Construction of an assessment scale for thirst severity in critically ill patients and its reliability and validity.

OBJECTIVE: Developing a severity assessment scale for critically ill patients' thirst and conducting reliability and validity tests, aiming to provide healthcare professionals with a scientific and objective tool for assessing the level of thirst. METHODS: Based on literature review and qualitative interviews, a pool of items was generated, and a preliminary scale was formed through two rounds of Delphi expert consultation. Convenience sampling was employed to select 178 ICU patients in a top-three hospital from May 2023 to October 2023 as the study subjects to examine the reliability and validity of the severity assessment scale for critically ill patients' thirst. RESULTS: The developed severity assessment scale for critically ill patients' thirst consists of 8 evaluation items and 26 evaluation indicators. The agreement coefficients for two rounds of expert consultation were 100% and 92.6% for the positive coefficient, and the authority coefficients were .900 and .906. Kendall's concordance coefficients were .101 and .120 (all p < .001). The overall Cronbach's α coefficient for the scale was .827. The inter-rater reliability coefficient was .910. The Item-Content Validity Index (I-CVI) ranged from .800 to 1.000, and the Scale-Content Validity Index/Average (S-CVI/Ave) was .950. CONCLUSION: The critically ill patients' thirst assessment scale is reliable and valid and can be widely used in clinical practice. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: The AiMi Academic Services (www.aimieditor.com) for English language editing and review services. IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE: The scale developed in this study is a simple and ICU-specific scale that can be used to assess the severity of thirst in critically ill patients. As such, the severity of thirst in critically ill patients can be evaluated quickly so that targeted interventions can be implemented according to the patient's specific disease and treatment conditions. Therefore, patient comfort can be improved, and thirst-related health problems can be prevented.

Atomically Dispersed Iridium on Polyimide Support for Acidic Oxygen Evolution.

Designing a high-performing iridium (Ir) single-atom catalyst is desired for acidic water electrolysis, which shows enormous potential given its high catalytic activity toward acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with minimum usage of precious Ir metal. However, it still remains a substantial challenge to stabilize the Ir single atoms during the OER operation without sacrificing the activity. Here, we report a high-performing OER catalyst by immobilizing Ir single atoms on a polyimide support, which exhibits a high mass activity on a carbon paper electrode while simultaneously achieving outstanding stability with negligible decay for 360 h. The resulting electrode (denoted as Ir1-PI@CP) reaches a 49.7-fold improvement in mass activity compared to the counterpart electrode prepared without polyimide support. Both our experimental and theoretical results suggest that, owing to the strong metal-support interactions, the polyimide support can enhance the Ir 5d states of Ir single atoms in Ir1-PI@CP, which can tailor the adsorption energies of intermediates and decrease the thermodynamic barrier at the rate-determining step of the OER, but also facilitate the proton-electron-transfer process and improve the reaction kinetics. This work offers an alternative avenue for developing single-atom catalysts with superior activity and durability toward various catalytic systems and beyond.

Enhancement of Biological Nitrogen Removal System Resilience to Chronic Exposure of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles by Quorum Sensing Modulation: Physiochemical, Microbial, and Metabolic Insights.

The effects of three typical N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) on the tolerance of biological nitrogen removal (BNR) system to chronic exposure of zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) were investigated. C4-HSL successfully delayed the crash time of nitrogen removal performances in the NP-stressed system, while C6-HSL and C10-HSL maintained total nitrogen removal efficiencies throughout the 90-day NP exposure. All three AHLs increased NPs' contents captured in extracellular polymeric substances, alleviating membrane damage and preserving floc structure. The activities of tricarboxylic acid cycle-related enzymes and the relative abundances of BNR-related functional genes and genera were significantly enhanced. Besides, C6-HSL and C10-HSL augmented antioxidant enzyme activities and the abundances of functional genes and metabolites related to antioxidation, flagellar assembly, and chemotaxis, which synergistically reduced the reactive oxygen species' excessive accumulation. The tested AHLs effectively enhanced BNR systems' tolerance to chronic NP exposure, providing inspiration for quorum sensing applications in emerging contaminant removal.

Enhanced electrocatalytic biomass oxidation at low voltage by Ni2+-O-Pd interfaces.

