A small protein encoded by PCBP1-AS1 is identified as a key regulator of influenza virus replication via enhancing autophagy.

Many annotated long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) contain small open reading frames (sORFs), some of which have been demonstrated to encode small proteins or micropeptides with fundamental biological importance. However, functions of lncRNAs-encoded small proteins or micropeptides in viral pathogenesis remain largely unexplored. Here, we identified a 110-amino acid small protein as a key regulator of influenza A virus (IAV) replication. This small protein that we call PESP was encoded by the putative lncRNA PCBP1-AS1. It was observed that both PCBP1-AS1 and PESP were significantly upregulated by IAV infection. Furthermore, they were markedly induced by treatment with either type I or type III interferon. Overexpression of either PCBP1-AS1 or PESP alone significantly enhanced IAV replication. In contrast, shRNA-mediated knockdown of PCBP1-AS1 or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of PESP markedly inhibited the viral production. Moreover, the targeted deletion or mutation of the sORF within the PCBP1-AS1 transcript, which resulted in the disruption of PESP expression, significantly diminished the capacity of PCBP1-AS1 to enhance IAV replication, underscoring the indispensable role of PESP in the facilitation of IAV replication by PCBP1-AS1. Interestingly, overexpression of PESP enhanced the IAV-induced autophagy by increasing the expression of ATG7, an essential autophagy effector enzyme. We also found that the 7-22 amino acids at the N-terminus of PESP were crucial for its functionality in modulating ATG7 expression and action as an enhancer of IAV replication. Additionally, HSP90AA1, a protein identified previously as a facilitator of autophagy, was found to interact with PESP, resulting in the stabilization of PESP and consequently an increase in the production of IAV. These data reveal a critical lncRNA-encoded small protein that is induced and exploited by IAV during its infection, and provide a significant insight into IAV-host interaction network.

Exploration of the Molecular Mechanism of Curcuma aromatica Salisb's Anticolorectal Cancer Activity via the Integrative Approach of Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation.

Curcuma aromatica Salisb (Cur), a well-known herbal medicine, has a wide spectrum of anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and antioxidant activities. However, the roles of its active compounds and potential mechanisms in colorectal cancer remain unknown. This research utilized network pharmacology and experimental validation to explore the possible mechanisms by which Cur protects against colorectal cancer. The active compounds of Cur and related genes for colorectal cancer were obtained from public databases. The DrugBank database was used to search for anticolorectal cancer drugs licensed through the FDA and their targets, and a "drug-component-target" relationship network was created using the Cytoscape program. The String database produced the PPI network. The ability of these active ingredients to bind to core targets was confirmed by molecular docking using AutoDock Vina. Cell and animal experiments were then carried out. A total of 274 targets were obtained from Cur, 49 of which were potential therapeutic targets. Four key targets, PTGS2, AKT1, TP53, and estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), were screened via the PPI network and the FDA drug-target network. Molecular docking results revealed that Cur had strong binding abilities to these targets. In vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that Cur suppressed the development of colorectal cancer by regulating its targets (PTGS2, AKT1, TP53, and ESR1), which play crucial roles in promoting apoptosis and suppressing cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Collectively, Cur protects against colorectal cancer by regulating the AKT1/PTGS2/ESR1 and P53 pathways, which lays the groundwork for further research and clinical applications of Cur in colorectal cancer therapy.

The Difference in Diversity between Endophytic Microorganisms in White and Grey Zizania latifolia.

