Changes in free amino acid profile in goats with pregnancy toxemia.

Pregnancy toxemia is a metabolic disorder that afflicts goats when the heightened energy requirements preceding parturition are not sufficiently satisfied. At present, the potential association between pregnancy toxemia and the free amino acid composition in hair goats remains uncharted territory. The purpose of this study is to investigate the free amino acid profile in goats during the pivotal three weeks preceding delivery, distinguishing among those with subclinical pregnancy toxemia (SPT), clinical pregnancy toxemia (CPT), and those in the control group (CG). Additionally, the study aims to investigate any potential relationship between the amino acid profile and beta hydroxy butyric acid (BHBA) levels. The researchers analyzed a total of 50 goats, comprising 20 goats with SPT, 20 with CPT, and 10 in the CG. The serum free amino acid profile was determined using a gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID) device. BHBA concentration in goats with CPT and SPT was significantly higher than KG (p < 0.001). Furthermore, in goats with CPT, the glucose concentration was significantly lower than in CG (p < 0.012). In goats with CPT and SPT, the concentration of valine, one of the gluconeogenic amino acids, was significantly higher than in control group (p < 0.001), while histidine concentration was significantly lower (p < 0.020) than in control group. Specifically in goats with CPT, the concentrations of alanine (p < 0.002), serine (p < 0.001), and threonine (p < 0.043) were significantly lower than in control group. Moreover, the concentration of phenylalanine, which is both a glycogenic and ketogenic amino acid, was significantly lower (p < 0.028) in goats with SPT compared to the control group. The Fisher ratio (p < 0.010) and Glycine/Alanine ratio (p < 0.001) were significantly higher in pregnancy toxemia goats with than in control group goats, indicating a poor nutritional and energy status of the goats during the prepartum period. In summation, the findings of this study underscore that amino acids exhibiting marked concentration variations hold considerable promise in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic management of pregnancy toxemia.

Performance, blood biochemistry, carcass fatty acids, antioxidant status, and HSP70 gene expressions in Japanese quails reared under high stocking density: the effects of grape seed powder and meal.

Japanese quails reared under high stocking density (SD) were evaluated for the effects of grape seed powder (GSP) and meal (GSM) supplementation on performance, blood biochemistry, thigh and breast muscle fatty acids, antioxidant status, and HSP70 gene expression. We randomly assigned 288 (15-day-old) quail chicks to six treatment groups in a factorial design (2 × 3) with four replicates, involving two density levels [160 cm2/bird (LD) and 80 cm2/bird (HD)] and three feed forms (FFs) [no supplementation, grape seed powder (3% GSP), grape seed meal (3% GSM)]. SD had a significant effect on live weight, but not on weekly feed intake, daily weight gain, and feed conversion ratio. Serum creatinine and aspartate aminotransferase levels were significantly affected by FF and SD × FF (p < 0.05). A high SD reduced the n-3/n-6 ratio of breast muscle and a significant interaction was found between FF (p < 0.001). The SD × FF interaction reduced the Σn-6 ratio in HDM's thigh muscle, whereas in LDM, the ratio increased (p < 0.01). At high SD, neither GSP nor GSM reduced biological markers of oxidative stress (p > 0.05). Compared to GSP, GSM had higher efficacy at reducing HSP70 levels related to high SD levels. Despite this, at high SD, a diet containing 3% of GSP and GSM was not effective in overcoming oxidative stress. Therefore, more studies using different doses of GSM and GSP in quail diets would be beneficial.

The recovery effect of Vitamin C on structural alterations due to Streptozotocin-Induced diabetes in rat testicular tissues.

