Characterization of complete mitochondrial genome in Myuroclada maximowiczii (G.G. Borshch.) Steere & W.B. Schofield.

The mitogenome of Myuroclada maximowiczii (GenBank accession number MT834960) has a total length of 104,216 bp and encodes 40 protein-coding genes, three ribosomal RNAs, and 24 transfer RNAs. The overall nucleotide composition is asymmetric (29.6% A, 29.4% T, 21.2% G, and 19.8% C), with AT content (59.0%) higher than GC content (41.0%). The gene arrangement of this mitogenome is identical to that in other bryophytes. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using complete mitochondrial genome sequences of 24 bryophytes publicly available in GenBank and the mitogenome sequence derived in this study. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that M. maximowiczii clustered in a clade with other hypnalean taxas.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Eurasian Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae).

The mitogenome of the Accipiter nisus is a circular module of 18,352 bp, which consists of 39 genes, containing 2 rRNA genes (12S rRNA and 16S rRNA), 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and two non-coding regions (control region and pseudo control region). The mitogenome of A. nisus is composed of 31.3% A, 25.5% T, 30.4% C, 12.8% G, and 76.3% AT. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that A. nisus individuals was well grouped in Accipitridae and more closely related to genus Circus than other Accpiter species.

Parallel and Gradual Genome Erosion in the Blattabacterium Endosymbionts of Mastotermes darwiniensis and Cryptocercus Wood Roaches.

Almost all examined cockroaches harbor an obligate intracellular endosymbiont, Blattabacterium cuenoti. On the basis of genome content, Blattabacterium has been inferred to recycle nitrogen wastes and provide amino acids and cofactors for its hosts. Most Blattabacterium strains sequenced to date harbor a genome of ∼630 kbp, with the exception of the termite Mastotermes darwiniensis (∼590 kbp) and Cryptocercus punctulatus (∼614 kbp), a representative of the sister group of termites. Such genome reduction may have led to the ultimate loss of Blattabacterium in all termites other than Mastotermes. In this study, we sequenced 11 new Blattabacterium genomes from three species of Cryptocercus in order to shed light on the genomic evolution of Blattabacterium in termites and Cryptocercus. All genomes of Cryptocercus-derived Blattabacterium genomes were reduced (∼614 kbp), except for that associated with Cryptocercus kyebangensis, which comprised 637 kbp. Phylogenetic analysis of these genomes and their content indicates that Blattabacterium experienced parallel genome reduction in Mastotermes and Cryptocercus, possibly due to similar selective forces. We found evidence of ongoing genome reduction in Blattabacterium from three lineages of the C. punctulatus species complex, which independently lost one cysteine biosynthetic gene. We also sequenced the genome of the Blattabacterium associated with Salganea taiwanensis, a subsocial xylophagous cockroach that does not vertically transmit gut symbionts via proctodeal trophallaxis. This genome was 632 kbp, typical of that of nonsubsocial cockroaches. Overall, our results show that genome reduction occurred on multiple occasions in Blattabacterium, and is still ongoing, possibly because of new associations with gut symbionts in some lineages.

Characteristics of complete mitogenome of the lesser short-nosed fruit bat Cynopterus brachyotis (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in Malaysia.

We describe the characteristics of complete mitogenome of C. brachyotis in this article. The complete mitogenome of C. brachyotis is 16,701 bp long with a total base composition of 32.4% A, 25.7% T, 27.7% C and 14.2% G. The mitogenome consists of 13 protein-coding genes (11,408 bp), (KM659865) two rRNA (12S rRNA and 16S rRNA) genes (2,539 bp), 22 tRNA genes (1518 bp) and one control region (1239 bp).

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Asian particolored bat Vespertilio sinensis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in Korea.

The complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the Asian particolored bat, Vespertilio sinensis, was determined. The genome organization, gene contents, and codon usage conformed to those of other bat mitochondrial genomes. The total length of the mitogenome of Vespertilio sinensis is 16,971 bp with a total base composition of 32.6% A, 29.6% T, 23.7% C and 14.0% G. The mitogenome consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA (12S and 16S RNA) genes, 22 tRNA genes and 1 control region.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the jumping spider Telamonia vlijmi (Araneae: Salticidae).

The complete mitochondrial genome of a jumping spider Telamonia vlijmi was sequenced and its total length is 14,601 bp, with A 35.5%, T 41.8%, C 8.7%, and G 14.0%. Among protein-coding genes, two genes (CO1 and Cytb) start with TTA, uncommon in invertebrate mitogenomes. The standard cloverleaf secondary structure was found in 10 tRNA genes and TV-replacement loop was not found in the other 12 tRNA genes.

Secondary structure and feature of mitochondrial tRNA genes of the Ussurian tube-nosed bat Murina ussuriensis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae).

The complete mitogenome (NC_021119) of the Ussurian tube-nosed bat Murina ussuriensis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) was annotated and characterized in our recent publication (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_021119). Here we provide additional information on methods in detail for obtaining the complete sequence of M. ussuriensis mitogenome. In addition, we describe characteristics of 22 tRNA genes and secondary structure and feature of 22 tRNAs of M. ussuriensis mitogenome.