The Zizania latifolia is usually infected by the obligate parasitic fungus Ustilago esculenta to form an edible fleshy stem which is an aquatic vegetable called Jiaobai in China. The infection by the teliospore (T) strain of U. esculenta induces Z. latifolia forming gray fleshy stems, while the mycelia-teliospore (MT) strain of U. esculenta induces white fleshy stems which are more suitable for edibility than gray fleshy stems. The mechanism of this phenomenon is still largely unknown. One of the possible causes is the diversity of endophytic microbial communities between these two fleshy stems. Therefore, we utilized fungal ITS1 and bacterial 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing to investigate the diversity of endophytic microbial communities in the two different fleshy stems of Z. latifolia. The results revealed that the α diversity and richness of endophytic fungi in white Z. latifolia were significantly greater than in gray Z. latifolia. The dominant fungal genus in both fleshy stems was U. esculenta, which accounted for over 90% of the endophytic fungi. The community composition of endophytic fungi in gray and white Z. latifolia was different except for U. esculenta, and a negative correlation was observed between U. esculenta and other endophytic fungi. In addition, the dominant bacterial genus in gray Z. latifolia was Alcaligenaceae which is also negatively correlated with other bacterium communities. Additionally, the co-occurrence network of white Z. latifolia was found to have a stronger scale, connectivity, and complexity compared to that of gray Z. latifolia. And the detected beneficial bacteria and pathogens in the stems of Z. latifolia potentially compete for resources. Furthermore, the function of endophytic bacteria is more abundant than endophytic fungi in Z. latifolia. This research investigated the correlation between the development of Z. latifolia fleshy stems and endophytic microbial communities. Our findings indicate that the composition of endophytic microbial communities is closely related to the type of Z. latifolia fleshy stems. This research also suggests the potential utilization of specific microbial communities to enhance the growth and development of Z. latifolia, thereby contributing to the breeding of Z. latifolia.

Retrospective efficacy analysis of olaparib combined with bevacizumab in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly prevalent malignancy of the digestive tract worldwide, characterized by a significant morbidity and mortality rate and subtle initial symptoms. Diarrhea, local abdominal pain, and hematochezia occur with the development of cancer, while systemic symptoms such as anemia and weight loss occur in patients with advanced CRC. Without timely interventions, the disease can have fatal consequences within a short span. The current therapeutic options for colon cancer include olaparib and bevacizumab, which are widely utilized. This study intends to evaluate the clinical efficacy of olaparib combined with bevacizumab in the treatment of advanced CRC, hoping to provide insights into advanced CRC treatment. AIM: To investigate the retrospective efficacy of olaparib combined with bevacizumab in the treatment of advanced CRC. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on a cohort of 82 patients with advanced colon cancer who were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China between January 2018 and October 2019. Among them, 43 patients subjected to the classical FOLFOX chemotherapy regimen were selected as the control group, and 39 patients undergoing treatment with olaparib combined with bevacizumab were selected as the observation group. Subsequent to different treatment regimens, the short-term efficacy, time to progression (TTP), and incidence rate of adverse reactions between the two groups were compared. Changes in serum-related indicators [vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloprotein-9 (MMP-9), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)] and tumor markers [human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125), carbohydrate antigen 199 (CA199)] levels before and after treatment were compared between the two groups at the same time. RESULTS: The objective response rate was discovered to be 82.05%, and the disease control rate was 97.44% in the observation group, which were significantly higher than the respective rates of 58.14% and 83.72% in the control group (P < 0.05). The median TTP was 24 mo (95%CI: 19.987-28.005) in the control group and 37 mo (95%CI: 30.854-43.870) in the observation group. The TTP in the observation group was significantly better than that in the control group, and the difference held statistical significance (log-rank test value = 5.009, P = 0.025). Before treatment, no substantial difference was detected in serum VEGF, MMP-9, and COX-2 levels and tumor markers HE4, CA125, and CA199 levels between the two groups (P > 0.05). Following treatment with different regimens, the above indicators in the two groups were remarkably promoted (P < 0.05), VEGF, MMP-9, and COX-2 in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05), and HE4, CA125, and CA199 levels were also lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Vis-à-vis the control group, the total incidence of gastrointestinal reactions, thrombosis, bone marrow suppression, liver and kidney function injury, and other adverse reactions in the observation group was notably lowered, with the difference considered statistically significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Olaparib combined with bevacizumab in the treatment of advanced CRC demonstrates a strong clinical effect of delaying disease progression and reducing the serum levels of VEGF, MMP-9, COX-2 and tumor markers HE4, CA125 and CA199. Moreover, given its fewer adverse reactions, it can be regarded as a safe and reliable treatment option.

