X-Irradiation at 0.5 Gy after the forced swim test reduces forced swimming-induced immobility in mice.

The forced swim test (FST) is a screening model for antidepressant activity; it causes immobility and induces oxidative stress. We previously reported that radon inhalation has antidepressant-like effects in mice potentially through the activation of antioxidative functions upon radon inhalation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of prior and post low-dose X-irradiation (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 Gy) on FST-induced immobility and oxidative stress in the mouse brain, and the differences, if any, between the two. Mice received X-irradiation before or after the FST repeatedly for 5 days. In the post-FST-irradiated group, an additional FST was conducted 4 h after the last irradiation. Consequently, animals receiving prior X-irradiation (0.1 Gy) had better mobility outcomes than sham-irradiated mice; however, their levels of lipid peroxide (LPO), an oxidative stress marker, remained unchanged. However, animals that received post-FST X-irradiation (0.5 Gy) had better mobility outcomes and their LPO levels were significantly lower than those of the sham-irradiated mice. The present results indicate that 0.5 Gy X-irradiation after FST inhibits FST-induced immobility and oxidative stress in mice.

Early Detection of Cerebral Infarction After Focal Ischemia Using a New MRI Indicator.

Prolongation of the T2 relaxation time, an increase in T2-weighted signal intensity (T2-SI), and a decrease in the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) calculated from diffusion-weighted images (DWI) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are conventional indicators of the vasogenic (interstitial) or cytotoxic (cellular) cerebral edema that develops after ischemic stroke. However, these parameters obtained on stroke imaging have not given us a precise threshold at which we can determine the viability or vulnerability of the tissue, allowing us to decide on an intervention that will help reversible tissue in the acute phase. Here, we introduce a new indicator-the essential diffusion coefficient or EDC, calculated from the T2-SI and ADC-that permits detection of irreversible brain damage after induction of experimental, focal cerebral ischemia. Our three-vessel occlusion (3-VO) method (Yang et al. Eur Neurol 71:4-18, 2014) was applied to investigate early changes on 7-T MRI. In the 3-VO model, which targets only a part of the cortex, animals seldom die at least within 24 h. The T2-SI and the ADC value were monitored, starting at 60 min after reperfusion, and every 30-60 min, for 10 h after the induction of focal ischemia. The region of interest (ROI) was set in each of the following: (1) the ischemic core (the dead zone); (2) the medial border area (the dying/dead mixed zone, including the ischemic penumbra); (3) the lateral border area (the surviving zone after the ischemic stress, where the rCBF is above the threshold for death); and (4) The intact area (outside the ischemic zone). The diagnosis was made by histological analysis performed 24 h after reperfusion. Significant increases in the T2-SI were observed, in ROI-1 at 1 h, in ROI-2 at 2.5 h, and in ROI-3 at 4 h post-reperfusion (1.10, 1.11, or 1.11; > 1.10, respectively, p < 0.001). Significant reductions in the ADC were also observed in ROI-1, ROI-2, and ROI-3, at 1 h post-reperfusion (0.55, 0.52, or 0.58; < 0.60, respectively, p < 0.001), indicating that both types of cerebral edema develop simultaneously in the acute phase. In the EDC analysis, from 5.0 h post-reperfusion, the value in the dying/dead zone (ROI-1 and ROI-2) was consistently reduced to < 50%, showing repeated, significant differences from the value in the surviving zone (ROI-3). A reduction in the EDC to below 50% indicated irreversible tissue damage, with transformation to cerebral infarction. We could detect a sign of cerebral infarction (initial necrosis-like irreversible lesion) as early as 5.25 h after the onset of ischemia. Although the biological time that depends on the body weight must be different between mice and humans, the earliest irreversible tissue damage or tissue destruction (to have achieved the risk of hemorrhagic transformation) that progressed after invisible or silent cell death in the ultra-acute phase, seems to occur at a similar time point.

Antinociceptive effects of radon inhalation on formalin-induced inflammatory pain in mice.

Radon therapy is clinically useful for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. The mechanisms of pain relief remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the antinociceptive effects of radon inhalation in a mouse model of formalin-induced inflammatory pain. Immediately, after radon inhalation at a concentration of background level (ca. 19 Bq/m(3)), 1,000 or 2,000 Bq/m(3) for 24 h, 1.35 % formalin (0.5 % formaldehyde in saline, 20 µl) was subcutaneously injected into the hind paw of mice, and we measured licking response time. Radon inhalation inhibited the second phase of response in formalin test. Formalin administration induced nociception and increased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in serum and leukocyte migration in paws. Concurrently, formalin injection decreased antioxidative functions. Radon inhalation produced antinociceptive effects, i.e., lowered serum TNF-α and NO levels, and restored antioxidative functions. The results showed that radon inhalation inhibited formalin-induced inflammatory pain.

Comparative study on the inhibitory effects of antioxidant vitamins and radon on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatopathy.

