Subject(s)
Enterovirus A, Human/isolation & purification , Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/virology , Animals , Capsid Proteins/genetics , Child , Child, Preschool , Enterovirus A, Human/genetics , Female , Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/diagnosis , Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/epidemiology , Hospitals, Pediatric , Humans , Japan/epidemiology , Male , Mice , Molecular Sequence Data , Molecular Typing , Sentinel Surveillance , Sequence Analysis, DNAABSTRACT
To monitor and characterize oseltamivir-resistant (OR) pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus with the H275Y mutation, we analyzed 4,307 clinical specimens from Japan by neuraminidase (NA) sequencing or inhibition assay; 61 OR pandemic (H1N1) 2009 viruses were detected. NA inhibition assay and M2 sequencing indicated that OR pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus was resistant to M2 inhibitors, but sensitive to zanamivir. Full-genome sequencing showed OR and oseltamivir-sensitive (OS) viruses had high sequence similarity, indicating that domestic OR virus was derived from OS pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus. Hemagglutination inhibition test demonstrated that OR and OS pandemic (H1N1) 2009 viruses were antigenically similar to the A/California/7/2009 vaccine strain. Of 61 case-patients with OR viruses, 45 received oseltamivir as treatment, and 10 received it as prophylaxis, which suggests that most cases emerged sporadically from OS pandemic (H1N1) 2009, due to selective pressure. No evidence of sustained spread of OR pandemic (H1N1) 2009 was found in Japan; however, 2 suspected incidents of human-to-human transmission were reported.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Viral/genetics , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects , Influenza, Human/virology , Oseltamivir/pharmacology , Pandemics , Adolescent , Adult , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/classification , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics , Influenza, Human/drug therapy , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Influenza, Human/transmission , Japan/epidemiology , Male , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Middle Aged , Mutation , Neuraminidase/genetics , Oseltamivir/therapeutic use , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Young AdultABSTRACT
To monitor oseltamivir-resistant influenza viruses A (H1N1) (ORVs) with H275Y in neuraminidase (NA) in Japan during 2 influenza seasons, we analyzed 3,216 clinical samples by NA sequencing and/or NA inhibition assay. The total frequency of ORVs was 2.6% (45/1,734) during the 2007-08 season and 99.7% (1,477/1,482) during the 2008-09 season, indicating a marked increase in ORVs in Japan during 1 influenza season. The NA gene of ORVs in the 2007-08 season fell into 2 distinct lineages by D354G substitution, whereas that of ORVs in the 2008-09 season fell into 1 lineage. NA inhibition assay and M2 sequencing showed that almost all the ORVs were sensitive to zanamivir and amantadine. The hemagglutination inhibition test showed that ORVs were antigenetically similar to the 2008-09 vaccine strain A/Brisbane/59/2007. Our data indicate that the current vaccine or zanamivir and amantadine are effective against recent ORVs, but continuous surveillance remains necessary.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Viral , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Oseltamivir/pharmacology , Amantadine/pharmacology , Amino Acid Substitution , Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests , Humans , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification , Influenza, Human/virology , Japan/epidemiology , Neuraminidase/antagonists & inhibitors , Neuraminidase/genetics , Phylogeny , Seasons , Sequence Analysis, Protein , Time Factors , Viral Matrix Proteins/genetics , Zanamivir/pharmacologyABSTRACT
In Japan, under the National Epidemiological Surveillance of Infectious Diseases, clinically diagnosed influenza cases have been reported by approximately 5,000 influenza sentinel clinics and influenza virus isolation have been reported by prefectural and municipal public health institutes (PHIs). Influenza virus strain surveillance have been conducted by PHIs and National Institute of Infectious Diseases for selectin of vaccine strains. Weekly influenza case and influenza virus isolation data have been submitted to WHO FluNet website. In addition, HI antibody prevalence have been monitored by the National Epidemiological Surveillance of Vaccine-preventable Diseases. Various information about influenza surveillance in Japan is available on the Infectious Disease Surveillance Center website (http://idsc.nih.go.jp/iasr/index.html).
Subject(s)
Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Epidemiologic Methods , Humans , Japan/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction of 6-iodoisoflavone, prepared from 3'-iodoacetophenone derivative, with 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol gave 6-alkynylisoflavone derivative, which was hydrogenated to give 6-alkylhydroxyisoflavone (luteone hydrate) (2). Dehydration of 2 gave 2',4',5,7-tetrahydroxy-6-prenylisoflavone (luteone) (1). Wighteone hydrate (3) was also synthesized from 6-iodotris(benzyloxy)isoflavone in a similar manner. 6-Alkyl-4'5,7-trihydroxy-coumaronochromone (4) was synthesized by oxidative cyclization of 2 with o-chloranil.
Subject(s)
Benzofurans/chemical synthesis , Isoflavones/chemical synthesis , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
The patients or carriers with infectious enteritis admitted to the Hospitals for infectious diseases in the last 5 years (1996-2000) were studied. The total number of cases admitted in each year were 969, 1,113, 981, 637 and 573 respectively. A total of 1,527 Shigella spp. strains including 1,078 strains from overseas travelers' cases were isolated. The isolates of Salmonella spp. excluding S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A were 562 in number. A total of 61 Vibrio cholerae O1 strains including 44 strains from overseas travelers was isolated. These V. cholerae O1 strains were all of El Tor type. Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum and Isospora belli were detected in 225, 46, 3 and 3 cases respectively. Abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting were frequently observed in the cases caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The highest body temperature and the highest frequency of bowel movements were revealed in the cases caused by Salmonella spp. Bloody stool was observed in 55.3% of the cases due to Escherichia coli, in 40.5% of the cases due to Campylobacter spp. and in 24.1% of cases due to Shigella spp. As for shigellosis and salmonellosis, the clinical symptoms were more serious in the domestic cases than those in travelers. OFLX-resistant strains accounted for 1.7% of Shigella spp. isolates. No strains of Salmonella spp. were resistant to OFLX. The incidence of drug-resistant isolates of Campylobacter jejuni were 26.0% for OFLX and 2.5% for EM.