Genome-Wide Analysis of the Expansin Gene Family in Populus and Characterization of Expression Changes in Response to Phytohormone (Abscisic Acid) and Abiotic (Low-Temperature) Stresses.

Expansins are a group of cell wall enzyme proteins that help to loosen cell walls by breaking hydrogen bonds between cellulose microfibrils and hemicellulose. Expansins are essential plant proteins that are involved in several key processes, including seed germination, the growth of pollen tubes and root hairs, fruit ripening and abscission processes. Currently, there is a lack of knowledge concerning the role of expansins in woody plants. In this study, we analyzed expansin genes using Populus genome as the study target. Thirty-six members of the expansin gene family were identified in Populus that were divided into four subfamilies (EXPA, EXPB, EXLA and EXLB). We analyzed the molecular structure, chromosome localization, evolutionary relationships and tissue specificity of these genes and investigated expression changes in responses to phytohormone and abiotic stresses of the expansin genes of Populus tremula L. (PtEXs). Molecular structure analysis revealed that each PtEX protein had several conserved motifs and all of the PtEXs genes had multiple exons. Chromosome structure analysis showed that the expansin gene family is distributed on 14 chromosomes. The PtEXs gene family expansion patterns showed segmental duplication. Transcriptome data of Populus revealed that 36 PtEXs genes were differently expressed in different tissues. Cis-element analysis showed that the PtEXs were closely associated with plant development and responses to phytohormone and abiotic stress. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that abscisic acid (ABA) and low-temperature treatment affected the expression of some PtEXs genes, suggesting that these genes are involved in responses to phytohormone and abiotic stress. This study provides a further understanding of the expansin gene family in Populus and forms a basis for future functional research studies.

Stepwise Coordination-Driven Metal-Phenolic Nanoparticle as a Neuroprotection Enhancer for Alzheimer's Disease Therapy.

Current therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) mainly focus on inhibition of aberrant amyloid-ß peptide (Aß) aggregation. However, these strategies cannot repair the side symptoms (e.g., high neuronal oxidative stress) triggered by Aß accumulation and thus show limited effects on suppressing Aß-induced neuronal apoptosis. Herein, we develop a stepwise metal-phenolic coordination approach for the rational design of a neuroprotection enhancer, K8@Fe-Rh/Pda NPs, in which rhein and polydopamine are effectively coupled to enhance the treatment of AD in APPswe/PSEN1dE9 transgenic (APP/PS1) mice. We discover that the polydopamine inhibits the aggregation of Aß oligomers, and rhein helps repair damage to neurons triggered by Aß aggregation. Based on molecular docking, we demonstrate that the polydopamine has a strong interaction with Aß monomers/fibrils through its multiple recognition sites (e.g., catechol groups, imine groups, and indolic/catecholic π-systems), thereby reducing Aß burden. Further investigation of the antioxidant mechanisms suggests that K8@Fe-Rh/Pda NPs promote the mitochondrial biogenesis via activating the sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha pathway. This finally inhibits neuronal apoptosis. Moreover, an intravenous injection of these nanoparticles potently improves the cognitive function in APP/PS1 mice without adverse effects. Overall, our work provides a promising approach to develop advanced nanomaterials for multi-target treatment of AD.

Improved Insulating Properties of Polymer Dielectric by Constructing Interfacial Composite Coatings.

Polymeric dielectrics exhibit remarkable dielectric characteristics and wide applicability, rendering them extensively employed within the domain of electrical insulation. Nevertheless, the electrical strength has always been a bottleneck, preventing its further utilization. Nanocomposite materials can effectively improve insulation strength, but uniform doping of nanofillers in engineering applications is a challenge. Consequently, a nanocomposite interfacial coating was meticulously designed to interpose between the electrode and the polymer, which can significantly improve DC breakdown performance. Subsequently, the effects of filler concentration and coating duration on DC breakdown performance, high field conductivity, and trap distribution characteristics were analyzed. The results indicate that the composite coating introduces deep traps between the electrode-polymer interface, which enhances the carrier confinement, resulting in reduced conductivity and enhanced DC breakdown strength. The incorporation of a composite coating at the interface between the electrode and polymer presents novel avenues for enhancing the dielectric insulation of polymers.