Type I Diabetes is a multisystem disease that causes alterations in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolisms due to hyperglycemia. It has an extensive pathology, especially the mechanism involving oxidative stress is still complex. Type I diabetes is correlated with increased formation of free radicals and decreased levels of antioxidant potential. Vitamin C (Vit C) is a powerful antioxidant that participates in antioxidant defense, protecting lipid membranes and proteins from oxidative damage by donating electrons to free radicals. The effect of type I diabetes and the recovery role of Vit C on the structure and composition of the biomolecular content of testicular tissue is still unknown. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the alterations in the biomolecules of rat testes due to Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type I diabetes using Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR)-Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and histological staining. The results revealed that the biomolecular structure and composition of testicular tissue are highly affected due to the development of diabetes. We obtained decreased saturation levels and increased unsaturation index in the lipids indicating the presence of lipid peroxidation in the diabetic state. The elevated lipid peroxidation levels have been implicated in the pathogenesis of naturally occurring and chemically induced diabetes. On the other hand, the protein content of diabetic rat testicular tissue was shown to decrease considerably, indicating an increase in proteolysis processes. Supporting the ratio of protein structural and conformational change, protein secondary structural components were also found to alter substantially in the diabetic state. Diabetes was also shown to lead to a decrease in the content of nucleic acids compared to proteins. These diabetes-induced alterations were found to be substantially recovered with the administration of Vit C. Although different doses and administration types of Vit C have been reported in the literature, there is no consensus yet. Therefore, we used three different doses of Vit C in our study as high (100 mg/kg/day), medium (50 mg/kg/day) and low (15 mg/kg/day) doses intraperitoneally in the present study, and the medium dose was found to be the most effective in the recovery from the diabetes-induced structural damages on rat testicular tissue. Vit C may have a therapeutic effect to be used as a complementary therapy in the treatment of diabetes.

Effect of hydrated C60 fullerene on lipid, vitamin and amino acid composition in frozen-thawed ram semen.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different doses of hydrated C60 fullerene (C60HyFn) on freeze-thawing process-induced changes in lipid, vitamin and amino acid composition and also in motility, kinematic, sperm quality and oxidative stress parameters in ram semen. Semen was collected from seven rams twice a week for 3 weeks, so six repetitions were performed. The semen collected in each repetition was pooled. Each pooled sample was diluted with tris + egg yolk extender with (200 nM, 400 nM, 800 nM, 1 µM and 5 µM) and without (control) C60HyFn and they were frozen in mini straws. The doses of 800 nM, 1 µM and 5 µM had higher total, progressive motility, sperm membrane functionality rates, glutathione-peroxidase and catalase activities. All doses of C60HyFn significantly reduced dead and total abnormal sperm rates and malondialdehyde levels. Significant increases in vitamin A (400 and 800 nM doses), vitamin K1 (400 nM, 800 nM and 1 µM doses), total amino acid (all doses) levels, but significant decreases in vitamin D2 (800 nM, 1 and 5 µM doses), vitamin D3 (1 and 5 µM doses) and vitamin E (200 nM, 1 and 5 µM) levels were observed compared to control. In conclusion, the addition of C60HyFn to ram semen at 200 nM - 5 µM range, especially at a dose of 800 nM, provides a positive contribution to the protection of motility, vitamins A, K and total amino acid levels, and oxidant/antioxidant balance after freeze-thawing.

Biochemical changes and antioxidant capacity of naringin and naringenin against malathion toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Flavonoids are rich in seeds, citrus fruits, olive oil, tea and red wine. Citrus flavonoids constitute an important type of flavonoids. Naringin and naringenin belong to flavonoids with known antioxidant and were found to display antioxidant activities. Malathion is an organophosphorus pesticide that has been broadly used throughout the world to control weeds and pests. It has also been used in public health for mosquito control and fruit fly eradication programs. Malathion, naringin, and naringenin were added to be in 40, 80, and 160 mg doses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultures mainly used to determine the antioxidant capacity, it is known that they have shown similar results to man. At the end of the experiment, total protein, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), vitamin K, vitamin E, vitamin D, ergosterol, stigmasterol, ß-Sitosterol, and fatty acids were analyzed by HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) and GC (gas chromatography) devices in the tested S. cerevisiae samples. The contents of the yeast cell of octanoic acid (C8:0), lauric acid (C12:0), myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1n-7), heptadecanoic acid (C17:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1n-9), and linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) were identified. There were statistically significant changes in total protein, MDA, GSH, GSSG, vitamin K, vitamin E, vitamin D, phytosterol and fatty acid levels. It was determined that naringin and naringenin showed statistically significant decreases against malathion toxicity on these parameters. From this study it is found that, the mitigating effect of naringin against DPPH stable free radical was higher than that of naringenin. Citrus flavonoid, naringin showed promising antioxidant activity which can be used as effective protecting agents against oxidative stress.

