[A Case of Esophageal Cancer with Consciousness Disorder Due to Hyperammonemia during FP Treatment].

Hyperammonemia induced by 5-fluorouracil(5-FU)is known as a rare adverse event, but there are few reports of hyperammonemia occurring during FP(5-FU plus CDDP)treatment for esophageal cancer. We report a case of esophageal cancer with consciousness disorder due to hyperammonemia during FP treatment with an examination of some of the relevant literature. The patient was a man of approximately 70 years of age who was received FP treatment. He showed consciousness disorder on day 4. A blood test showed hyperammonemia(427µg/dL), which was considered to be the cause of his consciousness disorder. He was treated with branched chain amino acid infusion, lactulose and kanamycin and made a full recovery. An operation for esophageal cancer was performed after 3 months and he is currently followed up without recurrence. Hyperammonemia should be considered as a differential diagnosis of consciousness disorder during chemotherapy including 5-FU.

[A Case of Locally Advanced Unresectable Esophageal Cancer Treated with Nivolumab and Ipilimumab Therapy Followed by Surgery].

In cases of unresectable, locally advanced esophageal cancer, conversion surgery may be considered if chemotherapy produces favorable results and surgical resection is indicated. The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in chemotherapy for esophageal cancer has expanded, and has increased the number of cases in which conversion surgery becomes possible. The patient in the present report had received a diagnosis of Stage Ⅳa esophageal carcinoma, and a prior nephroureterectomy discouraged the administration of platinum-based agents. Nivolumab and ipilimumab were administered as induction chemotherapy. Despite the achievement of stable disease, the patient's esophageal stricture deteriorated, necessitating surgical intervention. The resected specimen revealed that fewer than 50% of malignant cells remained viable and residual cancer cells were noticeably absent, particularly in the enlarged lymph nodes. We herein present the details of this case and discuss the literature concerning surgery following immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.

[Diaphragmatic Injury Due to Blunt Trauma Diagnosed by a Diagnostic Thoracoscopy;Report of a Case].

We performed an exploratory thoracoscopy for a suspected diaphragm injury caused by a blunt-force chest trauma. A male patient in his fifties involved in a traffic accident and was transported by ambulance to our hospital. Upon arrival, his vital signs were stable, however, he was diagnosed as having fractures of the right tibia and fibula, multiple rib fractures and a slight right hemothorax. The limb fracture was treated by emergency surgery and the chest trauma was managed by chest drainage. Since injury of the diaphragm by fragment of the right 10th rib was suspected with chest computed tomography(CT), an exploratory thoracoscopy was performed after orthopedic surgery, and a laceration of the diaphragm without herniation was successfully closed.

[A Case of Gastric Large-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Combined with Adenocarcinoma in the Cecum].

A 74-year-old man with anemia visited our department. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed a type 2 lesion from the angulus to the antrum. Histopathological findings indicated gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma. Colonoscopy showed a type 1 lesion at the cecum. Distal gastrectomy was performed with D1+lymph node dissection, Roux-en-Y reconstruction, and ileocecal resection with D3 lymph node dissection. The patient was pathologically diagnosed with large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma in the stomach, pT4a(SE), med, INF a>>b-c, ly1-2, v1(SM, EVG), pN0, pM0, pStageⅡB, and adenocarcinoma (tub1>tub2)of the cecum, pT2(MP), ly1(HE), v1(EVG, SM), pN0, pM0, pStageⅠ. Postoperatively, he received oral S-1 as an adjuvant chemotherapy. His postoperative course was uneventful without any recurrence over 18 months.

Stereotactic body radiotherapy for T3 and T4N0M0 non-small cell lung cancer.