Challenges in direct catalytic oxidation of biomass-derived aldehyde and alcohol into acid with high activity and selectivity hinder the widespread biomass application. Herein, we demonstrate that a Pd/Ni(OH)2 catalyst with abundant Ni2+-O-Pd interfaces allows electrooxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2, 5-furandicarboxylic acid with a selectivity near 100 % and 2, 5-furandicarboxylic acid yield of 97.3% at 0.6 volts (versus a reversible hydrogen electrode) in 1 M KOH electrolyte under ambient conditions. The rate-determining step of the intermediate oxidation of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid is promoted by the increased OH species and low C-H activation energy barrier at Ni2+-O-Pd interfaces. Further, the Ni2+-O-Pd interfaces prevent the agglomeration of Pd nanoparticles during the reaction, greatly improving the stability of the catalyst. In this work, Pd/Ni(OH)2 catalyst can achieve 100% 5-hydroxymethylfurfural conversion and >90% 2, 5-furandicarboxylic acid selectivity in a flow-cell and work stably over 200 h under a fixed cell voltage of 0.85 V.

Engineering Partially Oxidized Gold via Oleylamine Modifier as a High-Performance Anode Catalyst in a Direct Borohydride Fuel Cell.

Direct borohydride fuel cell (DBFC) is considered a promising energy storage device due to its high theoretical cell voltage and energy density. For DBFC, an Au catalyst has been used as an anode for achieving an ideal eight-electron reaction. However, the poor activity of the Au catalyst for borohydride oxidation reaction (BOR) limits its large-scale application because of the weak BH4- adsorption. We found, by density functional theory calculations, that the adsorption of BH4- on the oxidized Au surface is stronger than that on the metallic Au surface, which can promote the process of the oxidation of BH4- to *BH3 during the BOR. Here, we reported an oleylamine-modified partially oxidized Au supported on carbon powder (AuC-OLA) with a stable oxidation state. The obtained catalyst delivered a high peak power density of 143 mW/cm2, which is 2 times higher than that of a commercial 40% AuC (Pretemek). The in situ Fourier transform infrared studies showed that the activity of AuC-OLA for BOR is ascribed to the enhanced adsorption for BH4- on the partially oxidized Au surface. These findings will promote the reasonable design of efficient Au electrocatalysts for DBFCs.

High-Entropy Perovskite Oxides as a Family of Electrocatalysts for Efficient and Selective Nitrogen Oxidation.

Electrocatalytic nitrogen oxidation reaction (NOR) can convert nitrogen (N2) into nitrate (NO3-) under ambient conditions, providing an attractive approach for synthesis of NO3-, alternative to the current approach involving the harsh Haber-Bosch and Ostwald oxidation processes that necessitate high temperature, high pressure, and substantial carbon emission. Developing efficient NOR catalysts is a prerequisite, which remains a formidable challenge, owing to the weak activation/dissociation of N2. A variety of NOR electrocatalysts have been developed, but their NOR kinetics are still extremely sluggish, resulting in inferior Faradaic Efficiencies. Here, we report a high-entropy Ru-based perovskite oxide (denoted as Ru-HEP) that can function as a high-performance NOR catalyst and exhibit a high NO3- yield rate of 39.0 µmol mg-1 h-1 with a Faradaic Efficiency of 32.8%. Both our experimental results and theoretical calculations suggest that the high-entropy configuration of Ru-HEP perovskite oxide can markedly enhance the oxygen-vacancy concentration, where the Ru sites and their neighboring oxygen vacancies can serve as unsaturated centers and decrease the overall energy barrier for N2 electrooxidation, thereby leading to promoted NOR kinetics. This work presents an alternative avenue for promoting NOR catalysis on perovskite oxides through the high-entropy engineering strategy.

Surface charge modulation boosts electrocatalytic water splitting over iridium catalysts on a polyimide support.

Developing high-performance iridium (Ir)-based catalysts with minimal precious Ir metal is a significant but challenging step towards the acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Here, we report a high-performance OER catalyst with Ir nanoparticles on a polyimide support, where the polyimide support can effectively modulate the electronic structures of the Ir active sites for decreased thermodynamic barriers, but also enrich the local proton concentration near the Ir active sites, enhancing the OER rates.

CO electrolysis to multicarbon products over grain boundary-rich Cu nanoparticles in membrane electrode assembly electrolyzers.

