Plaquette Singlet Transition, Magnetic Barocaloric Effect, and Spin Supersolidity in the Shastry-Sutherland Model.

Inspired by recent experimental measurements [Guo et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 206602 (2020PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.124.206602); Jiménez et al., Nature (London) 592, 370 (2021)NATUAS0028-083610.1038/s41586-021-03411-8] on frustrated quantum magnet SrCu_{2}(BO_{3})_{2} under combined pressure and magnetic fields, we study the related spin-1/2 Shastry-Sutherland model using state-of-the-art tensor network methods. By calculating thermodynamics, correlations, and susceptibilities, we find, in zero magnetic field, not only a line of first-order dimer-singlet to plaquette-singlet phase transition ending with a critical point, but also signatures of the ordered plaquette-singlet transition with its critical end point terminating on this first-order line. Moreover, we uncover prominent magnetic barocaloric responses, a novel type of quantum correlation induced cooling effect, in the strongly fluctuating supercritical regime. Under finite fields, we identify a quantum phase transition from the plaquette-singlet phase to the spin supersolid phase that breaks simultaneously lattice translational and spin rotational symmetries. The present findings on the Shastry-Sutherland model are accessible in current experiments and would shed new light on the critical and supercritical phenomena in the archetypal frustrated quantum magnet SrCu_{2}(BO_{3})_{2}.

Controllable spin splitting in 2D ferroelectric few-layerγ-GeSe.

γ-GeSe is a new type of layered bulk material that was recently successfully synthesized. By means of density functional theory first-principles calculations, we systematically studied the physical properties of two-dimensional (2D) few-layerγ-GeSe. It is found that few-layerγ-GeSe are semiconductors with band gaps decreasing with increasing layer number; and 2Dγ-GeSe with layer numbern⩾ 2 are ferroelectric with rather low transition barriers, consistent with the sliding ferroelectric mechanism. Particularly, spin-orbit coupling induced spin splitting is observed at the top of valence band, which can be switched by the ferroelectric reversal; furthermore, their negative piezoelectricity also enables the regulation of spin splitting by strain. Finally, excellent optical absorption was also revealed. These intriguing properties make 2D few-layerγ-GeSe promising in spintronic and optoelectric applications.

Corrigendum: Effect of 131 I with and without artificial liver support system in patients with Graves' disease and severe liver dysfunction: A retrospective study.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1034374.].

Unexpected spontaneous symmetry breaking and diverse ferroicity in two-dimensional mono-metal phosphorus chalcogenides.

Mono-metal phosphorus trichalcogenides (MPX3) have attracted intensive interest due to their intriguing magnetic properties and potential applications. Generally, single-layer two-dimensional (2D) MPX3 are believed to be centrosymmetric. However, we discovered that unexpected spontaneous symmetry breaking may occur in some 2D MPX3, i.e., vertical P-P dimers move out of the plane and become tilted, leading to the structural stability being enhanced, the inversion symmetry being simultaneously broken, and ferroelectricity or ferroelasticity emerging. By systematically investigating the family (176) of 2D MPX3, we found that 34 members undergo such symmetry breaking during geometric optimization, in which ten are identified to be dynamically stable. We show that the mismatch between the triangular sublattice of P-P dimers and the hexagonal sublattice of M atoms and the variable accommodation of P lone-pair electrons in different valence states of M atoms play dominant roles in the inversion symmetry breaking and the emergence of ferroicity. We obtained a ferroic atlas of the whole 2D MPX3 family, which also includes many stable antiferromagnetic and non-ferroic members that have never been reported. Our work not only presents ferroelectricity in the 2D MPX3 family but also reveals how diverse ferroicity emerges with various spontaneous symmetry breakings, which will be helpful for further exploration of 2D ferroic materials.

Two-Dimensional Intercalating Multiferroics with Strong Magnetoelectric Coupling.

Intrinsic two-dimensional (2D) multiferroics that couple ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity are rare. Here, we present an approach to achieve 2D multiferroics using powerful intercalation technology. In this approach, metal atoms such as Cu or Ag atoms are intercalated in bilayer CrI3 to form Cu(CrI3)4 or Ag(CrI3)4. The intercalant leads to the inversion symmetry breaking and produces a large out-of-plane electric polarization with a low transition barrier and a small reversal electric field, exhibiting excellent 2D ferroelectric properties. In addition, due to charge transfer between the intercalated atoms and bilayer CrI3, the interlayer coupling transits from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic, and the intralayer ferromagnetic coupling is also enhanced. Furthermore, the built-in electric polarization causes a distinct surface magnetization difference, generating a strong magnetoelectric coupling with a coefficient larger than that of Fe, Co, and Ni thin films. Our work paves a practical path for 2D multiferroics, which may have crucial applications in spintronics.

