ABSTRACT
Lectin is a carbohydrate-binding protein that recognizes specific cells by binding to cell-surface polysaccharides. Tumor cells generally show various glycosylation patterns, making them distinguishable from non-cancerous cells. Consequently, lectin has been suggested as a good anticancer agent. Herein, the anticancer activity of Bryopsis plumosa lectins (BPL1, BPL2, and BPL3) was screened and tested against lung cancer cell lines (A549, H460, and H1299). BPL2 showed high anticancer activity compared to BPL1 and BPL3. Cell viability was dependent on BPL2 concentration and incubation time. The IC50 value for lung cancer cells was 50 µg/mL after 24 h of incubation in BPL2 containing medium; however, BPL2 (50 µg/mL) showed weak toxicity in non-cancerous cells (MRC5). BPL2 affected cancer cell growth while non-cancerous cells were less affected. Further, BPL2 (20 µg/mL) inhibited cancer cell invasion and migration (rates were Ë20%). BPL2 induced the downregulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-related genes (Zeb1, vimentin, and Twist). Co-treatment with BPL2 and gefitinib (10 µg/mL and 10 µM, respectively) showed a synergistic effect compared with monotherapy. BPL2 or gefitinib monotherapy resulted in approximately 90% and 70% cell viability, respectively, with concomitant treatment showing 40% cell viability. Overall, BPL2 can be considered a good candidate for development into an anticancer agent.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents , Chlorophyta , Mannose-Binding Lectins , Humans , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Cell Line, Tumor , Chlorophyta/chemistry , Gefitinib/pharmacology , Lung Neoplasms , Mannose-Binding Lectins/chemistry , Mannose-Binding Lectins/isolation & purification , Mannose-Binding Lectins/pharmacologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Mytilus coruscus Gould, 1861 is a mussel species in the family Mytilidae, native to the Northwest Pacific Ocean, ranging from the East China Sea, the Yellow Sea, and as far as the Peter the Great Gulf in the East Sea. In Korea, this species has been heavily exploited for nutrient-rich food resources and experienced severe reduction in their population. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure and to provide baseline data to facilitate the conservation and sustainable use of the vulnerable species M. coruscus in South Korea. METHODS: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) sequences of 91 adult individuals from four islands and one coastal localities in South Korea were sequenced. We then compared genetic diversity and haplotype data with previously published Chinese wild populations. RESULTS: Mytilus coruscus populations on Korean coasts were found to exhibit high genetic diversity despite concerns regarding recent population reduction. A total of 42 haplotypes were defined by 56 polymorphic sites. High-level genetic diversity was observed on four Island sites (Hd = 0.906-0.955, π = 0.0068-0.0090). The other seashore site represented relatively lower genetic diversity (Hd = 0.529, π = 0.0011) and was genetically differentiated from the others. In a previous study, wild populations on the East China Sea exhibited similarly high genetic diversity as that observed in our study. Additionally, Chinese M. coruscus populations exhibit a distinct regional haplotype distribution pattern while sharing six haplotypes with Korean populations. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study provide insights that further the current understanding regarding the evolution of M. coruscus species and provides comprehensive genetic data to facilitate the development of an effective conservation strategy.
Subject(s)
Bivalvia/genetics , Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics , Mitochondria/enzymology , Mytilus/genetics , Animals , Bivalvia/enzymology , DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics , Genetic Variation/genetics , Genetics, Population , Haplotypes/genetics , Humans , Microsatellite Repeats/genetics , Mytilus/enzymology , Phylogeny , Republic of KoreaABSTRACT
The mitochondrial genome of Micractinium singularis MM0003 was completely sequenced. This mitogenome has 75,931 bp in length and consists of 62 genes including 32 protein-coding, 3 rRNA, and 27 tRNA genes. The overall GC content of the genome is 27.5%.
ABSTRACT
The chloroplast genome of Micractinium singularis MM0003 was completely sequenced. This plastome has 139,597 bp in length and consists of 106 genes including 77 protein-coding, 3 rRNA, and 26 tRNA genes. The overall GC content of the genome is 34.0%.
ABSTRACT
The complete mitochondrial genome of sand-hopper Trinorchestia longiramus was analyzed in this study, which is the first for the genus within the family Talitridae. The mitogenome sequence is 15,401 bp in length containing two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, and a control region as found in most amphipods. The gene order showed that T. longiramus has a unique control region location compared to other amphipods. Phylogenetic analysis using the maximum likelihood method positioned T. longiramus within the monophyletic clades of the family Talitridae.
ABSTRACT
The full-length mitochondrial genome of the crocodile icefish, Chionobathyscus dewitti (Teleostei: Perciformes: Channichthyidae) was analyzed by the primer walking method. The mitogenome was 17,451 bp in total length, comprising 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNA genes. Its gene order was congruent with those of the other crocodile icefish but different with those of typical vertebrates. In the phylogenetic tree, C. dewitti showed the closest relationship to Chaenocephalus aceratus in the same family.
ABSTRACT
The full-length mitochondrial genome of the Fernholm's hagfish, Myxine fernholmi (Myxini; Myxiniformes; Myxinidae) was analyzed by the primer walking method. Its mitogenome was 18,862 bp in total length and was composed of 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNA genes. The gene content and order were congruent with those of typical vertebrates. In the phylogenetic tree, M. fernholmi showed the closest relationship to M. glutinosa in the same genus and subfamily and well separated from the other hagfish in the subfamily Eptatretinae.