Producing valuable chemicals like ethylene via catalytic carbon monoxide conversion is an important nonpetroleum route. Here we demonstrate an electrochemical route for highly efficient synthesis of multicarbon (C2+) chemicals from CO. We achieve a C2+ partial current density as high as 4.35 ± 0.07 A cm-2 at a low cell voltage of 2.78 ± 0.01 V over a grain boundary-rich Cu nanoparticle catalyst in an alkaline membrane electrode assembly (MEA) electrolyzer, with a C2+ Faradaic efficiency of 87 ± 1% and a CO conversion of 85 ± 3%. Operando Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations reveal that the grain boundaries of Cu nanoparticles facilitate CO adsorption and C - C coupling, thus rationalizing a qualitative trend between C2+ production and grain boundary density. A scale-up demonstration using an electrolyzer stack with five 100 cm2 MEAs achieves high C2+ and ethylene formation rates of 118.9 mmol min-1 and 1.2 L min-1, respectively, at a total current of 400 A (4 A cm-2) with a C2+ Faradaic efficiency of 64%.

Stabilization of Pd0 by Cu Alloying: Theory-Guided Design of Pd3Cu Electrocatalyst for Anodic Methanol Carbonylation.

Electrocatalytic carbonylation of CO and CH3OH to dimethyl carbonate (DMC) on metallic palladium (Pd) electrode offers a promising strategy for C1 valorization at the anode. However, its broader application is limited by the high working potential and the low DMC selectivity accompanied with severe methanol self-oxidation. Herein, our theoretical analysis of the intermediate adsorption interactions on both Pd0 and Pd4+ surfaces revealed that inevitable reconstruction of Pd surface under strongly oxidative potential diminishes its CO adsorption capacity, thus damaging the DMC formation. Further theoretical modeling indicates that doping Pd with Cu not only stabilizes low-valence Pd in oxidative environments but also lowers the overall energy barrier for DMC formation. Guided by this insight, we developed a facile two-step thermal shock method to prepare PdCu alloy electrocatalysts for DMC. Remarkably, the predicted Pd3Cu demonstrated the highest DMC selectivity among existing Pd-based electrocatalysts, reaching a peaked DMC selectivity of 93 % at 1.0 V versus Ag/AgCl electrode. (Quasi) in situ spectra investigations further confirmed the predicted dual role of Cu dopant in promoting Pd-catalyzed DMC formation.

Cascaded p-d Orbital Hybridization Interaction in Ultrathin High-Entropy Alloy Nanowires Boosts Complete Non-CO Pathway of Methanol Oxidation Reaction.

Designing high efficiency platinum (Pt)-based catalysts for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) with high "non-CO" pathway selectivity is strongly desired and remains a grand challenge. Herein, PtRuNiCoFeGaPbW HEA ultrathin nanowires (HEA-8 UNWs) are synthesized, featuring unique cascaded p-d orbital hybridization interaction by inducing dual p-block metals (Ga and Pb). In comparison with Pt/C, HEA-8 UNWs exhibit 15.0- and 4.2-times promotion of specific and mass activity for MOR. More importantly, electrochemical in situ FITR spectroscopy reveals that the production/adsorption of CO (CO*) intermediate is effectively avoided on HEA-8 UNWs, leading to the complete "non-CO" pathway for MOR. Theoretical calculations demonstrate the optimized electronic structure of HEA-8 UNWs can facilitates a lower energy barrier for the "non-CO" pathway in the MOR.

Platinum-Tellurium Heterojunction Nanosheet Assemblies for Efficient Direct Formic Acid Electrooxidation Catalysis.

Two-dimensional (2D) heterojunction nanomaterials offer exceptional physicochemical and catalytic properties, thanks to their special spatial electronic structure. However, synthesizing morphologically uniform 2D platinum (Pt)-based metallic nanomaterials with diverse crystalline phases remains a formidable challenge. In this study, we have achieved the successful synthesis of advanced 2D platinum-tellurium heterojunction nanosheet assemblies (Ptx-PtTe2 HJNSAs, x = 0, 1, 2), seamlessly integrating both trigonal PtTe2 (t-PtTe2) and cubic Pt (c-Pt) phases. By enabling efficient electron transport and leveraging the specific electron density present at the heterojunction, the Pt2-PtTe2 HJNSAs/C demonstrated exceptional formic acid oxidation reaction (FAOR) activity and stability. Specifically, the specific and mass activities reached 8.4 mA cm-2 and 6.1 A mgPt-1, which are 46.7 and 50.8 times higher than those of commercial Pt/C, respectively. Impressively, aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (AC-HAADF-STEM) revealed a closely packed arrangement of atomic layers and a coherent intergrowth heterogeneous structure. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further indicated that rearrangement of electronic structure occurred on the surface of Pt2-PtTe2 HJNSAs resulting in a more favorable dehydrogenation pathway and excellent CO tolerance, beneficial for performance improvement. This work inspires the targeted exploration of Pt-based nanomaterials through 2D heterostructure design, leading to an important impact on fuel cell catalysis and beyond.