Effect of 131I with and without artificial liver support system in patients with Graves' disease and severe liver dysfunction: A retrospective study.

Objective: Treatment decision-making in Graves' disease (GD) with severe liver dysfunction (LD) is a clinical challenge. This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of radioiodine (131I) with or without an artificial liver support system (ALSS) in GD patients with severe LD. Methods: In total, 45 patients diagnosed with GD and severe LD were enrolled and allocated to two groups: patients treated with 131I alone (n=30) (Group A)and patients by a combination of 131I and ALSS (n=15)(Group B). Liver function, thyroid hormone concentrations, therapeutic efficacy, and the cost of treatment were compared between the two groups. Results: Thyroid hormone concentrations were lower 2 weeks after 131I treatment, but no deterioration in liver function was identified. There was no statistically significant difference in the treatment efficacy between the two groups. The hospital stay, total cost, and daily cost were lower in patients treated with 131I alone than in those treated with 131I and an ALSS (p<0.05). Conclusion: The key point of treating GD patients with severe LD is to control the GD.131I is recommended as an effective and safe and should be applied as soon as possible once the diagnosis is clarified; however, when used in combination with an ALSS, there was no substantial improvement in therapeutic efficacy.

Ferroelectric and Room-Temperature Ferromagnetic Semiconductors in the 2D MIMIIGe2X6 Family: First-Principles and Machine Learning Investigations.

Inspired by experimentally discovering ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity in two-dimensional (2D) CrGeTe3 and CuInP2S6 with similar geometric structures, respectively, we systematically investigated ferroic properties in a large family of 2D MIMIIGe2X6 (MI and MII = metal elements, X = S/Se/Te) by combining high-throughput first-principles calculations and the machine learning method. We identified 12 stable 2D multiferroics containing simultaneously ferromagnetic (FM) and ferroelectric (FE) properties and 35 2D ferromagnets without FE polarization. Particularly, the predicted FM Curie temperatures (TC) of eight 2D FM+FE semiconductors are close to or above room temperature. The ferroelectricity originates from the spontaneous geometric symmetry breaking induced by the unexpected shift of Ge-Ge atomic pairs and the emergence of Ge lone pair electrons, which also strengthens the p-d orbital hybridization between X atoms and metal atoms, leading to enhanced super-super-exchange interactions and raising the FM TC. Our findings not only enrich the family of 2D ferroic materials and present room-temperature FM semiconductors but also disclose the mechanism of the emerging ferroelectricity and enhanced ferromagnetism, which sheds light on the realization of high temperature multiferroics as well as FM semiconductors.

High-efficient ab initio Bayesian active learning method and applications in prediction of two-dimensional functional materials.

Beyond the conventional trial-and-error method, machine learning offers a great opportunity to accelerate the discovery of functional materials, but still often suffers from difficulties such as limited materials data and the unbalanced distribution of target properties. Here, we propose the ab initio Bayesian active learning method that combines active learning and high-throughput ab initio calculations to accelerate the prediction of desired functional materials with ultrahigh efficiency and accuracy. We apply it as an instance to a large family (3119) of two-dimensional hexagonal binary compounds with unbalanced materials properties, and accurately screen out the materials with maximal electric polarization and proper photovoltaic band gaps, respectively, whereas the computational costs are significantly reduced by only calculating a few tenths of the possible candidates in comparison with a random search. This approach shows the enormous advantages for the cases with unbalanced distribution of target properties. It can be readily applied to seek a broad range of advanced materials.

Voting Data-Driven Regression Learning for Accelerating Discovery of Advanced Functional Materials and Applications to Two-Dimensional Ferroelectric Materials.