The Protective Effects of Lupine (Lupinus albus) Fruit Extract Against to Destructive Effects of Hyperglycemia in Type I Diabetic Rats.

BACKGROUND: Lupinus albus is a member of the Fabaceae family. As a natural or cultivated plant, Lupinus albus is distributed in Europe, the Balkans and Turkey, especially in Marmara and Aegean regions. The lupine is a nutritious and protective plant against diabetes. OBJECTIVE: In the present study, the effects of Lupinus albus fruits on malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), total protein, ADEK vitamins, and cholesterol values, which are the indicators of oxidative damage and antioxidant defense. In this regard, muscle, liver, renal, and brain tissues of STZ-induced type I diabetes rats were studied. METHODS: The analyzes of ADEK vitamins and cholesterol levels in tissues were performed via Shimadzu HPLC device. The lipid peroxidation levels were measured at 532 nm in spectrophotometer. Determination of GSH was read at 412 nm against blank, and for the total protein levels Lowry method was applied. RESULTS: According to the results obtained, it was determined that among the rats with induced type I diabetes, the group applied lupine fruit extract was found to have increased GSH level and decreased MDA levels in all the tissues. The protein values were increased in liver tissues but decreased in the other tissues. The level of vitamins was significantly increased in almost all the tissues in the diabetic group. CONCLUSION: In the present study, it was shown that the lupine reduced the devastating effects of type I diabetes by decreasing the fasting blood glucose and lipid peroxidation values and increasing the glutathione level in comparison to the diabetic group.

Bioactive contents, In vitro antiradical, antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of rhubarb (Rheum ribes L.) extracts.

Rheum ribes L. (rhubarb) is belonging to Polygonaceae, and its roots and fresh shoots are consumed as vegetable in Turkey. This plant is considered to be one of the most important pharmaceutical raw materials in Middle East. In this study, the antiradical, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and bioactive properties of water, ethanol, and methanol extracts of R. ribes stems were determined. R. ribes stems water, ethanol and methanol extracts are better scavenged ABTS•+ (99.27, 99.91, and 99.88%), DPPH• (83.11, 81.42, and 83.26%), and OH• radicals (93.49, 94.21, 95.86%) than standard antioxidant BHA (95.32, 80.49, and 93.78%). Stems of R. ribes abundantly include bioactive compounds, dominated by rutin, catechin, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, α-tocopherol and vitamin D. These extracts show effective cytotoxic properties against PC-3, A2780, HCT-116 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines at 24h. It is found that R. ribes contain high amount important bioactive contents, and has effective antiradical and cytotoxic properties.

Phytochemical compounds and antiradical, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities of the extracts from Hypericum scabrum L. Flowers.

Hypericum scabrum L. has been widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases just as the other Hypericum species. In the present study, the antiradical, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of water and ethanol extracts of H. scabrum flowers were investigated. Their phytochemical contents and composition were also determined. The water and ethanol extracts are better scavenged ABTS (97.89 and 98.99%) and OH radicals (96.36 and 97.33%); the water extract is better scavenged DPPH radicals (91.66%) than the standard antioxidant BHA (94.33, 85.19, 90.16%, respectively). Flowers of H. scabrum contain flavonoids, phenolic acids, vitamins and phytosterols, dominated by catechin, vanillic acid, vitamin K and ergosterol. The extracts exhibit a strong cytotoxic activity against MCF-7, HCT-116, and LNCaP cancer cell lines. It is found that their antimicrobial activities are higher than the standard antibiotics. These results indicate that H. scabrum flowers have potent antiradical, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities.

Investigation of the role of α-lipoic acid on fatty acids profile, some minerals (zinc, copper, iron) and antioxidant activity against aluminum-induced oxidative stress in the liver of male rats.

