Analysis and modeling of radio propagation fading characteristics in tunnel construction.

With the development of underground rail transit, the concept of intelligent tunnel construction has been proposed and promoted. High-quality networking during tunnel construction is a prerequisite for this, making it highly urgent to establish networking during tunnel construction. When studying intra-tunnel networking, it is necessary to consider the propagation characteristics of radio waves in the tunnel. In this paper, according to the actual needs of engineering in tunnel construction and the characteristics of tunnel scenes, an improved ray tracing method is proposed, which considers the type and installation position of antennas, transceiver frequency band and power in channel modeling, and proposes a field strength calculation method under different coordinate systems according to the characteristics of straight and curved segments during tunnel construction. In addition, the propagation characteristics of radio waves in dynamic tunnel construction scenarios are quantitatively analyzed. In this paper, by establishing antenna diagram, two-dimensional and three-dimensional models of tunnels, the computer simulation method is applied to compare with the improved algorithm, and the results have good consistency, in addition, the improved algorithm does not require a lot of modeling work in the early stage, and has high applicability and portability. Not only that, this paper also makes actual measurements of the subway under construction in Zhengzhou, China in different scenarios, and verifies the effectiveness of the method.

Immune persistence after different polio sequential immunization schedules in Chinese infants.

Trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (tOPV) has been withdrawn and instead an inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and bivalent type 1 and type 3 OPV (bOPV) sequential immunization schedule has been implemented since 2016, but no immune persistence data are available for this polio vaccination strategy. This study aimed to assess immune persistence following different polio sequential immunization schedules. Venous blood was collected at 24, 36, and 48 months of age from participants who had completed sequential schedules of combined IPV and OPV in phase III clinical trials. The serum neutralizing antibody titers against poliovirus were determined, and the poliovirus-specific antibody-positive rates were evaluated. A total of 1104 participants were enrolled in this study. The positive rates of poliovirus type 1- and type 3-specific antibodies among the sequential immunization groups showed no significant difference at 24, 36, or 48 months of age. The positive rates of poliovirus type 2-specific antibody in the IPV-IPV-tOPV group at all time points were nearly 100%, which was significantly higher than the corresponding rates in other immunization groups (IPV-bOPV-bOPV and IPV-IPV-bOPV). Immunization schedules involving one or two doses of IPV followed by bOPV failed to maintain a high positive rate for poliovirus type 2-specific antibody.

[Prevalence and correlates of herpes simplex virus infections among AIDS patients in a county of Shanxi province, China].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) and its correlates among HIV/AIDS patients in a county of Shanxi. METHODS: All HIV-infected patients in a county in Shanxi province who were receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART) were included in this study. Participants were interviewed using standard questionnaires. Serum samples were tested to determine HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections. RESULTS: A total of 195 AIDS patients were recruited and 195 blood samples were collected. Among 195 AIDS patients, 189 (96.9%) were farmers; 116 (59.5%) were men while 79 were women; 146 (74.9%) were between 20 - 50 years old; 180 (92.3%) were married. The major routes of HIV transmission were blood/plasma donation or transfusion (176 patients, 90.3%). CD(4)(+) T cell counts were between (1 - 1531) × 10(6) cells/L ((323.6 ± 14.8) × 10(6) cells/L), with 44 (26.5%) patients' CD(4)(+) T cell counts less than 200 × 10(6) cells/L. Of which, 154 patients (79.0%) had sexual partners. 86.8% (118 patients) consistently used condoms during the past 6 months, while for the last sexual act, 91.8% (123 patients) used condoms. For anti-HSV-1 status, there were about 164 patients (84.1%) were positive, and 26 (13.3%) were positive for anti-HSV-2. While, 14 (7.2%) were positive for both anti-HSV-1 and anti-HSV-2. Logistic regression analysis indicated that marital status were correlated with HSV-2 infection (OR = 7.41; 95%CI: 2.42 - 22.73; P < 0.01). No socio-demographic and sexual characteristics were identified to be correlated with HSV-1 infection. CONCLUSION: A substantial proportion of AIDS patients in a rural county of Shanxi province of China were co-infected with HSV-1 and/or HSV-2. Marital status was correlated with HSV-2 infection.

[Survival and immune response of rural HIV/AIDS patients after free antiretroviral therapy].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the adherence, immunologic and survival responses in HIV-infected patients receiving free antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS: All adult HIV-infected patients in Wenxi county who started antiretroviral treatment (ART) between 01 July 2001 and 31 December 2006 and aged above 18 years were included in this study. Epidemiological survey and laboratory tests were performed before, 0.5 months after, 1 months after, 2 months after and every 3 months after initiation of ART to recognize the adherence, efficacy (CD(4)(+) T cell counts) and survival to the regimens. RESULTS: The median follow-up time period was 16.5 months (Interquartile: 15.5 - 20.8 months). At baseline, the median of CD(4)(+) T cell counts were 154 cells/microl (Interquartile: 81 - 212 cells/microl). Treatment was effective in most of the patients, the CD(4)(+) T cell count of patients increased after the initiation of ART. The maximum increase was recorded at month 3, from the median of 154 cells/microl to 220 cells/microl (P < 0.001), and thereafter the count remained stable. When comparing with patients with baseline CD(4)(+) T cell count > or = 100 cells/microl, those with baseline CD(4)(+) T cell count < 100 cells/microl showed a higher mean increase in the first three months of treatment. The cumulative probability rates of remaining alive were 0.94, 0.88 and 0.87 at 3, 12, 24 months, respectively. In multivariate Cox's proportional hazard models, after adjustment for the type ofinitial regimens (NVP vs. EFV/IDV), CD(+)(4) T cell count of less than 50 cells/microl (vs. 50 cells/microl or more) was strongly associated with death hazard ratio 0.21 (95%CI: 0.06 - 0.68). CONCLUSION: Our data showed that ART was effective for improving immunologic response of adult patients with HIV/AIDS. CD(4)(+) T cell count at initiation was associated with survival time in patients starting ART, suggesting that monitoring of CD(4)(+) T count should be strengthened to early initiate antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected patients.

[The value of using an AMACR/34betaE12/p63 cocktail double staining for diagnosis of prostate carcinoma and precarcinomatous lesions].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the value of using an AMACR/34betaE12/p63 cocktail and double-staining for the diagnosis of small focal protatic carcinoma and precarcinomatous lesions. METHODS: A total of 130 consecutive cases were examined over a 3-month period, including 105 prostate needle biopsy samples, 6 radical prostatectomy specimens and 19 benign prostatic hyperplasia specimens which were excised transurethra or above pubis. 262 paraffin blocks of all the 1030 ones were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and by immunostains for AMACR, 34betaE12, p63, and an antibody cocktail comprising all the three with double-chromogen reaction. The diagnoses were then made according to the immunostaining, HE staining and clinical information. RESULTS: In the sections stained by the 3-antibody cocktail, blue-black cytoplasmic staining was observed in the epithelial cells of prostatic carcinoma and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) the basal cells of benign glands were stained red. There were no red basal cells around the blue-black glandular epithelium of carcinoma, but discontinuous or consecutive red basal cells were present around the blue-black glandular epithelium of HGPIN. Prostatic carcinoma was found in 214 paraffin blocks (82%), including 31 small focal carcinoma. HGPIN were observed in 64 paraffin blocks (24%), including focal HGPIN and small gland alveolus HGPIN. AAH was found in one block. No benign glands were simultaneously positive for AMACR and negative for basal cell markers. CONCLUSION: Inmmunohistochemistry studies using a 3-antibody cocktail and double staining can improve the detection rate of small focal prostatic carcinoma and HGPIN.