Regression machine learning is widely applied to predict various materials. However, insufficient materials data usually leads to poor performance. Here, we develop a new voting data-driven method that could generally improve the performance of the regression learning model for accurately predicting properties of materials. We apply it to investigate a large family (2135) of two-dimensional hexagonal binary compounds focusing on ferroelectric properties and find that the performance of the model for electric polarization is indeed greatly improved, where 38 stable ferroelectrics with out-of-plane polarization including 31 metals and 7 semiconductors are screened out. By unsupervised learning, actionable information such as how the number and orbital radius of valence electrons, ionic polarizability, and electronegativity of constituent atoms affect polarization was extracted. Our voting data-driven method not only reduces the size of materials data for constructing a reliable learning model but also enables one to make precise predictions for targeted functional materials.

Large family of two-dimensional ferroelectric metals discovered via machine learning.

Ferroelectricity and metallicity are usually believed not to coexist because conducting electrons would screen out static internal electric fields. In 1965, Anderson and Blount proposed the concept of "ferroelectric metal", however, it is only until recently that very rare ferroelectric metals were reported. Here, by combining high-throughput ab initio calculations and data-driven machine learning method with new electronic orbital based descriptors, we systematically investigated a large family (2964) of two-dimensional (2D) bimetal phosphates, and discovered 60 stable ferroelectrics with out-of-plane polarization, including 16 ferroelectric metals and 44 ferroelectric semiconductors that contain seven multiferroics. The ferroelectricity origins from spontaneous symmetry breaking induced by the opposite displacements of bimetal atoms, and the full-d-orbital coinage metal elements cause larger displacements and polarization than other elements. For 2D ferroelectric metals, the odd electrons per unit cell without spin polarization may lead to a half-filled energy band around Fermi level and is responsible for the metallicity. It is revealed that the conducting electrons mainly move on a single-side surface of the 2D layer, while both the ionic and electric contributions to polarization come from the other side and are vertical to the above layer, thereby causing the coexistence of metallicity and ferroelectricity. Van der Waals heterostructures based on ferroelectric metals may enable the change of Schottky barrier height or the Schottky-Ohmic contact type and induce a dramatic change of their vertical transport properties. Our work greatly expands the family of 2D ferroelectric metals and will spur further exploration of 2D ferroelectric metals.

Compositional Engineering Study of Lead-Free Hybrid Perovskites for Solar Cell Applications.

Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells (HOIPs), especially CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3), have received tremendous attention due to their excellent power conversion efficiency (25.2%). However, two fundamental hurdles, long-term stability and lead (Pb) toxicity, prevent HOIPs from practical applications in the solar industry. To overcome these issues, compositional engineering has been used to modify cations at A- and B-sites and anions at the X-site in the general form ABX3. In this work, we used the density functional theory (DFT) to incorporate Rb, Cs, and FA at the A-site to minimize the volatile nature of MA, while the highly stable Ca2+ and Sr2+ were mixed with the less stable Ge2+ and Sn2+ at the B-site to obtain a Pb-free perovskite. To further enhance the stability, we mixed the X-site anions (I/Br). Through this approach, we introduced 20 new perovskite species to the lead-free perovskite family and 7 to the lead-containing perovskite family. The molecular dynamic (MD) simulations, enthalpy formation, and tolerance and octahedral factor study confirm that all of the perovskite alloys we introduced here are as stable as pristine MAPbI3. All Pb-free perovskites have suitable and direct band gaps (1.42-1.77 eV) at the Γ-point, which are highly desirable for solar cell applications. Most of our Pb-free perovskites have smaller effective masses and exciton binding energies. Finally, we show that the introduced perovskites have high absorption coefficients (105 cm-1) and strong absorption efficiencies (above 90%) in a wide spectral range (300-1200 nm), reinforcing their significant potential applications. This study provides a new way of searching for stable lead-free perovskites for sustainable and green energy applications.

Boron based layered electrode materials for metal-ion batteries.

Graphite is the most commonly used electrode material, which is mainly due to two key advantages, i.e., its layered structure acts a perfect framework for the accommodation and migration of ions, and the light atomic mass of carbon is conducive to obtaining a high specific capacity. As a neighbor of carbon in the periodic table, boron is even lighter than carbon, and it can also form various layered structures. Here, we systematically investigate boron-based layered compounds to explore their potential applications as electrode materials by means of first-principle calculations. Among various types of boron compounds, MXB4 (M = Li, Na, Mg; X = Al, Ga) with the YCrB4-type structure are found to be potentially excellent electrode materials for metal-ion batteries. The adsorption and migration of Li/Na/Mg in MXB4 have been presented, and migration barriers comparable with conventional electrode materials are observed. In particular, Li2AlB4 and Li2GaB4 are found to exhibit quite high specific capacities of 754 mA h g-1 and 470 mA h g-1 compared to the theoretical value of graphite (372 mA h g-1) as well as low average voltages of 0.71 V and 0.79 V, respectively, revealing that they may be good anode materials for Lithium ion batteries.

