see the arm being part of them (control condition). Then, pain threshold was tested with a thermal stimulator. We found a significantly higher strength of disownership in the test condition than in the control condition. While there was no pain modulation within and between conditions, disownership ratings negatively correlated with pain-threshold changes, where the participants reporting explicit disownership showed lower pain-threshold changes than the others. The finding suggests that while multisensory disintegration had no modulatory effect, the individual sense of disownership was associated with pain perception.
Subject(s)
Illusions , Humans , Pain Perception , Pain , Torso , HandSubject(s)
Abdomen, Acute/diagnostic imaging , Colon/blood supply , Colonic Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Abdomen, Acute/drug therapy , Adult , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use , Colonic Diseases/drug therapy , Contrast Media , Diagnosis, Differential , Humans , Male , Phenylpropionates/therapeutic use , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
In our previous study, piperlonguminine from the fruit of Piper chaba was reported to promote adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells like the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonist, troglitazone. In the present study, the mode of action of piperlonguminine in cells was examined. Piperlonguminine increased mRNA levels of adiponectin, glucose transporter 4, and fatty acid-binding protein (aP2). It also increased mRNA levels of PPARγ2 but, unlike troglitazone, piperlonguminine did not activate PPARγ directly in a nuclear receptor cofactor assay. Analyses of plasma from mice treated with piperlonguminine, piperine, and retrofractamide A, and an extract of the fruit, showed that concentrations of piperlonguminine were higher than those of piperine and retrofractamide A, and that the "area-under-the-curve" of piperine increased following in vivo administration of the extract.
Subject(s)
Adipocytes/drug effects , Adipogenesis/drug effects , Amides/pharmacokinetics , Benzodioxoles/pharmacokinetics , Dioxolanes/pharmacokinetics , Plant Extracts/pharmacokinetics , 3T3-L1 Cells , Adipocytes/metabolism , Adiponectin/genetics , Adiponectin/metabolism , Alkaloids/pharmacology , Amides/blood , Amides/isolation & purification , Animals , Area Under Curve , Benzodioxoles/blood , Benzodioxoles/isolation & purification , Benzodioxoles/pharmacology , DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics , DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Deoxyglucose/metabolism , Dioxolanes/blood , Dioxolanes/isolation & purification , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins/genetics , Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Fruit/metabolism , Humans , Male , Mice , PPAR gamma/agonists , PPAR gamma/genetics , PPAR gamma/metabolism , Phytotherapy , Piper/chemistry , Piperidines/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/blood , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Plants, Medicinal , Polyunsaturated Alkamides/pharmacology , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Transcription Factors/genetics , Transcription Factors/metabolism , Triglycerides/metabolismABSTRACT
A novel sugar ester poacynose (1) was isolated from the flowers of Poacynum hendersonii together with 31 known compounds. The structure of 1 was established mainly on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectral data. Among the isolates, several constituents, such as kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside (5), picein (16), and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (17) moderately promoted adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells. In addition, simultaneous quantitative analysis of eight flavonoid constituents from the flower and leaf parts of P. hendersonii was developed.
Subject(s)
Adipocytes/drug effects , Adipogenesis/drug effects , Apocynaceae , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , 3T3-L1 Cells , Adipocytes/metabolism , Animals , Apocynaceae/chemistry , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Esters/pharmacology , Flavonoids/pharmacology , Flowers , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Mice , Molecular Structure , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Plant Leaves , Triglycerides/metabolismABSTRACT
The methanolic extract from the pericarps of Sapindus rarak DC. was found to show pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity (IC50=ca. 614 microg/mL). From the extract, oleanane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, rarasaponins I-III (1-3), and raraoside A (4), were isolated together with 13 known saponins and four known sesquiterpene glycosides. Among them, several saponin constituents including rarasaponins I (1, IC50=131microM) and II (2, 172microM), and raraoside A (4, 151microM) inhibited pancreatic lipase activity, which were stronger than that of theasaponin E(1) (270microM).
Subject(s)
Glycosides/isolation & purification , Glycosides/pharmacology , Lipase/antagonists & inhibitors , Oleanolic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Oleanolic Acid/isolation & purification , Oleanolic Acid/pharmacology , Pancreas/enzymology , Plants, Medicinal/chemistry , Sapindus/chemistry , Animals , Glycosides/chemistry , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Molecular Structure , Oleanolic Acid/chemistry , Saponins/pharmacology , SwineABSTRACT
The MeOH extract and its BuOH-soluble fraction (crude saponin fraction) from the flower buds of Chinese tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. KUNTZE; Fujian Province) were found to exhibit accelerating effects on gastrointestinal transit in mice and inhibitory effects against pancreatic lipase. From the BuOH-soluble fraction, three new acylated oleanane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, chakasaponins I, II, and III (1-3, resp.), were isolated together with 13 known compounds. The chemical structures 1-3 were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. Compounds 1-3 showed accelerating effects on gastrointestinal transit in mice and inhibitory effects against porcine pancreatic lipase (IC(50)=150-530 microM).
Subject(s)
Camellia sinensis/chemistry , Flowers/chemistry , Gastrointestinal Transit/drug effects , Lipase/antagonists & inhibitors , Saponins/chemistry , Triterpenes/chemistry , Acylation , Animals , Lipase/metabolism , Male , Mice , Oleanolic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Oleanolic Acid/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Saponins/isolation & purification , Saponins/pharmacology , Tea/chemistry , Triterpenes/isolation & purification , Triterpenes/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Hydrangeic acid (3-100 microM), a stilbene constituent of the processed leaves of Hydrangea macrophylla var. thunbergii (Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium), promoted adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells. Hydrangeic acid significantly increased the amount of adiponectin released into the medium, the uptake of 2-deoxyglucose into the cells, and the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4). Hydrangeic acid also increased mRNA levels of adiponectin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 (PPARgamma2), GLUT4, and fatty acid-binding protein (aP2) while it decreased the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA. However, it did not activate PPARgamma directly different from troglitazone in a nuclear receptor cofactor assay system. Furthermore, hydrangeic acid significantly lowered blood glucose, triglyceride, and free fatty acid levels after its administration for 2 weeks at a dose of 200 mg/kg/day (p.o.) in KK-A(y) mice.
Subject(s)
Hydrangea/chemistry , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Salicylates/pharmacology , Stilbenes/pharmacology , 3T3-L1 Cells , Adipogenesis/drug effects , Adiponectin/metabolism , Animals , Biological Transport/drug effects , Deoxyglucose/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Glucose Transporter Type 4/metabolism , Male , Mice , Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis , PPAR gamma/agonists , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Stilbenes/chemistry , Triglycerides/metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolismABSTRACT
The methanolic extract from the leaves of Ilex paraguariensis (Aquifoliaceae) was found to show an inhibitory activity on porcine pancreatic lipase. From the methanolic extract, three new triterpene oligoglycosides, mateglycosides A, B, and C, were isolated together with 18 known compounds. The chemical structures of new oligoglycosides were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. Several constituents showed inhibitory activities on pancreatic lipase.