To evaluate the outcomes and feasibility of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for cT3 and cT4N0M0 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), 25 patients with localized primary NSCLC diagnosed as cT3 or cT4N0M0, given SBRT between May 2005 and July 2013, were analyzed. All patients had inoperable tumors. The major reasons for tumors being unresectable were insufficient respiratory function for curative resection, advanced age (>80 years old) or technically inoperable due to invasion into critical organs. The median patient age was 79 years (range; 60-86). The median follow-up duration was 25 months (range: 5-100 months). The 2-year overall survival rates for T3 and T4 were 57% and 69%, respectively. The 2-year local control rates for T3 and T4 were 91% and 68%, respectively. As for toxicities, Grade 0-1, Grade 2 and Grade 3 radiation pneumonitis occurred in 23, 1 and 1 patient, respectively. No other acute or symptomatic late toxicities were reported. Thirteen patients who had no local, mediastinal or intrapulmonary progression at one year after SBRT underwent pulmonary function testing. The median variation in pre-SBRT and post-SBRT forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) values was -0.1 (-0.8-0.8). This variation was not statistically significant (P = 0.56). Forced vital capacity (FVC), vital capacity (VC), %VC and %FEV1 also showed no significant differences. SBRT for cT3 and cT4N0M0 NSCLC was both effective and feasible. Considering the favorable survival and low morbidity rate, SBRT is a potential treatment option for cT3 and cT4N0M0 NSCLC.

An unusual case of thoracic impalement injury with severe pleural adhesion.

Thoracic impalement injury is an uncommon form of trauma. In the present report, we describe the case of a 78-year-old man who was injured by 2 metal rods. We decided to remove the rod on the right side by performing video-assisted thoracic surgery. However, during this procedure, total pleural adhesion was identified. Therefore, a mini-thoracotomy was performed and the rod was removed safely; the patient's postoperative course was uneventful. The rod on the left side did not pass through the thoracic cavity. There are only a few reports of thoracic impalement injury in literature, and cases with total pleural adhesion are very rare. Careful preoperative planning and a multidisciplinary approach are essential for managing this type of injury.

[Clinical analysis of delayed hemothorax due to diaphragmatic injury treated by emergent video-assisted thoracic surgery].

We encountered 5 cases of delayed massive hemothorax due to diaphragmatic injury. Delayed hemothorax presented 2∼11 days after injury, with lower rib fractures seen all cases. We performed emergent video-assisted thoracic surgery with mini-thoracotomy for all patients. Lacerations could be clearly visualized in the diaphragm after evacuation of blood clots, which were then sutured. In four cases, the sharp edges of the broken ribs were thought to have caused the diaphragmatic lacerations. The mean blood loss volume was 2,905 ml, and all patients required blood transfusions. However, homeostasis was achieved after surgery, and all patients had an uneventful postoperative course. Although, delayed hemothorax is relatively uncommon, it needs to be considered a lethal condition.

[Rectal cancer with local re-recurrence successfully treated by carbon ion radiotherapy].

A 61 year-old male with rectal cancer underwent anterior resection with D2 lymph node dissection in August 2007. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level was 5.6 before the operation. Pathological findings were Rs, tub2¼>tub1, type 3, pSE, ly1, v2, pN1 (1/23), H0, P0, M0 , pStage IIIA. Adjuvant chemotherapy with tegafur-uracil (UFT) 600 mg/Leucovorin (LV) 75 mg was administered for 1 year. A recurrence at a site of anastomosis developed and lower anterior resection was required in September 2010. CEA level was 5.4 before the operation. After 7 courses of capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (XELOX) treatment, the right #283 lymph node increased to 8 mm in October 2011 and the patient was diagnosed with a re-recurrence of the original tumor (CEA level, 4.6). Carbon ion radiotherapy (73.6 Gy/16 Fr/4 weeks) was performed between November 28 and December 22, 2011. Although the right #283 lymph node had shrunk by January 2012, a single node in the S3 domain of the right lung was observed and became progressively larger, indicating a lung metastasis (CEA level, 5.4). The patient received carbon ion radiotherapy (60.0 Gy/4 Fr) for the lung metastasis between July 30 and August 2, 2012. No additional recurrences have been seen through February 2014.

[Long-term survival following resection of primary rectal cancer metachronous metastases and salvage surgeries for relapsed lesions after stereotactic body radiotherapy for lung metastases - a case report].