BACKGROUND: We have investigated the effects of α-lipoic acid (LA), a powerful antioxidant, on the fatty acid (FA) profiles, aluminum accumulation, antioxidant activity and some minerals such as zinc, copper and iron against aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced oxidative stress in rat liver. METHODS: Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into four groups as control, LA, AlCl3 and LA+AlCl3. For 30 days, LA was intraperitoneally administrated (50 mg/kg) and AlCl3 was given via orogastric gavage (1600 ppm) every other day. RESULTS: AlCl3-treated animals exhibited higher hepatic malondialdehyde concentration and lower glutathione peroxidase and catalase activity, whereas these alterations were restored by the LA supplementation. Total saturated FA of the AlCl3-treated group was higher than the LA supplementation groups. Moreover, total unsaturated FA level of the LA+AlCl3 group was higher than the AlCl3-treated group. Hepatic zinc level of the AlCl3-treated group was lower than the control group, whereas it was higher in the LA and the LA+AlCl3 groups. Hepatic copper levels did not significantly change in the experimental groups. Iron level was lower in the LA and LA+AlCl3 groups compared with the AlCl3-treated group. Moreover, the liver Al concentration was found to be lower in the LA and LA+AlCl3 groups compared to the AlCl3 group. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that AlCl3 treatment can induce oxidative stress in the liver. LA supplementation has a beneficial effect on the AlCl3-induced alterations such as high lipid peroxidation, Al accumulation, FA profile ratios and mineral concentrations.

Protective effect of essential oils on the shelf life of smoked and vacuum packed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.1792) fillets.

This study was investigated the effects of some oils on chemical, microbiological and sensory quality in vacuum packed smoked rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.1792) fillets. Acceptability scores for appearance, taste and odour of untreated and treated smoked trout decreased with storage time. The limit of sensory acceptance was reached after 56 days for the untreated samples, after 84 days for with rosemary and thyme oil-treated samples after 98 days for with sage oil-treated and after 112 days for with clove oil-treated samples. Significant differences were not found between groups as microbiological (p > 0.05). However, significant differences were found both among groups and during the storage in term of TBA (thiobarbituric acid) and PV (peroxide value), FFA (free fatty acid) values (p < 0.05). Essential oils as natural antioxidant can be used in conjunction with vacuum packed to enhance hot smoked fish quality.

The investigation of some bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties of hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna subsp. monogyna Jacq).

AIM: The antioxidant and pharmacological effects of hawthorn have mainly been attributed to the polyphenolic contents. The aim of this research is to determine some bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties of hawthorn aqueous and ethanol extracts of leaves, flowers, and ripened fruits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For this purpose, antioxidant activities of extracts were assessed on DPPH•, ABTS•+, superoxide scavenging, reducing power and ferrous metal chelating activity assays and phenolic content of extracts was determined by Folin-Cioacalteu's reagent. RESULTS: The flavonoids including rutin, apigenin, myricetin, quercetin, naringenin and kaempferol, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography in the hawthorn extract. CONCLUSION: It was observed the aqueous and ethanol extracts of Crataegus monogyna subsp. monogyna fruits showed the highest activity in reducing power and metal chelating activity assays. In addition, it was determined that the aqueous flower extract showed higher flavonoid content than aqueous leaves extract. The antioxidant and pharmacological effects of hawthorn have mainly been attributed to the polyphenolic contents.

Consequences of the Combined α-tocopherol, Ascorbic Acid and α-lipoic Acid on the Glutathione, Cholesterol and Fatty Acid Composition in Muscle and Liver of Diabetic Rats.

OBJECTIVE(S): Our objective was to evaluate the effects of a triple antioxidant combination [α-tocopherol (AT), ascorbic acid (AA) and α-lipoic acid (LA); AT+AA+LA] on the cholesterol and glutathione levels, and the fatty acid composition of liver and muscle tissues in diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-three Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups. The first group was used as a control. The second, third and fourth groups received STZ (45 mg/kg) in citrate buffer. The fourth and fifth groups were injected with intraperitoneal (IP) 50 mg/kg DL-AT and 50 mg /kg DL-LA four times per week and received water-soluble vitamin C (50 mg/kg) in their drinking water for a period of six weeks. RESULTS: Liver cholesterol levels in the AT+AA+LA group were lower than the control (P<0.05). Glutathione level was lower in D-2 (P<0.05) and were higher in D+AT+AA+LA and AT+AA+LA groups than the control groups (P≤ 0.05). The muscle cholesterol levels in the D-1 and D+AT+AA+LA groups were higher than the control group (P≤ 0.05). The levels of oleic acid were higher in the D-1 group and lower in the D-2 group (P<0.001). The arachidonic acid level in the D-1 and D-2 groups were lower (P<0.05), and higher in the D+AT+AA+LA group. CONCLUSION: Our results revealed that glutathione levels and the Stearoyl CoA Desaturase enzyme products in liver tissues of diabetic and non-diabetic rats were increased by triple antioxidant mixture.