We have previously reported that radon inhalation activates anti-oxidative functions and inhibits carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced hepatopathy. It has also been reported that antioxidant vitamins can inhibit CCl(4)-induced hepatopathy. In the current study, we examined the comparative efficacy of treatment with radon, ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol on CCl(4)-induced hepatopathy. Mice were subjected to intraperitoneal injection of CCl(4) after inhaling approximately 1000 or 2000 Bq/m(3) radon for 24 h, or immediately after intraperitoneal injection of ascorbic acid (100, 300, or 500 mg/kg bodyweight) or α-tocopherol (100, 300, or 500 mg/kg bodyweight). We estimated the inhibitory effects on CCl(4)-induced hepatopathy based on hepatic function-associated parameters, oxidative damage-associated parameters and histological changes. The results revealed that the therapeutic effects of radon inhalation were almost equivalent to treatment with ascorbic acid at a dose of 500 mg/kg or α-tocopherol at a dose of 300 mg/kg. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in the liver were significantly higher in mice exposed to radon than in mice treated with CCl(4) alone. These findings suggest that radon inhalation has an anti-oxidative effect against CCl(4)-induced hepatopathy similar to the anti-oxidative effects of ascorbic acid or α-tocopherol due to the induction of anti-oxidative functions.

Comparative study on the inhibitory effects of α-tocopherol and radon on carbon tetrachloride-induced renal damage.

Since the 2011 nuclear accident in Fukushima, the effects of low-dose irradiation, especially internal exposure, are at the forefront of everyone's attention. However, low-dose radiation induced various stimulating effects such as activation of antioxidative and immune functions. In this study, we attempted to evaluate the quantitative effects of the activation of antioxidative activities in kidney induced by radon inhalation on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced renal damage. Mice were subjected to intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of CCl4 after inhaling approximately 1000 or 2000 Bq/m3 radon for 24 h, or immediately after i.p. injection of α-tocopherol (100, 300, or 500 mg/kg bodyweight). In case of renal function, radon inhalation at a concentration of 2000 Bq/m3 has the inhibitory effects similar to α-tocopherol treatment at a dose of 300-500 mg/kg bodyweight. The activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in kidneys were significantly higher in mice exposed to radon as compared to mice treated with CCl4 alone. These findings suggest that radon inhalation has an antioxidative effect against CCl4-induced renal damage similar to the antioxidative effects of α-tocopherol due to induction of antioxidative functions.

Protective effects of radon inhalation on carrageenan-induced inflammatory paw edema in mice.

We assessed whether radon inhalation inhibited carrageenan-induced inflammation in mice. Carrageenan (1% v/v) was injected subcutaneously into paws of mice that had or had not inhaled approximately 2,000 Bq/m(3) of radon for 24 h. Radon inhalation significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities and significantly decreased lipid peroxide levels in mouse paws, indicating that radon inhalation activates antioxidative functions. Carrageenan administration induced paw edema and significantly increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and nitric oxide in serum. However, radon inhalation significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema. Serum TNF-α levels were lower in the radon-treated mice than in sham-treated mice. In addition, SOD and catalase activities in paws were significantly higher in the radon-treated mice than in the sham-treated mice. These findings indicated that radon inhalation had anti-inflammatory effects and inhibited carrageenan-induced inflammatory paw edema.

Suppression of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice by radon inhalation.

The enhanced release of reactive oxygen species from activated neutrophils plays important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. We previously reported that radon inhalation activates antioxidative functions in various organs of mice. In this study, we examined the protective effects of radon inhalation on dextran sulfate sodium- (DSS) induced colitis in mice which were subjected to DSS for 7 days. Mice were continuously treated with air only (sham) or radon at a concentration of 2000 Bq/m³ from a day before DSS administration to the end of colitis induction. In the results, radon inhalation suppressed the elevation of the disease activity index score and histological damage score induced by DSS. Based on the changes in tumor necrosis factor-alpha in plasma and myeloperoxidase activity in the colon, it was shown that radon inhalation suppressed DSS-induced colonic inflammation. Moreover, radon inhalation suppressed lipid peroxidation of the colon induced by DSS. The antioxidant level (superoxide dismutase and total glutathione) in the colon after DSS administration was significantly higher in mice treated with radon than with the sham. These results suggested that radon inhalation suppressed DSS-induced colitis through the enhancement of antioxidative functions in the colon.

Studies on possibility for alleviation of lifestyle diseases by low-dose irradiation or radon inhalation.

Our previous studies showed the possibility that activation of the antioxidative function alleviates various oxidative damages, which are related to lifestyle diseases. Results showed that, low-dose X-ray irradiation activated superoxide dismutase and inhibits oedema following ischaemia-reperfusion. To alleviate ischaemia-reperfusion injury with transplantation, the changes of the antioxidative function in liver graft using low-dose X-ray irradiation immediately after exenteration were examined. Results showed that liver grafts activate the antioxidative function as a result of irradiation. In addition, radon inhalation enhances the antioxidative function in some organs, and alleviates alcohol-induced oxidative damage of mouse liver. Moreover, in order to determine the most effective condition of radon inhalation, mice inhaled radon before or after carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) administration. Results showed that radon inhalation alleviates CCl(4)-induced hepatopathy, especially prior inhalation. It is highly possible that adequate activation of antioxidative functions induced by low-dose irradiation can contribute to preventing or reducing oxidative damages, which are related to lifestyle diseases.