A 66-year-old man underwent abdominoperineal resection for rectal cancer in 2003, followed by liver resection for a solitary liver metastasis in 2005. In 2006, the patient underwent abdominal para-aortic lymph node dissection, which was performed concurrently with partial resections of 3 metastases in the right lung. New metastatic lesions were subsequently diagnosed in S8 of the right lung and S1+2 of the left lung. The patient underwent stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for both lesions. However, the lesions relapsed and salvage surgeries were subsequently performed. These included a partial resection in 2009 for the lesion in the right lung and an upper division segmentectomy in 2010 for the lesion in the left lung. Currently, 11 years after resection of the primary rectal cancer, the patient is asymptomatic, without any signs of recurrence. In this report, we describe the use of SBRT for the treatment of colorectal cancer pulmonary metastases, and the use of salvage surgery for relapsed lesions.

[A case of recurrent non-small cell lung cancer successfully treated with multiple modality therapies including S-1 monotherapy as fifth-line chemotherapy hospital)].

An 80-year-old man with no complaint was referred to our department because of high serum CEA level. He was diagnosed as non-small cell lung cancer(adenocarcinoma)of the left lower lobe(c-T2aN0M0, stage I B), and therefore the left lower lobectomy with lymph node dissection was performed. Pathological staging was p-T2aN1(#10)M0, stage II A, and EGFR mutation was negative. Adjuvant chemotherapy with UFT was started, but multiple hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes metastases soon appeared. Carboplatin(CBDCA)+paclitaxel(PTX), erlotinib, and docetaxel(DOC)were attempted after that, but the lymph nodes increased in size and the CEA level was up to 159.8 ng/mL. At about the same time, brain and pulmonary metastases were recognized. After radiation for the chest lymph nodes and stereotactic radiosurgery(SRS)for the brain metastasis, oral S-1 monotherapy was introduced. Soon after, the lymph nodes shrinked and the CEA level decreased. Also, the pulmonary metastasis disappeared. Although a right supraclavicular lymph node metastasis was resected during the clinical course, the S-1 monotherapy has been continued with no serious adverse event. He is well(PS 0)without recurrent lesion, and his serum CEA level is within the normal limit.

Salvage stereotactic ablative irradiation for isolated postsurgical local recurrence of lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: For isolated postsurgical local recurrences (IPSLR) of lung cancer, salvage resection is often unfeasible due to a high risk of morbidity and death. Stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) provides excellent therapeutic effects, with mild toxicities, for patients with medically inoperable lung cancer. However, the outcomes of SABR for IPSLR have not been reported. METHODS: Patients with IPSLR who were treated with SABR between 2005 and 2012 were retrospectively identified. The prescribed doses were 40 to 60 Gy per 5 to 10 fractions. Treatment outcomes and toxicities were evaluated. RESULTS: We identified 23 patients with IPSLR, including 21 with bronchial stump or staple line recurrences and 2 with chest wall recurrences. During follow-up, IPSLR occurred at a median of 36.7 months (range, 5.0 to 190 months) after resection. All patients were N0 M0, and the T stages at recurrence were T1a, T1b, T2a, and T4 in 6, 5, 3, and 9 patients, respectively. The initial pathologic diagnoses were adenocarcinoma in 17 patients and squamous cell carcinoma in 6. At a median follow-up duration of 17.0 months (range, 6.0 to 89.6 months) after SABR, there were 2 local recurrences. Local control and overall survival rates at 1 and 2 years were 94.7% and 86.8% and 84.0% and 76.4%, respectively. Grade 3 to 5 radiation pneumonitis occurred in 1 patient each. Grade 3 temporary but repeated obstructive pneumonia occurred in 2 patients. CONCLUSIONS: SABR for IPSLR achieved high local control with limited toxicities. SABR may lead to a potential cure and should be considered as a salvage treatment option for IPSLR.

Rheumatoid pleural effusion presenting as pseudochylothorax in a patient without previous diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid pleurisy rarely occurs before a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is the second leading cause of pseudochylothorax, but there are few reports of RA-associated pseudochylothorax. CASE: A 50-year-old man presented to our hospital with an undiagnosed exudative pleural effusion. In order to obtain a definitive diagnosis, we performed medical thoracoscopy under local anesthesia. The pleural effusion was turbid and was identified as a pseudochylothorax. The parietal pleura was white and slightly thickened with numerous scattered small granules and the pleural biopsy showed an infiltration of inflammatory cells including lymphocytes and plasma cells with a lack of normal mesothelial cells, findings that were highly consistent with rheumatoid pleurisy. Additional laboratory data revealed elevated levels of CCP antibody and rheumatoid factor. During an outpatient visit about 30 days after discharge, the patient complained of polyarthralgia and was diagnosed with RA, resulting in a definitive diagnosis of the pleural effusion as rheumatoid pleurisy. CONCLUSION: We encountered a rare case of a rheumatoid pleural effusion without other symptoms of arthritis, which was identified as a pseudochylothorax by medical thoracoscopy.