Genome-wide investigation and expression analysis of TLR gene family reveals its immune role in Vibrio tolerance challenge of Manila clam.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play key roles in activating immune responses during infection. In this study, we identified TLR genes in Manila clam at the genome-wide level and characterized it into 9 types according to the Ruditapes philippinarum genome annotation, including TLR1 (1-10), TLR2 (1-10), TLR2-2 (1-5), TLR3 (1-3), TLR4 (1-9), TLR5, TLR6 (1-5), TLR7 (1-2), and TLR13 (1-4). The length of TLR proteins varied from 128 to 1257 amino acids. The molecular weights and theoretical isoelectric point (pI) values ranged from 14.63 to 143.32 kDa and 4.47 to 9.45, respectively. TLR genes showed universal expression levels in adductor muscle (AM), mantle (M), foot (F), gill (GI), pipe (P), digestive gland (DG), gonad (GO) and labial palp (L). Transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression level of TLR4, TLR5, TLR7 and TLR13 genes are significantly highly expressed in resistant individuals of Manila clam under Vibrio anguillarum challenge, indicating these TLR genes may play significant roles in response to invading pathogens. The results obtained in this work will provide valuable insights into the immune function of TLR gene in R. philippinarum.

Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed dynamic changes of distinct classes of genes during development of the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum).

BACKGROUND: The Manila clam Ruditapesphilippinarum is one of the most economically important marine shellfish. However, the molecular mechanisms of early development in Manila clams are largely unknown. In this study, we collected samples from 13 stages of early development in Manila clam and compared the mRNA expression pattern between samples by RNA-seq techniques. RESULTS: We applied RNA-seq technology to 13 embryonic and larval stages of the Manila clam to identify critical genes and pathways involved in their development and biological characteristics. Important genes associated with different morphologies during the early fertilized egg, cell division, cell differentiation, hatching, and metamorphosis stages were identified. We detected the highest number of differentially expressed genes in the comparison of the pediveliger and single pipe juvenile stages, which is a time when biological characteristics greatly change during metamorphosis. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that expression levels of microtubule protein-related molecules and Rho genes were upregulated and that GO terms such as ribosome, translation, and organelle were enriched in the early development stages of the Manila clam. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that the foxo, wnt, and transforming growth factor-beta pathways were significantly enriched during early development. These results provide insights into the molecular mechanisms at work during different periods of early development of Manila clams. CONCLUSION: These transcriptomic data provide clues to the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of Manila clam larvae. These results will help to improve Manila clam reproduction and development.

Examination of the potential roles of insulin-like peptide receptor in regulating the growth of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum.

The role of insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway in the growth regulation of marine invertebrates has not been fully studied. In this study, the economically important species Ruditapes philippinarum was sacrificed to clarify the role of IGF system in the growth regulation of R. philippinarum by real-time quantitative PCR. Systematic bioinformatics analysis can identify the major genes of IGF signaling pathway and insulin-like peptide receptor (ILPR) - mediated signaling pathway in R. philippinarum. The expression levels of IGF and its downstream signaling pathway genes in larger clams were significantly higher than those in small clams, indicating that they were involved in the growth regulation of R. philippinarum. These results suggest that IGF signaling pathway and ILPR mediated signaling pathway to regulate the growth of R. philippinarum.

Effects of high water temperature on physiology, survival, and resistance to high temperature air-exposure in the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum.

