Combined gut microbiome and metabolomics to reveal the mechanism of proanthocyanidins from the roots of Ephedra sinica Stapf on the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that primarily affects mucosa and submucosa of colon and rectum. Although the exact etiology of UC remains elusive, increasing evidence has demonstrated that the gut microbiome and its interaction with host metabolism plays an important role in UC development. The objective of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential and mechanism of dimeric proanthocyanidins (PAC) enriched from ethyl acetate extract of Ephedra roots on UC from the perspective of gut microbiota and metabolic regulation. In this study, a bio-guided strategy integrating LC-MS analysis, DMAC assay, antioxidant screening, and antiinflammation activity screening was used to enrich dimeric PAC from Ephedra roots, then untargeted metabolomics combined with gut microbiota analysis was performed to investigate the therapeutic mechanism of PRE on UC. This is the first study that combines a bio-guided strategy to enrich dimeric PAC from Ephedra roots and a comprehensive analysis of their effects on gut microbiota and host metabolism. Oral administration of PRE was found to significantly relieve dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis symptoms in mice, characterized by the reduced disease activity index (DAI), increased colon length and improved colon pathological damage, together with the down-regulation of colonic inflammatory and oxidative stress levels. In addition, 16 S rRNA sequencing combined with untargeted metabolomics was conducted to reveal the effects of PRE on gut microbiota composition and serum metabolites. PRE improved gut microbiota dysbiosis through increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and decreasing the level of potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia-Shigella. Serum metabolomics showed that the disturbed tryptophan and glycerophospholipid metabolism in UC mice was restored after PRE treatment. Collectively, PRE was proved to be a promising anti-UC candidate, which deserves further investigation in future research.

Structurally diverse deformed phenanthrenes from Strophioblachia fimbricalyx with cytotoxic activities by inducing cell apoptosis.

A group of phenanthrene derivatives with different deformed types, including four previously undescribed derivatives (1-4), an undescribed natural product (5) and five known compounds (6-10), were isolated from the leaves and stems of Strophioblachia fimbricalyx by molecular networking based on UPLC-MS/MS method. Their structures were established by 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy, HRESIMS, quantum chemistry calculation, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. In biogenic pathways, series of deformed phenanthrenes were all suspected to be derived from 6/6/6 tricyclic phenanthrenes with a gem-dimethyl unit in one ring as characteristic components of Strophioblachia. Fimbricalyxone (1) and trigoxyphin M (6) with a 6/6/5 tricyclic carbon skeleton were reported for the first time from the genus and fimbricalyxanhydride C (2) is the first example of anhydride type bearing a rare 8,9-oxycycle. All the isolates were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against three tumor cell lines, and compounds 8 and 10 exhibited significant activity with IC50 values of 4.65-9.02 µM, and the structure-activity relationship of the deformed phenanthrenes was discussed. In addition, the X-ray structure of 8 and 10 and the antineoplastic activity of 10 are reported herein for the first time. Trigohowilol G (10) inhibiting the proliferation of A549 cells might be related to cell cycle distribution and the induction of S phase arrest, and it induced cell apoptosis through Bad/Bax/Cleaved PARP1 pathway.

Strophiofimbrins A and B: Two Rearranged Norditerpenoids with Novel Tricyclic Carbon Skeletons from Strophioblachia fimbricalyx.

Two rearranged norditerpenoids with novel tricyclic carbon skeletons, strophiofimbrin A (1) and strophiofimbrin B (2), were isolated from Strophioblachia fimbricalyx. Their structures were established by 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy, HRESIMS, quantum chemistry calculations, and X-ray diffraction analyses. 1 and 2 represented the first examples of diterpenoids with unprecedented 5/6/7-fused ring systems. In the proposed biosynthetic pathway, they were suspected to derive from cleistanthane norditerpenoids via ring opening, expansion, cyclization, and rearrangement based on the existence of phenanthrenone and cleistanthane diterpenoids from Strophioblachia and Trigonostemon, two closely related genera of the Euphorbiaceae family. Furthermore, compounds 1 and 2 exhibited significant proliferation inhibition and obvious neuroprotective effects.

Short-Chain Fatty Acids Attenuate 5-Fluorouracil-Induced THP-1 Cell Inflammation through Inhibiting NF-κB/NLRP3 Signaling via Glycerolphospholipid and Sphingolipid Metabolism.