The mitochondrial genome of the Saunders's gull Chroicocephalus saundersi (Charadriiformes: Laridae) and a higher phylogeny of shorebirds (Charadriiformes).

The complete mitogenome of Chroicocephalus saundersi was characterized and compared with the 6 published Charadriiformes mitogenomes. The mitogenome of C. saundersi is a closed circular molecule 16,739 bp in size, and contains 37 genes and a control region. The AT and GC skews are positive and negative, respectively, and in agreement with those of the other Charadriiformes mitogenomes. The mitogenome of C. saundersi contains 3 start codons (ATG, GTG, and ATT), 4 stop codons (TAA, TAG, AGG, and AGA), and an incomplete stop codon (T-) in 13 PCGs. A codon usage analysis of all available Charadriiformes mitogenomes showed that the ATG (78%) and TAA (50.5%) were the most common start codon and stop codon, respectively. An unusual start codon, ATT, is commonly found in the ND3s of Charadriiformes mitogenomes, whereas the more common start codons, ATC and ATA, are rarely found. In all the Laridae species, one extra cytosine was inserted at position 174 in ND3. The control region of C. saundersi is 1180-bp long, with a nucleotide composition of 30.2% A, 28.6% T, 27.3% C, and 14.0% G. Variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTRs) with nine copies of the 10 bp repeat sequence (AACAACAAAC) are found within the CSB domain of the control region. The ML/BI analyses, based on the amino acids of the 13 mitochondrial PCGs, strongly support the monophyly of the order Charadriiformes, with the suborder Lari considered sister to the Scolopaci, which is in turn a sister group to the suborder Charadrii.

Complete mitochondrial genome of a chipmunk species, Tamias sibiricus (Rodentia: Sciuridae) in Korea.

We sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome (KF668525) of Tamias sibiricus in South Korea. The mitogenome of the Korean chipmunk T. sibiricus was 16,558 bp long with base composition of 33.8% A, 31.1% T, 22.9% C and 12.2% G. Total nucleotide similarity of T. sibiricus and Marmota himalayana (JX069958) genomes was 80.4% ranging from 66.9% (D-loop region) to 97.3% (tRNA(Leu)((CUN))). The present study will contribute to understanding taxonomic status and genetic divergence of Northeast Asian T. sibiricus populations.

Complete mitochondrial genome of the serotine bat (Eptesicus serotinus) in Korea.

Serotine bats of Eptesicus serotinus are uncommon species in South Korea due to habit loss and destruction. We describe the characteristics of complete mitochondrial genome and gene organization of E. serotinus in this article. The complete mitogenome of E. serotinus is 16,665 bp long with a total base composition of 32.8% A, 29.8% T, 23.5% C and 13.8% G. The mitogenome consists of 13 protein-coding genes (11,410 bp), 2 rRNA (12S and 16S RNA) genes (2524 bp), 22 tRNA genes (1504 bp) and 1 control region (1225 bp). The results will contribute to understand the genetic structure of Korean E. serotinus.

Complete mitochondrial genome of the Korean ikonnikov's bat Myotis ikonnikovi (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae).

We have characterized the complete mitochondrial genome of a Korean ikonnikov's bat species, Myotis ikonnikovi. Total length of the mitogenome is 16,585 bp with a total base composition of 34.0% A, 30.4% T, 22.8% C and 12.8% G. The mitogenome consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA (12S and 16S RNA) genes, 22 tRNA genes and 1 control region. The mitogenome of M. ikonnikovi exhibited similar features compared with the previously determined mitogenome of a Myotis species, M. formosus. The results will contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying mitogenome evolution in the genus Myotis bats.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Ussurian tube-nosed bat Murina ussuriensis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in Korea.

The complete mitochondrial genome of a Korean Ussurian tube-nosed bat, Murina ussuriensis, was determined. The mitochondrial genome of M. ussuriensis is 17,285 bp in length with a total base composition of 33.8% A, 28.9% T, 23.8% C, and 13.4% G. All the protein-coding genes (total length of 11,401 bp) were encoded in H-strand except for ND6 in L-strand. The total length of 22 tRNA genes was 1516 bp varying from 62 bp (tRNA (Ser) ((AGY))) to 74 bp (tRNA (Leu) ((UUR)) and tRNA (Gln)). The 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA genes were 972 and 1558 bp in length, respectively. The D-loop region was 2496 bp in length.

The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of a greater horseshoe bat subspecies, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum quelpartis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae).

There are two subspecies of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum currently recognized in South Korea. The Korean greater horseshoe bat subspecies, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum quelpartis, is distributed only in Jeju Island. The complete mitochondrial genome of the island subspecies was determined and revealed 99.7% similarity to the mainland subspecies Rhinolophus ferrumequinum korai. If d-loop region is excluded, similarity of the two genomes was 99.9%.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the greater horseshoe bat subspecies, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum korai (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae).

The total length of the mitogenome of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum korai is 16,839 bp with a total base composition of 31.8% A, 25.4% T, 28.7% C, and 14.0% G. The mitogenome consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA (12S and 16S RNA) genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 1 control region.