ABSTRACT
Complete mitochondrial genomes of two Pleuronectid species, Clidoderma asperrimum and Verasper variegatus (Teleostei: Pleuronectiformes: Pleuronectidae) were analysed using the primer walking method. Their mitogenomes were 17,632 and 17,273 bp in total length, respectively and comprised 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNA genes. Their gene contents and orders were similar to those of typical vertebrates. All Pleuronectid species were subdivided into three clades in the phylogenetic tree, and the two Pleuronectid species analysed in this study formed a strong monophyletic group comprising species belonging to three genera, Hippoglossus, Reinhardtius, and Verasper.
ABSTRACT
In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of the marbled eelpout, Lycodes raridens Taranetz & Andriashev, 1937 was sequenced using the primer walking method. The mitogenome was 16,569 bp in length and encoded with 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and one Non-Coding Region. The overall nucleotide composition of L. raridens is 25.5%, 25.3%, 18.7%, and 30.5% for A, T, G, and C, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis using the ML method showed that L. raridens was clustered into one branch with L. ygreknotatus and L. toyamensis.
ABSTRACT
The mitochondrial genome of Micractinium pusillum CCAP 231/1 was completely sequenced. This mitogenome has 70,061 bp in length and consists of 62 genes including 32 protein-coding, 3 rRNA, and 27 tRNA genes. The overall GC content of the genome is 31.3%.
ABSTRACT
The chloroplast genome of Micractinium pusillum CCAP 231/1 was completely sequenced. This chloroplast genome has 115,638 bp in length and consists of 111 genes including 81 protein-coding, 4 rRNA, and 26 tRNA genes. The overall GC content of the genome is 35.3%.
ABSTRACT
Here, for the first time, we sequenced the complete mitogenome of Alveopora japonica Eguchi, 1968 (Scleractinia: Acroporidae). Genome size was 17,886 bp with 13 protein-coding, two rRNA, and two tRNA genes. This gene composition was identical to the typical scleractinian pattern. Our results strongly support the recent transfer of this coral species to the family Acroporidae.
ABSTRACT
The full-length mitochondrial genome of the triton trumpet Charonia lampas (Linnaeus, 1758) was analyzed by the primer walking method. Its mitogenome is 15,382 bp in length, comprising 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNA genes. The gene order of C. lampas is congruent with those previously reported for the infraorder Littorinimorpha. This is the first full-length mitogenome sequence for the genus Charonia. In the phylogenetic tree, C. lampas formed a monophyletic group with the other species of the superfamily Tonnoidea, but did not show the closest phylogenetic relationship to a species from the same family, Ranellidae.
ABSTRACT
The mitochondrial genome of the gastropod Auriculastra duplicata was completely sequenced. It was 13,920 bp in length and comprised 37 genes; two rrn genes and 22 trn genes. Phylogenetic analyses based on the concatenated protein-coding genes depicted the polyphyly of all species belonging to the family Ellobiidae; however, monophyly was observed among all species belonging to the subfamily Ellobiinae, in which A. duplicata clustered consistently with Auriculinella bidentata.
ABSTRACT
Gymnogobius heptacanthus is a small intertidal species belonging to the family Gobiidae. Herein, we report the first sequencing and assembly of the complete mitochondrial genome of G. heptacanthus. The complete mitochondrial genome is 16,529 bp long and has the typical vertebrate mitochondrial gene arrangement, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and a control region. Phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial genomes of 12 species showed that G. heptacanthus is clustered with G. urotaenia and G. petschiliensis and rooted with other Gobiidae species. This mitochondrial genome provides potentially important resources for addressing taxonomic issues and studying molecular evolution.
ABSTRACT
The population genetic structure and phylogeography of masu salmon were investigated by using variation in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 gene (ND5) and six polymorphic microsatellite loci among a total of 895 fish representing 18 populations collected from Japan (9), Russia (7), and Korea (2) from 2000 to 2008. An analysis of ND5 nucleotide sequences revealed 22 variable sites in about 560 bp in the 5' half of the gene, which defined 20 haplotypes, including some associated with geographical regions. Haplotype and nucleotide diversities were greater in the populations in Japan and Korea than in those in Russia, indicating greater genetic diversity in the Japanese and Korean populations than in the Russian populations. All the microsatellite loci examined showed a high level of variation, but the expected heterozygosity indicated a similar level of genetic diversity among the populations of the three regions, contrary to the results for ND5. However, AMOVA and pairwise population F (ST) estimates for both ND5 and the microsatellite markers indicated a similar pattern of moderate genetic differentiation among populations of the three regions, and large population groups on the coasts of the Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, and Pacific Ocean in the Far East. From a mismatch distribution analysis and neutrality test, the observed genetic structure appears to have been influenced primarily by bottlenecks during glacial periods and population expansions during interglacial periods in the late Pleistocene.
Subject(s)
DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics , Microsatellite Repeats/genetics , Oncorhynchus/genetics , Animals , DNA/genetics , Demography , Genetic Variation , HaplotypesABSTRACT
The sea squirt Halocynthia roretzi is an important marine food resource species that is found in the waters around Korea. We describe the isolation and characterization of 13 new polymorphic microsatellite loci in 96 sea squirt samples that were collected from the marine environment of Samcheok on the east coast of Korea. The number of alleles that were observed for each locus ranged from six to 32, and the value of expected and observed heterozygosities was 0.504-0.922 and 0.396-0.813, respectively. These markers will be useful tools for future population studies.