[Locally advanced granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-producing non-small cell lung cancer successfully treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy].

The prognosis of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor( G-CSF) -producing lung cancer is very poor. We present a case of G-CSF-producing locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer successfully treated with chemoradiotherapy. A 65-year-old man presented with a slight fever, general fatigue, and cough. A mass was detected in the right upper lobe of his lung, and it was diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma by computed tomography (CT) -guided needle biopsy. Laboratory data indicated marked leukocytosis and elevated serum G-CSF levels, and therefore, the tumor was strongly suspected to be G-CSF-producing lung cancer. After systemic evaluation, the patient was treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy for cT3N2M0, stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer. Complete response (CR) was achieved, and he remained well with no recurrence of the cancer for over 3 years after treatment. Although immunohistochemical staining results for G- CSF were negative, clinically, the tumor was diagnosed as G-CSF-producing lung cancer.

[A successful treatment by surgery for axillary lymph node recurrence of lung cancer].

This case concerns a 78-year-old man, who was diagnosed with lung cancer at the age of 73. He underwent right lobectomy and lymph node dissection, and pathological analysis revealed a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, pT1N0M0 pStage IA. 15 months after surgery, computed tomography showed recurrence of lung cancer at the apex of thoracic cavity. He underwent radiation to the recurrence site, and 33 months after surgery, fluorodeoxyglucose uptake was observed at the axillary and infraclavicular lymph nodes in positron emission tomography examination. Treatment with pemetrexed was started because carcinomatous pericarditis was also found. Although pericardial effusion disappeared, the patient complained of the enlarged size of the axillary and infraclavicular lymph nodes and severe numbness in an arm. Beyond lymph node involvement, no other metastatic sites were found. An operation was performed to relieve the pain and the pathological analysis of lymph nodes showed metastases of lung cancer. The operation successfully reduced the pain experienced by the patient. There has been no further recurrence in the 9 months following surgery. Axillary lymph node metastasis is thought to be a distant metastasis; however, this is a case where local control was needed and was effective.

[High-age thoracic impalement injury treated by conservative therapy].

Thoracic impalement injury is uncommon mechanism of injury. We describe a case treated successfully by non-surgical management. An 87-year-old male got impalement injury in his room by a part of stepladder on right anterior chest wall. He was found to be alert and hemodynamically stable, so computed tomography (CT) scan was performed. Chest CT showed right-sided hemopneumothorax and pulmonary contusion, but no cardiac and great vessels injury. We discussed about performing video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS), but selected non-surgical treatment including chest drainage at that time, because of low possibilities of massive bleeding and apprehension of postoperative complication resulting from patient's high age. He had uneventful recovery and was discharged on foot 13 days after admission.

[A case of successful bronchial artery embolization for primary racemose hemangioma with massive hemoptysis].

We encountered a case of primary racemose hemangioma treatment with successful bronchial artery embolism for massive hemoptysis. A 56-year-old woman with massive hemoptysis was transported to our hospital. The source of the massive hemoptysis was observed to be from around a non-pulsatile polyp covered by normal mucosa occluding the truncus intermedius by fiberoptic bronchoscopy. We stopped the bleeding temporarily using differential lung ventilation, and then bronchial artery angiography was performed. The main right bronchial artery was enlarged, and enlarged and convoluted right peripheral bronchial vessels were also observed. We diagnosed the massive bleeding to be due to racemose hemangioma. A successful bronchial artery embolization (BAE) was performed with gelforms and metallic coils for the treatment of racemose hemangioma. There has been no recurrence of hemoptysis for one year after BAE. There have been many reports on massive hemoptysis as in this patient who were treated by lobectomy, nevertheless we would like to state BAE should be considered as a suitable treatments for primary racemose hemangioma with hemoptysis if there is no recognizable shunt artery.