Self-Interface in Rh Nanosheets-Supported Tetrahedral Rh Nanocrystals for Promoting Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Ethanol.

Direct ethanol fuel cells hold great promise as a power source. However, their commercialization is limited by anode catalysts with insufficient selectivity toward a complete oxidation of ethanol for a high energy density, as well as sluggish catalytic kinetics and low stability. To optimize the catalytic performance, rationally tuning surface structure or interface structure is highly desired. Herein, a facile route is reported to the synthesis of Rh nanosheets-supported tetrahedral Rh nanocrystals (Rh THs/NSs), which possess self-supporting homogeneous interface between Rh tetrahedrons and Rh nanosheets. Due to full leverage of the structural advantages within the given structure and construction of interfaces, the Rh THs/NSs can serve as highly active electro-catalysts with excellent mass activity and selectivity toward ethanol electro-oxidation. The in situ Fourier transform infrared reflection spectroscopy showed the Rh THs/NSs exhibit the highest C1 pathway selectivity of 23.2%, far exceeding that of Rh nanotetrahedra and Rh nanosheets. Density function theory calculations further demonstrated that self-interface between Rh nanosheets and tetrahedra is beneficial for C-C bond cleavage of ethanol. Meanwhile, the self-supporting of 2D nanosheets greatly enhance the stability of tetrahedra, which improves the catalytic stability.

Perovskite Oxide as A New Platform for Efficient Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Oxidation.

Electrocatalytic nitrogen oxidation reaction (NOR) offers an efficient and sustainable approach for conversion of widespread nitrogen (N2 ) into high-value-added nitrate (NO3 - ) under mild conditions, representing a promising alternative to the traditional approach that involves harsh Haber-Bosch and Ostwald oxidation processes. Unfortunately, due to the weak absorption/activation of N2 and the competitive oxygen evolution reaction, the kinetics of NOR process is extremely sluggish accompanied with low Faradaic efficiencies and NO3 - yield rates. In this work, an oxygen-vacancy-enriched perovskite oxide with nonstoichiometric ratio of strontium and ruthenium (denoted as Sr0.9 RuO3 ) was synthesized and explored as NOR electrocatalyst, which can exhibit a high Faradaic efficiency (38.6 %) with a high NO3 - yield rate (17.9 µmol mg-1 h-1 ). The experimental results show that the amount of oxygen vacancies in Sr0.9 RuO3 is greatly higher than that of SrRuO3 , following the same trend as their NOR performance. Theoretical simulations unravel that the presence of oxygen vacancies in the Sr0.9 RuO3 can render a decreased thermodynamic barrier toward the oxidation of *N2 to *N2 OH at the rate-determining step, leading to its enhanced NOR performance.

Polypyrrole regulates Active Sites in Co-based Catalyst in Direct Borohydride Fuel Cells.

Direct borohydride fuel cells (DBFCs) convert borohydride (NaBH4) chemical energy into clean electricity. However, catalytic active site deactivation in NaBH4 solution limits their performance and stability. We propose a strategy to regulate active sites in Co-based catalysts using polypyrrole modification (Co-PX catalyst) to enhance electrochemical borohydride oxidation reaction (eBOR). As an anode catalyst, the synthesized Co-PX catalyst exhibits excellent eBOR performance in DBFCs, with current density of 280 mA ⋅ cm-2 and power density of 151 mW ⋅ cm-2, nearly twice that of the unmodified catalyst. The Co-PX catalyst shows no degradation after 120-hour operation, unlike the rapidly degrading control. In-situ electrochemical attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIRS) and density functional theory (DFT) suggest that polypyrrole-modified carbon support regulate the charge distribution, increasing oxidation state and optimizing adsorption/desorption of intermediates. A possible reaction pathway is proposed. This work presents a promising strategy for efficient polymer-modulated catalysts in advanced DBFCs.

