[Auditory tube dysfunction in children. Part 2]. / Disfunktsiya slukhovoi truby v detskom vozraste. Chast' 2.

The presented literature review examines in detail the methods for diagnosing the auditory tube, the history of development of studies of the Eustachian tube and the treatment of its dysfunction in children. The issue of dysfunction of the auditory tube as one of the causes of the formation of chronic hearing loss in childhood is increasingly being identified because of the rapid development of technologies and methods for examining patients. Aim is to study the multiple etiologic factors of the disease and the need for an integrated approach to the study of this condition.

[Two-year experience in the balloon dilatation treatment of children with persistent auditory tube dysfunction]. / Dvukhletnii opyt lecheniya detei so stoikoi disfunktsiei slukhovoi truby metodom ballonnoi dilatatsii.

OBJECTIVE: Is to study the effectiveness of the of balloon dilatation of the auditory tube in children with persistent dysfunction of the auditory tube. Examination and treatment of 28 children aged 5 to 16 years with persistent dysfunction of the auditory tube was performed. To diagnose and objectify the results of the treatment, taking of complaints and medical history of the patient, examination of ENT organs, endoscopic examination of the nose, nasopharynx and otoendoscopy, functional multispiral computed tomography of the auditory tubes, audiological examination (tympanometry, tonal threshold audiometry) were performed. Treatment included balloon dilatation of the auditory tubes. In 25 (89.3%) children, upon repeated examination after 2, 6, 12 months, the clinical, radiological, and audiological parameters were normal.

[Auditory tube dysfunction in children (literature review, part 2)]. / Disfunktsiya slukhovoi truby v detskom vozraste (obzor literatury, chast' 2).

The presented literature review examines in detail the methods for diagnosing the auditory tube, the history of development of studies of the Eustachian tube and the treatment of its dysfunction in children. The issue of dysfunction of the auditory tube as one of the causes of the formation of chronic hearing loss in childhood is increasingly being identified because of the rapid development of technologies and methods for examining patients. Aim is to study the multiple etiologic factors of the disease and the need for an integrated approach to the study of this condition.

Internal chaotic sea structure and chaos-chaos intermittency in Hamiltonian systems.

In this paper, we study the inhomogeneity of chaotic sea properties far from islands in billiardlike systems and its influence on distributions of particle's return times. A visibly homogeneous chaotic sea at certain parameters has a nontrivial internal structure, in particular, being divided into two chaotic phases with different properties. These phases are not separated by any obstacles, neither in phase nor in configuration spaces, and are partially overlaying. The emergence of a chaotic sea structure may be explained by the existence of remnants of integrable behavior, like sites of regular trajectories of broken islands of stability built into the chaotic sea. In the case of such chaotic seas, we find distributions of return times with two main sites of exponential decay.

[On the issue of treatment of exudative otitis media in children]. / K voprosu o lechenii ékssudativnogo srednego otita v detskom vozraste.

AIM: To increase the effectiveness of treatment of children with catarrhal and secretory stages of exudative otitis media (EOM) through the development of a therapeutic and diagnostic algorithm for the management of children with this condition. MATERIAL AND METHOD: From 2008 to 2017, 346 children (682 ears) aged from 3 to 13 years with exudative otitis media were examined and treated. Two groups of patients were formed: Group 1 (150 children, 298 ears) - with a catarrhal stage of EOM, group 2 (196 children, 384 ears) - with a secretory stage of EOM. Diagnosis and treatment algorithm was created for such patients based on the results of the examination. RESULTS: Depending on the treatment, 3 groups of patients were formed: Group I - 150 children with a catarrhal stage of EOM who received conservative and surgical treatment for upper respiratory tract conditions; Group II - 146 children with an a secretory stage of EOM, who underwent conservative and surgical treatment: myringotomy / installation of a shunt in the eardrum simultaneously with surgical removal of the block of the auditory tube ostium, a course of conservative treatment for children who did not require surgical treatment; Group III - 50 children with a secretory stage of EOM and grade III adenoids, whose parents, contrary to the doctor's advice, refused the proposed myringotomy / installation of a shunt in the eardrum simultaneously with surgical removal of the block of the auditory tube ostium. These children underwent only adenotomy. CONCLUSION: The developed treatment algorithm for children with EOM, depending on the stage of the disease, demonstrated high clinical efficacy and made it possible to achieve stable positive results in 94.7% of cases in patients with the catarrhal stage of ESO and in 84.8% of cases in patients with the secretory stage of ESO, which makes it possible for us to recommend it as an integrated method that improves the quality of treatment for children with EOM.

[Auditory tube dysfunction in children (literature review, part 1)]. / Disfunktsiia slukhovoi truby v detskom vozraste (obzor literatury, chast' 1).