Accelerated Discovery of Two-Dimensional Optoelectronic Octahedral Oxyhalides via High-Throughput Ab Initio Calculations and Machine Learning.

Traditional trial-and-error methods are obstacles for large-scale searching of new optoelectronic materials. Here, we introduce a method combining high-throughput ab initio calculations and machine-learning approaches to predict two-dimensional octahedral oxyhalides with improved optoelectronic properties. We develop an effective machine-learning model based on an expansive data set generated from density functional calculations including the geometric and electronic properties of 300 two-dimensional octahedral oxyhalides. Our model accelerates the screening of potential optoelectronic materials of 5000 two-dimensional octahedral oxyhalides. The distorted stacked octahedral factors proposed in our model play essential roles in the machine-learning prediction. Several potential two-dimensional optoelectronic octahedral oxyhalides with moderate band gaps, high electron mobilities, and ultrahigh absorbance coefficients are successfully hypothesized.

Waterproof molecular monolayers stabilize 2D materials.

Two-dimensional van der Waals materials have rich and unique functional properties, but many are susceptible to corrosion under ambient conditions. Here we show that linear alkylamines n-C m H2m+1NH2, with m = 4 through 11, are highly effective in protecting the optoelectronic properties of these materials, such as black phosphorus (BP) and transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs: WS2, 1T'-MoTe2, WTe2, WSe2, TaS2, and NbSe2). As a representative example, n-hexylamine (m = 6) can be applied in the form of thin molecular monolayers on BP flakes with less than 2-nm thickness and can prolong BP's lifetime from a few hours to several weeks and even months in ambient environments. Characterizations combined with our theoretical analysis show that the thin monolayers selectively sift out water molecules, forming a drying layer to achieve the passivation of the protected 2D materials. The monolayer coating is also stable in air, H2 annealing, and organic solvents, but can be removed by certain organic acids.

Engineering single-atom dynamics with electron irradiation.

Atomic engineering is envisioned to involve selectively inducing the desired dynamics of single atoms and combining these steps for larger-scale assemblies. Here, we focus on the first part by surveying the single-step dynamics of graphene dopants, primarily phosphorus, caused by electron irradiation both in experiment and simulation, and develop a theory for describing the probabilities of competing configurational outcomes depending on the postcollision momentum vector of the primary knock-on atom. The predicted branching ratio of configurational transformations agrees well with our atomically resolved experiments. This suggests a way for biasing the dynamics toward desired outcomes, paving the road for designing and further upscaling atomic engineering using electron irradiation.

Exploring T-carbon for energy applications.

Seeking for next-generation energy sources that are economic, sustainable (renewable), clean (environment-friendly), and earth-abundant, is crucial when facing the challenges of the energy crisis. There have been numerous studies exploring the possibility of carbon-based materials to be utilized in future energy applications. In this paper, we introduce T-carbon, which is a theoretically predicted but also a recently experimentally synthesized carbon allotrope, as a promising material for next-generation energy applications. It is shown that T-carbon can be potentially used in thermoelectrics, hydrogen storage, lithium ion batteries, etc. The challenges, opportunities, and possible directions for future studies of energy applications of T-carbon are also addressed. With the development of more environment-friendly technologies, the promising applications of T-carbon in energy fields would not only produce scientifically significant impact in related fields, but also lead to a number of industrial and technical applications.

Two-dimensional magnetic metal-organic frameworks with the Shastry-Sutherland lattice.