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a common anti-tumor drug, but there is no effective treatment for its side effect, intestinal mucositis. The inflammatory reaction of macrophages in intestinal mucosa induced by 5-FU is an important cause of intestinal mucositis. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of the three important short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including sodium acetate (NaAc), sodium propionate (NaPc), and sodium butyrate (NaB), on human mononuclear macrophage-derived THP-1 cells induced by 5-FU. The expressions of intracellular ROS, pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well as the nuclear factor-κB/NLR family and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NF-κB/NLRP3) signaling pathway proteins were determined. Furthermore, the cell metabolites were analyzed by untargeted metabolomics techniques. Our results revealed that the three SCFAs inhibited pro-inflammatory factor expressions, including IL-1ß and IL-6, when treated with 5-FU (p < 0.05). The ROS expression and NF-κB activity of 5-FU-treated THP-1 cells were inhibited by the three SCFAs pre-incubated (p < 0.05). Moreover, NLRP3 knockdown abolished 5-FU-induced IL-1ß expression (p < 0.05). Further experiments showed that the three SCFAs affected 20 kinds of metabolites that belong to amino acid and phosphatidylcholine metabolism in THP-1 cells. These significantly altered metabolites were involved in amino acid metabolism and glycerolphospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism. It is the first time that three important SCFAs (NaAc, NaPc, and NaB) were identified as inhibiting 5-FU-induced macrophage inflammation through inhibiting ROS/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathways and regulating glycerolphospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism.

Global Downregulation of Penicillin Resistance and Biofilm Formation by MRSA Is Associated with the Interaction between Kaempferol Rhamnosides and Quercetin.

The rapid development of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) drug resistance and the formation of biofilms seriously challenge the clinical application of classic antibiotics. Extracts of the traditional herb Chenopodium ambrosioides L. were found to have strong antibiofilm activity against MRSA, but their mechanism of action remains poorly understood. This study was designed to investigate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against MRSA of flavonoids identified from C. ambrosioides L. in combination with classic antibiotics, including ceftazidime, erythromycin, levofloxacin, penicillin G, and vancomycin. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to analyze the nonvolatile chemical compositions. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was used to investigate potential multitargets of flavonoids based on global transcriptional responses of virulence and antibiotic resistance. A synergistic antibacterial and biofilm-inhibiting activity of the alcoholic extract of the ear of C. ambrosioides L. in combination with penicillin G was observed against MRSA, which proved to be closely related to the interaction of the main components of kaempferol rhamnosides with quercetin. In regard to the mechanism, the increased sensitivity of MRSA to penicillin G was shown to be related to the downregulation of penicillinase with SarA as a potential drug target, while the antibiofilm activity was mainly related to downregulation of various virulence factors involved in the initial and mature stages of biofilm development, with SarA and/or σB as drug targets. This study provides a theoretical basis for further exploration of the medicinal activity of kaempferol rhamnosides and quercetin and their application in combination with penicillin G against MRSA biofilm infection. IMPORTANCE In this study, the synergistic antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of the traditional herb C. ambrosioides L. and the classic antibiotic penicillin G on MRSA provide a potential strategy to deal with the rapid development of MRSA antibiotic resistance. This study also provides a theoretical basis for further optimizing the combined effect of kaempferol rhamnosides, quercetin, and penicillin G and exploring anti-MRSA biofilm infection research with SarA and σB as drug targets.

RRLC-DAD-ESI-MS based and bioactivity guided phytochemical analysis and separation of coumarins from raw extracts of Trigonostemon lutescens.

As extensively active compounds, coumarins are rarely reported on the phytochemistry of the genus Trigonostemon. We herein proposed a fast strategy for analysis and separation of antitumoral active coumarins from the twigs of T. lutescens. Rapid Resolution liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (RRLC-DAD-ESI-MS) analysis indicated the existence of coumarins in the twig extracts. Bioactivity guided phytochemical analysis assays revealed that the twig extract contained some active components that significantly inhibited cancer cell viability. Accordingly, a series of coumarins including a new furanocoumarin have been isolated from the twigs of T. lutescens by semi-preparative chromatographic separation. All compounds, especially furan-type coumarins, were reported for the first time from the genus Trigonostemon. The proposed strategy, by combining RRLC-DAD-ESI-MS based and bioactivity guided phytochemical analysis, exemplify a fast method for screening and identifying active components from raw extracts of herbs.

Lutescins A and B, two new ellagitannins from the twigs of Trigonostemon lutescens and their antiproliferative activity.

Two new ellagitannins, lutescins A and B (1-2), along with eight known compounds (3-10), were isolated from the twigs of Trigonostemon lutescens. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses as well as by comparison with literature data. Compounds 1 and 2 are the first examples of ellagitannins reported in Trigonostemon Genus, and their structures featured a hexahydroxydiphenoyl (HHDP) moiety less often as R configurations in natural products. In addition, all isolated compounds were tested for their inhibitory effects against HeLa, HCT116 and HepG2 cancer cell lines. Compounds 1, 2, 5 showed potent antiproliferative activity, compared with the positive control Cisplatin.

Experimental and theoretical calculation studies on the structure elucidation and absolute configuration of calyxins from Alpinia katsumadai.