Effects of the neonicotinoid insecticide, clothianidin, on the reproductive organ system in adult male rats.

Clothianidin (CTD) is a novel, broad-spectrum insecticide. In the current study, it was aimed to study the effect of subchronic exposure to low doses of CTD (2, 8 and 24 mg/kg body weight/day) on the reproductive system in adult rats. CTD treatment did not significantly change serum testosterone level or sperm parameters (e.g. concentration, motility and morphology), but caused significant decreases in weights of epididymis, right cauda epididymis and seminal vesicles. CTD treatment did not cause sperm DNA fragmentation and did not change the apoptotic index in the seminiferous tubules and levels of α-tocopherol and glutathione, but increased the level of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and cholesterol levels significantly at all doses. CTD exposure caused significant elevations in palmitic, linoleic and arachidonic acids in testis in all CTD-exposed groups. There was a drop in 20:4/18:2 (arachidonic acid/linoleic acid) ratio and an increase in 18:1n-9/18:0 (oleic acid/stearic acid) ratios in all CTD groups, in comparison to the control group. In conclusion, CTD had little detectable detrimental effects on the reproductive system of male rats over the measured parameters.

Melatonin suppresses cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity via activation of Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway.

BACKGROUND: Cisplatin, one of the most effective and potent anticancer drugs, is used in the treatment of a wide variety of both pediatric and adult malignancies. However, the chemotherapeutic use of cisplatin is limited by its serious side-effects such as nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Cisplatin chemotherapy induces a reduction in the antioxidant status, leading to a failure of the antioxidant defense against free-radical damage generated by antitumor drugs. Cisplatin-induced oxidative stress in the kidney was partially prevented by antioxidant treatments using superoxide dismutase, glutathione, selenium and flavonoids. Melatonin and its metabolites possess free-radical scavenging activity and it has been shown that they protect against cisplatin toxicity. However, the mechanism of the protective effects of melatonin against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity is still essentially unknown. We therefore designed this study to investigate the underlying mechanism of the protective effect of melatonin against cisplatin-induced renal damage in a rat nephrotoxicity model in vivo. METHODS: Twenty eight 8-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of control, melatonin treatment (4 mg/kg b.w i.p. for 10 days), cisplatin treatment (7 mg/kg b.w., i.p.) and melatonin and cisplatin combination treatment. Serum urea nitrogen (urea-N) and creatinine levels were measured. Histopathological changes were evaluated. In addition, we analyzed the expression levels of HO-1, Nrf2, NF-κB and AP-1 in Western blot analysis. RESULTS: Both serum creatinine and urea nitrogen increased significantly following cisplatin administration alone; these values decreased significantly with melatonin co-treatment of cisplatin-treated rats. Histological analysis showed that cisplatin caused damage in the proximal tubular cells in the kidneys of cisplatin-treated rats; these changes were reversed by melatonin co-treatment. Upon Western blot analysis, melatonin treatment increased Nrf2 accumulation in the nuclear fraction, and increased the expression of HO-1 in the cytosolic fraction as compared to the cisplatin-treated rats. Expressions of NF-κB p65 and AP-1 were increased significantly in the kidneys of rats treated with cisplatin compared with the expression in the kidneys from the control, melatonin-only-treated and melatonin co-treated rats. CONCLUSION: Our present data suggest that melatonin attenuates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity possibly by modulating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling.

Insecticide imidacloprid induces morphological and DNA damage through oxidative toxicity on the reproductive organs of developing male rats.

We investigated whether treatment with imidacloprid would induce morphological changes, DNA fragmentation, antioxidant imbalance and apoptosis in the reproductive system of developing male rats. Twenty-four male rats were included in this 90-day study, starting at 7 days of age. The rats were divided into four groups. The first group was used as control. The second, third and fourth groups received oral 0.5-, 2- and 8-mg/kg imidacloprid, respectively. Serum, sperm and testis samples were collected from all groups at the end of the experimental period. The weights of the epididymis, vesicula seminalis, epididymal sperm concentration, body weight gain, testosterone and reduced glutathione values were lower in the imidacloprid-treated groups than that in the controls. All treated groups had increased lipid peroxidation, fatty acid concentrations and higher rates of abnormal sperm. Apoptosis and fragmentation of seminal DNA were higher in rats treated at the two higher doses of imidacloprid. These results show that this compound has a negative effect on sperm and testis of rats.