CPFTransformer: transformer fusion context pyramid medical image segmentation network.

Introduction: The application of U-shaped convolutional neural network (CNN) methods in medical image segmentation tasks has yielded impressive results. However, this structure's single-level context information extraction capability can lead to problems such as boundary blurring, so it needs to be improved. Additionally, the convolution operation's inherent locality restricts its ability to capture global and long-distance semantic information interactions effectively. Conversely, the transformer model excels at capturing global information. Methods: Given these considerations, this paper presents a transformer fusion context pyramid medical image segmentation network (CPFTransformer). The CPFTransformer utilizes the Swin Transformer to integrate edge perception for segmentation edges. To effectively fuse global and multi-scale context information, we introduce an Edge-Aware module based on a context pyramid, which specifically emphasizes local features like edges and corners. Our approach employs a layered Swin Transformer with a shifted window mechanism as an encoder to extract contextual features. A decoder based on a symmetric Swin Transformer is employed for upsampling operations, thereby restoring the resolution of feature maps. The encoder and decoder are connected by an Edge-Aware module for the extraction of local features such as edges and corners. Results: Experimental evaluations on the Synapse multi-organ segmentation task and the ACDC dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of our method, yielding a segmentation accuracy of 79.87% (DSC) and 20.83% (HD) in the Synapse multi-organ segmentation task. Discussion: The method proposed in this paper, which combines the context pyramid mechanism and Transformer, enables fast and accurate automatic segmentation of medical images, thereby significantly enhancing the precision and reliability of medical diagnosis. Furthermore, the approach presented in this study can potentially be extended to image segmentation of other organs in the future.

Pb-rich Cu grain boundary sites for selective CO-to-n-propanol electroconversion.

Electrochemical carbon monoxide (CO) reduction to high-energy-density fuels provides a potential way for chemical production and intermittent energy storage. As a valuable C3 species, n-propanol still suffers from a relatively low Faradaic efficiency (FE), sluggish conversion rate and poor stability. Herein, we introduce an "atomic size misfit" strategy to modulate active sites, and report a facile synthesis of a Pb-doped Cu catalyst with numerous atomic Pb-concentrated grain boundaries. Operando spectroscopy studies demonstrate that these Pb-rich Cu-grain boundary sites exhibit stable low coordination and can achieve a stronger CO adsorption for a higher surface CO coverage. Using this Pb-Cu catalyst, we achieve a CO-to-n-propanol FE (FEpropanol) of 47 ± 3% and a half-cell energy conversion efficiency (EE) of 25% in a flow cell. When applied in a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) device, a stable FEpropanol above 30% and the corresponding full-cell EE of over 16% are maintained for over 100 h with the n-propanol partial current above 300 mA (5 cm2 electrode). Furthermore, operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy and theoretical studies reveal that the structurally-flexible Pb-Cu surface can adaptively stabilize the key intermediates, which strengthens the *CO binding while maintaining the C-C coupling ability, thus promoting the CO-to-n-propanol conversion.

Oxygen-Bridged Long-Range Dual Sites Boost Ethanol Electrooxidation by Facilitating C-C Bond Cleavage.

Optimizing the interatomic distance of dual sites to realize C-C bond breaking of ethanol is critical for the commercialization of direct ethanol fuel cells. Herein, the concept of holding long-range dual sites is proposed to weaken the reaction barrier of C-C cleavage during the ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR). The obtained long-range Rh-O-Pt dual sites achieve a high current density of 7.43 mA/cm2 toward EOR, which is 13.3 times that of Pt/C, as well as remarkable stability. Electrochemical in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicates that long-range Rh-O-Pt dual sites can increase the selectivity of C1 products and suppress the generation of a CO intermediate. Theoretical calculations further disclose that redistribution of the surface-localized electron around Rh-O-Pt can promote direct oxidation of -OH, accelerating C-C bond cleavage. This work provides a promising strategy for designing oxygen-bridged long-range dual sites to tune the activity and selectivity of complicated catalytic reactions.

Stress response mechanism of wastewater biological nitrogen removal systems to environmentally realistic concentrations of tire wear particles: Contribution of leachable additives.