Inspired by the successful synthesis of Fe/Cu-5,5'-bis(4-pyridyl)(2,2'-bipirimidine) (PBP), a family of two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with the Shastry-Sutherland lattice, i.e., transition metal (TM)-PBP (TM = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) has been systematically investigated by means of first-principles density functional theory calculations and Monte Carlo simulations. Mn-PBP is discovered to be the first ferromagnetic 2D MOF with the Shastry-Sutherland lattice and the Curie temperature is predicted to be about 105 K, while Fe-PBP, TM-PBP (TM = Cr, Co, Ni) and TM-PBP (TM = Cu, Zn) are found to be stripe-order antiferromagnetic, magnetic-dimerized and nonmagnetic, respectively. The electronic structure calculations reveal that TM-PBP MOFs are semiconductors with band gaps ranging from 0.12 eV to 0.85 eV, which could be easily modulated by various methods. Particularly, Mn-PBP would exhibit half-metallic behavior under compressive strain or appropriate electron/hole doping and a Mn-PBP based spintronic device has been proposed. This study not only improves the understanding of the geometric, electronic and magnetic properties of the 2D TM-PBP MOF family, but also provides a novel spin lattice playground for the research of 2D magnetic systems, which has diverse modulating possibilities and rich potential applications.

Lithium adsorption and migration in group IV-VI compounds and GeS/graphene heterostructures: a comparative study.

By means of first-principles calculations, the adsorption and transport properties of lithium (Li) in orthorhombic group IV-VI compounds MX (M = Ge, Sn; X = S, Se) and GeS/graphene heterostructures have been systematically investigated. Strong interactions and distinct charge transfer between Li and compounds MX are observed. The Li diffusion barriers along the zigzag direction are found to be much lower than that along the armchair direction in monolayer and bulk MX, showing distinct anisotropic diffusion features. In particular, monolayer GeS has a lowest barrier of 0.173 eV (zigzag) among them and it will transit from a semiconductor to a metallic state after Li intercalation, indicating fast Li and electron transport properties. As a comparison, the addition of graphene in a GeS/graphene heterostructure could enhance its binding with Li, decrease the Li diffusion barrier and inhibit the volume expansion dramatically, suggesting a potential performance improvement. Our study not only reveals the directional transport properties of Li in MX, but also improves the understanding of the role of graphene in the MX/graphene heterostructure, and shows great potential application in the field of electrode materials.

The role of phonon-phonon and electron-phonon scattering in thermal transport in PdCoO2.

The layered metal oxide PdCoO2 is of fundamental interest in solid-state physics due to its unique nature as a two-dimensional electron gas. It is well known that electron-phonon scattering plays the leading role in the electrical transport of lots of materials; however, the influence of electron-phonon coupling on the thermal transport in PdCoO2 is rarely studied. Herewith we employ ab initio calculations to study the phonon lifetimes of PdCoO2 due to electron-phonon scattering and anharmonic phonon-phonon interactions. It is found that electron-phonon scattering has a large correction to the lattice thermal conductivity of PdCoO2 for both the in-plane and cross-plane directions, which is reduced by 21% and 27%, respectively. Moreover, the correction becomes larger and is more significant for the in-plane direction with decreasing temperature. As a result, the cross-plane lattice thermal transport overwhelms the in-plane value at low temperatures. This study provides useful guidance for the development of relevant devices involving two-dimensional electron gas systems.

External electric field driving the ultra-low thermal conductivity of silicene.

The manipulation of thermal transport is in increasing demand as heat transfer plays a critical role in a wide range of practical applications, such as efficient heat dissipation in nanoelectronics and heat conduction hindering in solid-state thermoelectrics. It is well established that the thermal transport in semiconductors and insulators (phonons) can be effectively modulated by structure engineering or materials processing. However, almost all the existing approaches involve altering the original atomic structure of materials, which would be hindered due to either irreversible structure change or limited tunability of thermal conductivity. Motivated by the inherent relationship between phonon behavior and interatomic electrostatic interaction, we comprehensively investigate the effect of external electric field, a widely used gating technique in modern electronics, on the lattice thermal conductivity (κ). Taking two-dimensional silicon (silicene) as a model, we demonstrate that by applying an electric field (Ez = 0.5 V Å-1) the κ of silicene can be reduced to a record low value of 0.091 W m-1 K-1, which is more than two orders of magnitude lower than that without an electric field (19.21 W m-1 K-1) and is even comparable to that of the best thermal insulation materials. Fundamental insights are gained from observing the electronic structures. With an electric field applied, due to the screened potential resulting from the redistributed charge density, the interactions between silicon atoms are renormalized, leading to phonon renormalization and the modulation of phonon anharmonicity through electron-phonon coupling. Our study paves the way for robustly tuning phonon transport in materials without altering the atomic structure, and would have significant impact on emerging applications, such as thermal management, nanoelectronics and thermoelectrics.