ABSTRACT
Single crystals of the new metal-organic framework (MOF) In-adc (HHUD-4) were obtained through the reaction of linear acetylenedicarboxylic acid (H2adc) with In(NO3)3·xH2O as a racemic conglomerate in the chiral tetragonal space groups P4322 and P4122. Fundamentally different from other MOFs with linear linkers and trans-µ-OH-connected infinite {MO6} secondary building units as in the MIL-53-type, the linear adc2- linker leads to the formation of cis-µ-OH connected {InO6} polyhedra, which have otherwise only been found before for V-shaped ligands, as in CAU-10-H. A far-reaching implication of this finding is the possibility that trans-µ-OH/straight MIL-53-type MOFs will have polymorphs of CAU-10-H cis-µ-OH/helical topology and vice versa. HHUD-4 is a microporous MOF with a BET surface area of up to 940 m2 g-1 and a micropore volume of up to 0.39 cm3 g-1. Additionally, HHUD-4 features good adsorption uptakes of 3.77 mmol g-1 for CO2 and 1.25 mmol g-1 for CH4 at 273 K and 1 bar, respectively, and a high isosteric heat of adsorption of 11.4 kJ mol-1 for H2 with a maximum uptake of 6.36 mmol g-1 at 77 K and 1 bar. Vapor sorption experiments for water and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene, cyclohexane and n-hexane yielded uptake values of 135, 269, 116 and 205 mg g-1, respectively, at 293 K. While HHUD-4 showed unremarkable results for water uptake and low stability for water, it exhibited good stability with steep VOC uptake steps at low relative pressures and a high selectivity of 17 for benzene/cyclohexane mixtures.
Subject(s)
Metal-Organic Frameworks , Indium , Benzene/chemistry , Gases , WaterABSTRACT
Human cooperation is probably supported by our tendency to punish selfishness in others. Social norms play an important role in motivating third-party punishment (TPP), and also in explaining societal differences in prosocial behaviour. However, there has been little work directly linking social norms to the development of TPP across societies. In this study, we explored the impact of normative information on the development of TPP in 603 children aged 4-14, across six diverse societies. Children began to perform TPP during middle childhood, and the developmental trajectories of this behaviour were similar across societies. We also found that social norms began to influence the likelihood of performing TPP during middle childhood in some of these societies. Norms specifying the punishment of selfishness were generally more influential than norms specifying the punishment of prosocial behaviour. These findings support the view that TPP of selfishness is important in all societies, and its development is shaped by a shared psychology for responding to normative information. Yet, the results also highlight the important role that children's prior knowledge of local norms may play in explaining societal variation in the development of both TPP and prosociality.
Subject(s)
Cultural Diversity , Social Norms , Adolescent , Altruism , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Models, Psychological , Motivation , Probability , Punishment/psychologyABSTRACT
Recent studies have proposed that social norms play a key role in motivating human cooperation and in explaining the unique scale and cultural diversity of our prosociality. However, there have been few studies that directly link social norms to the form, development and variation in prosocial behaviour across societies. In a cross-cultural study of eight diverse societies, we provide evidence that (1) the prosocial behaviour of adults is predicted by what other members of their society judge to be the correct social norm, (2) the responsiveness of children to novel social norms develops similarly across societies and (3) societally variable prosocial behaviour develops concurrently with the responsiveness of children to norms in middle childhood. These data support the view that the development of prosocial behaviour is shaped by a psychology for responding to normative information, which itself develops universally across societies.