We present the review of the literature on the anatomical and physiological features of the structure of the auditory tube in children, epidemiology, etiology, and the pathogenesis of the formation of auditory tube dysfunction is presented. The first part of the article presents in more detail the structural and functional differences in the Eustachian tube in children, the classification and mechanism of the occurrence of the auditory tube dysfunction in pediatric practice.

[The peculiarities of the clinical picture and treatment of inflammatory ENT diseases in the frequently ill children]. / Osobennosti kliniki i lecheniia vospalitel'nykh zabolevanii LOR-organov u chasto boleiushchikh detei.

The objective of the present study was the analysis of the current state of the problem of the frequently ill children. The authors present the classification of the frequently ill children together with information concerning the influence of various factors on the incidence of pediatric pathologies with special reference to the major pathogenic agents responsible for the formation of the areas of chronic inflammation in the ENT organs of the children. The approaches to the treatment and rehabilitation of the patients belonging to this age group requiring the follow-up monitoring are considered. It is concluded that the comprehensive strategy is needed for providing the adequate care to such children including specific preventive vaccination, well-timed adequate treatment of acute respiratory conditions, rehabilitative therapy with the use of the adaptogenic substances, the development of resistance to the cold and other unfavourable factors, implementation of the relevant socio-medical programs.

Thin structure of the transit time distributions of open billiards.

It is known that typical open billiards distribution of transit times is an exponentially decaying function, possibly with a power-law tail. In the paper we show that on small scales some of such distributions change their appearance. These distributions contain a quasiperiodic thin structure, which carries a significant amount of information about the system. Origin and properties of this structure are discussed.

Billiard with a handle.

We consider an open billiard with two holes, connected by a handle. The central billiard is chosen so that its closed form's islands of stability occupy a significant part of the phase space. Holes destroy these islands, which leads to almost all trajectories of the system being interleaved. We also study the unbalanced flow of billiard particles through the handle, which appears only after a small border site of nonspecular reflection is added to the system. With this site our system is rather a ratchet of a different type, since the site does not produce an explicitly acting force or violate the reversibility of trajectories.

[Exudative otitis media in the childhood].

This review article was designed to systematize the literature data concerning etiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics and treatment of exudative otitis media (EOM) in the children. The review is focused on the prevailing current tendencies in the approaches to the problems of etiology, diagnostics, and treatment of EOM in the children as exemplified by the publications in the foreign and Russian-speaking literature. The special emphasis is laid on the description of the therapeutic and surgical methods for the management of EOM.

Equation of state of an ideal gas with nonergodic behavior in two connected vessels.

We consider a two-dimensional collisionless ideal gas in the two vessels connected through a small hole. One of them is a well-behaved chaotic billiard, another one is known to be nonergodic. A significant part of the second vessel's phase space is occupied by an island of stability. In the works of Zaslavsky and coauthors, distribution of Poincaré recurrence times in similar systems was considered. We study the gas pressure in the vessels; it is uniform in the first vessel and not uniform in second one. An equation of the gas state in the first vessel is obtained. Despite the very different phase-space structure, behavior of the second vessel is found to be very close to the behavior of a good ergodic billiard but of different volume. The equation of state differs from the ordinary equation of ideal gas state by an amendment to the vessel's volume. Correlation of this amendment with a share of the phase space under remaining intact islands of stability is shown.

Scattering by a boundary with complex structure.

The distribution of escape times is usually studied in open billiards theory. In this work, we will concentrate on another important question: The distribution of outgoing rays by exit directions, which we refer to as billiard's indicatrix. It can be obtained analytically and consists of two parts: the symmetric diffuse part and the asymmetric directed part. The criterion for the separation of the indicatrix into these two parts is established. The asymmetry of the directed part of the indicatrix and the influence of the billiard's borders on it is investigated. We also propose a method of the creation of a matte surface model using open billiards with a fully diffuse indicatrix.

Local and global control of high-period unstable orbits in reversible maps.

We study the nonlinear dynamics of a complex system, described by a two-dimensional reversible map. The phase space of this map exhibits elements typical of Hamiltonian systems (stability islands) as well as of dissipative systems (attractor). Due to the interaction between the stability islands and the attractor, the transition to chaos in this system occurs through the collapse of the stability island and stochastization of the limiting-cycles orbits. We show how to apply the method of discrete parametric control to stabilize unstable high-period orbits. To achieve highly efficient control we introduce the concepts of local and global control. These concepts are useful in situations where there are "dangerous" points on the target orbit, i.e., the points where the probability of breakdown of control is high. As a result, the dangerous points turn out to be much more sensitive to external noise than other points on the orbit, and only the dangerous points determine how effective the control is.