Assessment of imidacloprid toxicity on reproductive organ system of adult male rats.

In the current study it was aimed to investigate the toxicity of low doses of imidacloprid (IMI) on the reproductive organ systems of adult male rats. The treatment groups received 0.5 (IMI-0.5), 2 (IMI-2) or 8 mg IMI/kg body weight by oral gavage (IMI-8) for three months. The deterioration in sperm motility in IMI-8 group and epidydimal sperm concentration in IMI-2 and IMI-8 groups and abnormality in sperm morphology in IMI-8 were significant. The levels of testosterone (T) and GSH decreased significantly in group IMI-8 compared to the control group. Upon treatment with IMI, apoptotic index increased significantly only in germ cells of the seminiferous tubules of IMI-8 group when compared to control. Fragmentation was striking in the seminal DNA from the IMI-8 group, but it was much less obvious in the IMI-2 one. IMI exposure resulted in elevation of all fatty acids analyzed, but the increases were significant only in stearic, oleic, linoleic and arachidonic acids. The ratios of 20:4/20:3 and 20:4/18:2 were decreased and 16:1n-9/16:0 ratio was increased. In conclusion, the present animal experiments revealed that the treatment with IMI at NOAEL dose-levels caused deterioration in sperm parameters, decreased T level, increased apoptosis of germ cells, seminal DNA fragmentation, the depletion of antioxidants and change in disturbance of fatty acid composition. All these changes indicate the suppression of testicular function.

Effects of clothianidin exposure on sperm quality, testicular apoptosis and fatty acid composition in developing male rats.

Clothianidin (CTD) is one of the latest members of the synthetic organic insecticides, the neonicotinoids. In the present study, it was aimed to investigate if daily oral administration of CTD at low doses for 90 days has any deleterious effects on reproductive functions of developing male rats. Animals were randomly divided into four groups of six rats each, assigned as control rats, or rats treated with 2 (CTD-2), 8 (CTD-8) or 32 (CTD-32) mg CTD/kg body weight by oral gavage. The significant decreases of the absolute weights of right cauda epididymis and seminal vesicles, and body weight were detected in the animals exposed to CTD administration at 32 mg/kgBW/day. Epididymal sperm concentration decreased significantly in CTD-32 group and the abnormal sperm rates increased in CTD-8 and CTD-32 groups when compared to control group. The testosterone level was significantly decreased in CTD-32 group when compared to control group. The administration of all CTD doses resulted in a significant decrease in the level of GSH. The number of TUNEL-positive cells significantly increased in the germinal epithelium of testis of rats exposed to CTD at 32 mg/kgBW/day. In groups CTD-8 and CTD-32, only docosapentaenoic, arachidonic, palmitic and palmitoleic acids were significantly elevated when compared to control. The ratios of 20:4/18:2 and 18:1n-9/18:0 were decreased when rats exposed to CTD. Sperm DNA fragmentation was observed in CTD-32 group, but not CTD-2 and CTD-8. It is concluded that low doses of CTD exposure during critical stages of sexual maturation had moderate detrimental effects on reproductive organ system and more severe effects are likely to be observed at higher dose levels. In addition, the reproductive system may be more sensitive to exposure of CTD even earlier in development (prenatal and early postnatal), and therefore it could be expected that more severe effects could also be observed at the NOAEL dose levels, if dosing had occurred in utero or early postnatal.

The fruit extract of three strawberry cultivars prevents lipid peroxidation and protects the unsaturated fatty acids in the Fenton reagent environment.