Six novel calyxins, named calyxin T-W, ent-calyxin T and ent-calyxin U were isolated from the seeds of Alpinia katsumadai Hayata. Their relative configurations were elucidated by means of detailed UV, IR, NMR and MS spectroscopic data. Their absolute configurations were assigned by collaborative studies on single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, Mosher's method, electronic circular dichroism (ECD), optical rotation and theoretical calculations. These compounds are Friedel-Cranft alkylation adducts composed of coexisted diarylheptanoids and flavanone from the seeds of Alpinia katsumadai. The antiproliferative activity of the six compounds against NCI-H460, HeLa, SMMC-7721 and HCT-116 cell lines was also reported, and most of them showed moderate to strong activities.

Mn2+-coordinated PDA@DOX/PLGA nanoparticles as a smart theranostic agent for synergistic chemo-photothermal tumor therapy.

Nanoparticle drug delivery carriers, which can implement high performances of multi-functions, are of great interest, especially for improving cancer therapy. Herein, we reported a new approach to construct Mn2+-coordinated doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles as a platform for synergistic chemo-photothermal tumor therapy. DOX-loaded PLGA (DOX/PLGA) nanoparticles were first synthesized through a double emulsion-solvent evaporation method, and then modified with polydopamine (PDA) through self-polymerization of dopamine, leading to the formation of PDA@DOX/PLGA nanoparticles. Mn2+ ions were then coordinated on the surfaces of PDA@DOX/PLGA to obtain Mn2+-PDA@DOX/PLGA nanoparticles. In our system, Mn2+-PDA@DOX/PLGA nanoparticles could destroy tumors in a mouse model directly, by thermal energy deposition, and could also simulate the chemotherapy by thermal-responsive delivery of DOX to enhance tumor therapy. Furthermore, the coordination of Mn2+ could afford the high magnetic resonance (MR) imaging capability with sensitivity to temperature and pH. The results demonstrated that Mn2+-PDA@ DOX/PLGA nanoparticles had a great potential as a smart theranostic agent due to their imaging and tumor-growth-inhibition properties.

Genistein inhibits the growth and regulates the migration and invasion abilities of melanoma cells via the FAK/paxillin and MAPK pathways.

Genistein is one of the main components of soy-based foods, which are widely known for their many benefits, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. In this study, we investigated the anti-metastasis effects of genistein on B16F10 melanoma cells. Our results showed that genistein strongly inhibited B16F10 cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in time- and concentration-dependent manners. Genistein altered the morphology of B16F10 cells to an elongated shape with slim pseudopodia-like protrusions. Moreover, genistein inhibited the invasion and migration abilities of B16F10 cells in a dose-dependent manner. On one hand, a high concentration of genistein (100 µM) significantly inhibited cell adhesion and migration, as shown by wound healing assays and transwell-migration and invasion assays. Furthermore, the expression levels of p-FAK, p-paxillin, tensin-2, vinculin, and α-actinin were decreased by genistein. As a result, genistein is believed to strongly downregulate the migration and invasion abilities of B16F10 cells via the FAK/paxillin pathway. Moreover, p-p38, p-ERK, and p-JNK levels were also dramatically decreased by treatment with genistein. Finally, genistein significantly decreased the gene expression of FAK, paxillin, vimentin, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-related transcription factor Snail, as shown by real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis. On the other hand, a lower concentration of genistein (12.5 µM) significantly promoted both invasion and migration by activating the FAK/paxillin and MAPK signaling cascades. Taken together, this study showed for the first time that genistein exerts dual functional effects on melanoma cells. Our findings suggest that genistein regulates the FAK/paxillin and MAPK signaling pathways in a highly concentration-dependent manner. Patients with melanoma should therefore be cautious of consuming soy-based foods in their diets.

Calyxin Y induces hydrogen peroxide-dependent autophagy and apoptosis via JNK activation in human non-small cell lung cancer NCI-H460 cells.

Calyxin Y has been recently isolated from Alpinia katsumadai which has a folk use as an anti-tumor medicine. Calyxin Y induced caspase-dependent cell death in NCI-H460 cells, and concomitantly, provoked cytoprotective autophagy with the upregulation of critical Atg proteins. The cleavage of Atg proteins by caspases acted as a switch between autophagy and apoptosis induced by calyxin Y. Intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production was triggered upon exposure to calyxin Y via the induction of autophagy and apoptosis. We provided evidence that activated JNK was upstream effectors controlling both autophagy and apoptosis in response to elevated H2O2. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that calyxin Y serves multiple roles as a promising chemotherapeutic agent that induces H2O2-dependent autophagy and apoptosis via JNK activation.

A [2 + 2] cycloaddition dimer and a Diels-Alder adduct from Alpinia katsumadai.

An unusual katsumadain dimer via a [2 + 2] cycloaddition, katsumadain C (1), and a unique chalcone-diarylheptanoid adduct via a Diels-Alder reaction, calyxin Y (2) with novel carbon frameworks, were isolated from the seeds of Alpinia katsumadai. Their structures and relative configurations were determined by spectroscopic evidence.