Exploring the determinants of influenza A/H7N9 control intervention efficacy in China: Disentangling the effect of the '1110' policy and poultry vaccination.

The influenza A virus of the H7N9 subtype (FLUAV H7N9) emerged in Eastern China provinces in 2013 causing illness in both poultry and humans. Most reported FLUAV H7N9 human cases were related to those associated with the live poultry market chain. From 2013 to 2017, there were five epidemic waves of human infections, and from the end of 2016, the number of human cases increased sharply. To control FLUAV H7N9 in the market chain, the so-called '1110' policy at live poultry markets and a national vaccination programme were implemented. The relative efficacy of these two measures on the number of poultry and human infections has not been quantified and compared. To explore their efficacy, a cross-sectional study was conducted in six provinces of China, and the vaccination and surveillance data of H7N9 were analysed. Our survey data showed that poultry vendors were not widely aware of and did not accept the '1110' policy. For subjective and objective factors, some measures of the '1110' policy were not implemented in live bird markets (LBMs). However, the national vaccination programme achieved good immune effects and sharply decreased poultry FLUAV H7N9 infections. The detection rates of FLUAV H7N9 in LBMs and farms gradually decreased since the vaccination programme was implemented. Our analysis also indicated that human infections were closely related to poultry virus carriage rates; therefore, controlling FLUAV H7N9 circulation in poultry was an effective measure to control FLUAV H7N9 infections in humans. Although LBMs play a significant role in human infections, the management measures may not be implemented efficiently; hence, we need to conduct more investigations before developing related policies.

Characterization of fowl adenoviruses isolated between 2007 and 2014 in China.

Forty-three fowl adenovirus (FAdV) strains were isolated in China from 2007 to 2014 from poultry and ostriches with inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) and hydropericardium syndrome (HPS). Phylogenetic analysis showed that 28/43 strains clustered into Fowl aviadenovirus D (FAdV-D) and 9/43 strains clustered into FAdV-E. FAdV-C included three isolates of ostrich origin, one of goose origin and two of chicken origin. Based on hexon loop 1 gene sequencing analysis, these viruses were genetically related to FAdV-4, FAdV-8a, FAdV-8b and FAdV-11, of which FAdV-11 was dominant. The isolation in 2014 of three FAdV strains belonging to serotype 4 from ostrich flocks is to our knowledge the first finding of FAdV-4 infection and HPS cases in ostriches. Epidemiological analysis showed that FAdV has been circulating in northern and eastern China, where more than 50% of layers and broilers are raised. The hosts of this pathogen included broilers, layers, geese and ostriches. IBH and HPS cases had a sporadic or cluster distribution from 2007 to 2013; however, since 2014 the number of cases has increased sharply. To control FAdV, strict biosecurity protection measures are necessary and a multivalent vaccine may be needed.