In this study, we detected the flavonoid ingredients of three different varieties of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch cultivar Camarosa, Selva and Dorit) grown in Elazig, and we researched on their effects on the radicals DPPH√ and OH√. It was detected that in the manipulation of 50-100 µl extract, it was efficient to turn the DPPH√ radical over 85% to DPPH√ OH√ form. In in vitro environment in which hydrogen peroxide and Fenton reagent were used, it was also detected that the capacity of interception of lipid peroxidation is high. When the level of Malondialdehyde (MDA)-2-thiobarbituric acid was compared with that of the Fenton R group, the level was shown to be decreased in the groups in which a quite distinct level of the extract of strawberry fruit was given (p < 0.001). Depending on the decrease in LPO formation, the amounts of oleic acid and linoleic acid that were added to the reaction environment were preserved in in vitro environment in which the extract of strawberry fruit was added (p < 0.01, p < 0.05 and p < 0.01).Consequently, it has been confirmed that the strawberry fruit that has a scavenging effect against the radicals prevents that lipid peroxidation in in vitro environment.

Protective effects of nanostructures of hydrated C(60) fullerene on reproductive function in streptozotocin-diabetic male rats.

Diabetes mellitus is a well-recognized cause of male sexual dysfunction and impairments of male fertility. Streptozotocin (STZ) is used for medical treatment of neoplastic islet ß-cells of pancreas and producing of animal model of diabetes mellitus type 1 that is characterized by suppression of reproductive activity due to the hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress and histopathological alterations in testes. Seeking for the agents that could alleviate diabetes-induced damage to reproductive system is yet the important area of inquiry. The present study was designed to evaluate whether hydrated C(60) fullerene (C(60)HyFn), which is known to be powerful bioantioxidant, eliminate testicular dysfunction induced by STZ-diabetes in rats. Wistar strain male albino rats were divided into four groups of six animals each: (1) control group, (2) C(60)HyFn-treated nondiabetic group, (3) STZ-diabetic group and (4) C(60)HyFn-treated diabetic group. Once hyperglycaemia was induced by STZ, rats in the second and fourth groups were treated with C(60)HyFn (in the form of drinking water) at the dose of 4µg/kg daily for 5 weeks. In diabetic rats, relative weights of right cauda epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate, sperm motility and epididymal sperm concentration were significantly less than those of control group, but which were restored in the fourth group treated with C(60)HyFn (p<0.001). In hematoxylin and eosin staining, marked histopathological changes including degeneration, desquamation, disorganisation and reduction in germinal cells, interstitial oedema and congestion were evident in the testis of diabetic rats, but C(60)HyFn treatment resulted in recovery of histopathological changes and an increase in Johnsen's testicular score significantly (p<0.001). C(60)HyFn treatment restores the increased apoptosis induced by STZ-diabetes. In diabetic rats, levels of serum testosterone, testicular reduced glutathione (GSH) and alpha-tocopherol were significantly reduced and testicular lipid peroxidation level was increased (p<0.001). Nevertheless, treatment of diabetic rats with C(60)HyFn resulted in significant corrective effects on these parameters towards the control levels. C(60)HyFn, applied alone, did not exert any toxic effects in testicular tissues. Furthermore, C(60)HyFn treatment in diabetic and nondiabetic rats resulted in considerable elevations of some important polyunsaturated fatty acids. In conclusion, we have presented for the first time substantial evidence that administration of C(60)HyFn significantly reduces diabetes-induced oxidative stress and associated complications such as testicular dysfunction and spermatogenic disruption.

Effect of vitamin C and lipoic acid on streptozotocin-induced diabetes gene expression: mRNA and protein expressions of Cu-Zn SOD and catalase.

The involvement of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus has been confirmed by numerous studies. In this study, the expression of two antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase which are involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species was studied in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat liver tissues. The enzyme assays showed a significant decrease in both enzymes activities compared to control animals. The RT-PCR and Western-blot analysis results demonstrated that this decrease in activity is regulated at the level of gene expression, as both catalase and Cu-Zn SOD mRNA and protein expressions were also suppressed. Supplementing the animals with vitamin C, a powerful antioxidant increased both SOD and catalase activities with no change in both mRNA and protein expressions suggesting a role of post-translational modification. However, even though mRNA expressions of both catalase and Cu-Zn SOD were not changed, the protein levels increased in parallel to activities in the case of another antioxidant, alpha-lipoic acid. An increase in the rate of translation, without changing the rate of transcription indicates a translational effect of lipoic acid in changing the activities of antioxidant enzymes to prevent the oxidative damage in diabetes.