The study quantified the biological nitrogen removal performance, microbial metabolism, microbial community structure, and antioxidant system in a sequencing batch reactor under long-term exposure to 0.1 and 1 mg/L tire wear particles (TWPs), and determined the contribution of leachable additives to the biotoxicity of TWPs. The results showed that long-term exposure to 0.1 and 1 mg/L TWPs inhibited both the nitrification and denitrification processes, reducing ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) and total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency. The TWP leachate (TWPL) primarily contributed to the denitrification inhibition by TWPs, potentially due to the high concentration of zinc ions in the leachable additive. Furthermore, both TWP and TWPL inhibit nitrogen conversion, with TWP inhibiting the generation and transfer of electrons, while TWPL only negatively affects the electron transfer process. This study presents novel insights into the impact of TWPs on biological nitrogen removal, underscoring its broader implications for the geochemical nitrogen cycle.

Highly Selective Synthesis of Monoclinic-Phased Platinum-Tellurium Nanotrepang for Direct Formic Acid Oxidation Catalysis.

Designing efficient formic acid oxidation reaction (FAOR) catalysts with remarkable membrane electrode assembly (MEA) performance in a direct formic acid fuel cell (DFAFC) medium is significant yet challenging. Herein, we report that the monoclinic-phased platinum-tellurium nanotrepang (m-PtTe NT) can be adopted as a highly active, selective, and stable FAOR catalyst with a desirable direct reaction pathway. The m-PtTe NT exhibits the high specific and mass activities of 6.78 mA cm-2 and 3.2 A mgPt-1, respectively, which are 35.7/22.9, 2.8/2.6, and 3.9/2.9 times higher than those of commercial Pt/C, rhombohedral-phased Pt2Te3 NT (r-Pt2Te3 NT), and trigonal-phased PtTe2 NT (t-PtTe2 NT), respectively. Simultaneously, the highest reaction tendency for the direct FAOR pathway and the best tolerance to poisonous CO intermediate can also be realized by m-PtTe NT. More importantly, even in a single-cell medium, the m-PtTe NT can display a much higher MEA power density (171.4 mW cm-2) and stability (53.2% voltage loss after 5660 s) than those of commercial Pt/C, demonstrating the great potential in operating DFAFC device. The in-situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy jointly demonstrate that the unique nanostructure of m-PtTe NT can effectively optimize dehydrogenation steps and inhibit the CO intermediate adsorption, as well as promote the oxidation of noxious CO intermediate, thus achieving the great improvement of FAOR activity, poisoning tolerance, and stability. Density functional theory calculations further reveal that the direct pathway is the most favorable on m-PtTe NT than r-Pt2Te3 NT and t-PtTe2 NT. The higher activation energy to produce CO and the relatively weaker binding with CO of m-PtTe NT result in the better CO tolerance. This work achieves remarkable FAOR and MEA performances of advanced Pt-based anodic catalysts for DFAFCs via a phase engineering strategy.

Revealing the interfacial water structure on a p-nitrobenzoic acid specifically adsorbed Au(111) surface.

The detailed structure of the water layer in the inner Helmholtz plane of a solid/aqueous solution interface is closely related to the electrochemical and catalytic performances of electrode materials. While the applied potential can have a great impact, specifically adsorbed species can also influence the interfacial water structure. With the specific adsorption of p-nitrobenzoic acid on the Au(111) surface, a protruding band above 3600 cm-1 appears in the electrochemical infrared spectra, indicating a distinct interfacial water structure as compared to that on bare metal surfaces, which displays a potential-dependent broad band in the range of 3400-3500 cm-1. Although three possible structures have been guessed for this protruding infrared band, the band assignment and interfacial water structure remain ambiguous in the past two decades. Herein, by combining surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy and our newly developed quantitative computational method for electrochemical infrared spectra, the protruding infrared band is clearly assigned to the surface-enhanced stretching mode of water molecules hydrogen-bonded to the adsorbed p-nitrobenzoate ions. Water molecules, meanwhile, are hydrogen-bonded with themselves to form chains of five-membered rings. Based on the reaction free energy diagram, we further demonstrate that both hydrogen-bonding interactions and coverages of specifically adsorbed p-nitrobenzoate play an important role in determining the structure of the water layer in the Au(111)/p-nitrobenzoic acid solution interface. Our work sheds light on structural studies of the inner Helmholtz plane under specific adsorptions, which advances the understanding of structure-property relationships in electrochemical and heterogeneous catalytic systems.