Ruditapes philippinarum is a typical burrowing shellfish, living in the intertidal zone. In natural conditions, the mortality of R. philippinarum is most affected by high water temperatures, high temperature air-exposure, and other environmental stresses. In this study, the mortality rates of the two populations of R. philippinarum under high water temperature stress were recorded, and catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) antioxidant enzyme activities in the hepatopancreas were analyzed. The results showed that the survival times of cultured clams were longer than those of wild clams after acute high temperature stress. CAT, SOD, and T-AOC activities increased after acute high water temperature and high temperature air-exposure stress. These antioxidant enzyme activities gradually decreased to their initial levels after 2 days of recovery from these high temperature stresses. Based on these experimental results, we found that the cultured clam population had better heat and high temperature air-exposure resistances than the wild clams. CAT, SOD, and T-AOC enzymes play an important role in the antioxidant processes of R. philippinarum in response to high water temperature and high temperature air-exposure. This study provided a theoretical basis for the development of healthy aquacultural practices for these shellfish.

Genome-wide identification and analysis of HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase gene family in Ruditapes philippinarum and their involvement in the response to heat stress and Vibrio anguillarum infection.

E3 ubiquitin ligase (E3s) plays an important role in ubiquitin proteasome pathway, proteins containing homologous E6-AP carboxyl terminus (HECT) domains. However, the role of HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase in mollusk was rarely explored. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis of the HECT domain-containing gene in Ruditapes philippinarum to identify and predict the structural and functional characterization of HECT genes in response to abiotic and biotic stress. A total of sixteen members of HECT gene family were identified and analyzed for the gene structure, phylogenetic relation, three-dimensional structure, protein interaction network, and expression patterns. Experimental results demonstrated that Rph.HUWE1, Rph.HECTD1, Rph.Ubr5 were significantly up-regulated in response to heat stress and bacterial challenge. Taken together, our data provide insights into the potential function of HECT E3 ligase in heat stress and Vibrio anguillarum infection.

Apextrin from Ruditapes philippinarum functions as pattern recognition receptor and modulates NF-κB pathway.

Apextrin belongs to ApeC-containing proteins (ACPs) and features a signal-peptide, an N-terminal membrane attack complex component/perforin (MACPF) domain, and a C-terminal ApeC domain. Recently, apextrin-like proteins were identified as pattern recognition receptor (PRR), which recognize the bacterial cell wall component and participate in innate immunity. Here, an apextrin (Rpape) was identified and characterized in Ruditapes philippinarum. Our results showed that Rpape mRNA was significantly induced under bacterial challenges. The Rpape recombinant protein exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and bound with Vibrio anguillarum, S. aureus and B. subtilis. We found Rpape protein positively activated the NF-κB signaling cascade and increased the activity of Nitric oxide (NO). This study revealed the immunity role of apextrin in R. philippinarum and provided a reference for further study on the role of apextrin in bivalves.

Evaluation of a flavonoid library for inhibition of interaction of HIV-1 integrase with human LEDGF/p75 towards a structure-activity relationship.

Background: Proteinsprotein interaction (PPI) between lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) integrase (IN) becomes an attractive target for anti-HIV drug development.Methods: The blockade of this interaction by small molecules could potentially inhibit HIV-1 replication. In this study, a panel of 99 structurally related flavonoids were was tested, concerning their ability to inhibit IN-LEDGF/p75 interaction, using a homogeneous time time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) assay. Results: From the obtained results, it was possible to observe that the flavonoid with hydroxyl group in C3-, C4-, C5- and C7-position on the A-ring, C4'- and C5'-position of the B-ring, a carbonyl group of the C-ring, was more active against IN-LEDGF/p75 interaction, through competitive inhibition. Moreover, the binding modes of representative compounds, including myricetin, luteolin, dihydrorobinetin, naringenin, epicatechin, genistein and helichrysetin, were analyzedanalysed by molecular docking. Biolayer interferometry assay confirmed that these representative compounds disrupted the PPI by binding to IN with KD values ranging from 1.0 to 3.6 µM.Conclusion: This study presents the first to quantitative comparation of the effect of flavonoids with different structural subclasses on IN-LEDGF/p75 interaction. Our findings provide new insights into the development of inhibitors targeting IN-LEDGF/p75 interaction using flavonoids. Key MessagesHIV-1 integrase (IN)-LEDGF/p75 interaction is an attractive target for antiviral drug development.For the first time, the structure-activity relationship of flavonoids belonging to seven flavonoidic subclasses on IN-LEDGF/p75 interaction was determined.This study comprehends an HTRF-based screening system, biolayer interferometry and an in silico molecular docking analysis.

Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Vibrio Tolerance in Ruditapes philippinarum Revealed by Comparative Transcriptome Profiling.

The clam Ruditapes philippinarum is an important species in the marine aquaculture industry in China. However, in recent years, the aquaculture of R. philippinarum has been negatively impacted by various bacterial pathogens. In this study, the transcriptome libraries of R. philippinarum showing different levels of resistance to challenge with Vibrio anguillarum were constructed and RNA-seq was performed using the Illumina sequencing platform. Host immune factors were identified that responded to V. anguillarum infection, including C-type lectin domain, glutathione S-transferase 9, lysozyme, methyltransferase FkbM domain, heat shock 70 kDa protein, Ras-like GTP-binding protein RHO, C1q, F-box and BTB/POZ domain protein zf-C2H2. Ten genes were selected and verified by RT-qPCR, and nine of the gene expression results were consistent with those of RNA-seq. The lectin gene in the phagosome pathway was expressed at a significantly higher level after V. anguillarum infection, which might indicate the role of lectin in the immune response to V. anguillarum. Comparing the results from R. philippinarum resistant and nonresistant to V. anguillarum increases our understanding of the resistant genes and key pathways related to Vibrio challenge in this species. The results obtained here provide a reference for future immunological research focusing on the response of R. philippinarum to V. anguillarum infection.

Rhein Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment in an APP/PS1 Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease by Relieving Oxidative Stress through Activating the SIRT1/PGC-1α Pathway.

Mitochondrial oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, antioxidant therapy has been considered an effective strategy for the treatment of AD. Our previous work discovered that rhein relieved mitochondrial oxidative stress in ß-amyloid (Aß) oligomer-induced primary neurons by improving the sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha- (PGC-1α-) regulated mitochondrial biogenesis. While encouraging results have been provided, mechanisms underlying the beneficial effect of rhein on AD are yet to be elucidated in vivo. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of rhein on an APP/PS1 transgenic (APP/PS1) mouse model of AD and explored its antioxidant mechanisms. As a result, rhein significantly reduced Aß burden and neuroinflammation and eventually ameliorated cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice. Moreover, rhein reversed oxidative stress in the brain of APP/PS1 mice and protected neurons from oxidative stress-associated apoptosis. Further study revealed that rhein promoted mitochondrial biogenesis against oxidative stress by upregulating SIRT1 and its downstream PGC-1α as well as nuclear respiratory factor 1. Improved mitochondrial biogenesis not only increased the activity of superoxide dismutase to scavenge excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also repaired mitochondria by mitochondrial fusion to inhibit the production of ROS from the electron transport chain. Notably, the exposure of rhein in the brain analyzed by tissue distribution study indicated that rhein could permeate into the brain to exert its therapeutic effects. In conclusion, these findings drive rhein to serve as a promising therapeutic antioxidant for the treatment of AD. Our research highlights the therapeutic efficacy for AD through regulating mitochondrial biogenesis via the SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway.

Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis Reveals the Correlation Patterns Among Genes in Different Temperature Stress Adaptation of Manila Clam.

The Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) is one of the most important aquaculture species and widely distributed along the coasts of China, Japan, and Korea. Due to its wide distribution, it can tolerate a wide range of temperature. Studying the gene expression profiles of clam gills had found differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and pathway involved in temperature stress tolerance. A systematic study of cellular response to temperature stress may provide insights into the mechanism of acquired tolerance. Here, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was carried out using RNA-seq data from gill transcriptome in response to high and low temperature stress. There are a total 32 gene modules, of which 18 gene modules were identified as temperature-related modules. Blue module was one significantly correlated with temperature which was associated with cellular metabolism, apoptosis pathway, ER stress, and others.

Photostable Red-Emitting Fluorescent Rhein-Magnesium(â ¡) Coordination Polymer Nanodot-Based Nanostructures With a Large Stokes Shift for Imaging Mitochondria in Cancer Cell.

The mitochondria play a significant role in many cellular processes and are recognized as one of the most important therapeutic targets in cancer. Direct long-term imaging of the mitochondria is very crucial for treating cancer. However, the development of a red-emitting mitochondrial probe with a large Stokes shift and photostability remains highly challenging. Fluorescent metal complexes with superior physicochemical property have emerged as new fluorescent nanomaterials due to their increasing advantages in bioimaging. Herein, a luminescent pitaya-type nanostructure based on rhein-magnesium(II) (Rh-Mg) coordination polymer nanodots was used as a fluorescent nanoprobe to selectively image the mitochondria benefiting from the introduction of triphenylphosphine. The as-prepared Rh-Mg nanodot-based nanoprobe showed red emission peaking at 620 nm, a large Stokes shift (100 nm), and excellent photostability as compared with commercial mitochondrial probes. Due to these extraordinary features, this fluorescent nanoprobe was successfully used for mitochondrial targeting imaging of live cancer cell line Neuro-2a (mouse neuroblastoma) and BV2 microglial cells. Therefore, our results pave a new way for the design of fluorescent nanoprobes for imaging mitochondria in cancer cell.

MiRNA-mRNA Integration Analysis Reveals the Regulatory Roles of MiRNAs in Shell Pigmentation of the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum).

The shell color of the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) is an economically important trait. We used high-throughput sequencing and transcriptome analysis to study the molecular mechanisms that underlie shell color formation and regulation in this species. We constructed small RNA libraries from mantle tissues from four shell color strains of Manila clam, subjected them to high-throughput sequencing. Notably, the results suggested that a number of pigment-associated genes including Mitf, HERC2, were negatively regulated by nvi-miR-2a, tgu-miR-133-3p, respectively. They might be involved in melanin formation via the activation of the melanogenesis pathway. And aae-miR-71-5p and dme-miR-7-5p linked to shell formation-related genes such as Calmodulin and IMSP3 were considered to participate in the calcium signaling pathway. We then used quantitative PCR to verify the candidate miRNAs and target genes in different shell color groups. Our results indicated that miR-7, miR-71, and miR-133 may regulate target mRNAs to participate in shell color pigmentation. These results provide the foundation to further characterize miRNA effects on the regulation of shell color and have significant implications for the breeding of new varieties of clams.

Rhein Relieves Oxidative Stress in an Aß1-42 Oligomer-Burdened Neuron Model by Activating the SIRT1/PGC-1α-Regulated Mitochondrial Biogenesis.

Neuronal mitochondrial oxidative stress induced by ß-amyloid (Aß) is an early event of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Emerging evidence has shown that antioxidant therapy represents a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AD. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant activity of rhein against Aß1-42 oligomer-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress in primary neurons and proposed a potential antioxidant pathway involved. The results suggested that rhein significantly reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, reversed the depletion of mitochondrial membrane potential, and protected neurons from oxidative stress-associated apoptosis. Moreover, further study indicated that rhein activated mitochondrial biogenesis accompanied by increased cytochrome C oxidase (CytOx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. CytOx on the respiratory chain inhibited the production of ROS from electron leakage and SOD helped to eliminate excess ROS. Finally, western blot analysis confirmed that rhein remarkedly increased the protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) together with its upstream deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), and activated downstream transcription factor nuclear respiratory factor 1, promoting mitochondrial biogenesis. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that rhein activates mitochondrial biogenesis regulated by the SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway as an antioxidant defense system against Aß1-42 oligomer-induced oxidative stress. These findings broaden our knowledge of improving mitochondrial biogenesis as an approach for relieving neuronal oxidative stress in AD.