Design and Study of a Two-Dimensional (2D) All-Optical Spatial Mapping Module.

Sequentially timed all-optical mapping photography is one of the main emerging ultra-fast detection technologies that can be widely applicable to ultra-fast detection at the picosecond level in fields such as materials and life sciences. We propose a new optical structure for an all-optical spatial mapping module that can control the optical field of two-dimensional imaging while improving spectral resolution and detector sensor utilization. The model of optical parameters based on geometrical optics theory for the given structure has been established, and the theoretical analysis of the inter-frame energy crosstalk caused by incident beam spot width, chromatic aberration, and main errors of the periscope array has been conducted. The optical design of the two-dimensional (2D) all-optical spatial mapping module was finally completed using ZEMAX OpticStudio 2018 software. The results show that our optical module can realize targets of 16 frames and 1.25 nm spectral resolution.

Binding Strengths and Orientations in CO2 Adsorption on Cationic Scandium Oxides: Governing Factor Revealed by a Combined Infrared Spectroscopy and Theoretical Study.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption is a critical step to curbing carbon emissions from fossil fuel combustion. Among various options, transition metal oxides have received extensive attention as promising CO2 adsorbents due to their affordability and sustainability for large-scale use. Here, the nature of binding interactions between CO2 molecules and cationic scandium oxides of different sizes, i.e., ScO+, Sc2O2+, and Sc3O4+, is investigated by mass-selective infrared photodissociation spectroscopy combined with quantum chemical calculations. The well-accepted electrostatic considerations failed to provide explanations for the trend in the binding strengths and variations in the binding orientations between CO2 and metal sites of cationic scandium oxides. The importance of orbital interactions in the driving forces for CO2 adsorption on cationic scandium oxides was revealed by energy decomposition analyses. A molecular surface property, known as the local electron attachment energy, is introduced to elucidate the binding affinity and orientation-specific reactivity of cationic scandium oxides upon the CO2 attachment. This study not only reveals the governing factor in the binding behaviors of CO2 adsorption on cationic scandium oxides but also serves as an archetype for predicting and rationalizing favorable binding sites and orientations in extended surface-adsorbate systems.

Isolation and characterization of genotype 4 Eurasian avian-like H1N1 influenza virus in pigs suffering from pneumonia.

Swine influenza viruses pose ongoing threat to pork industry throughout the world. In 2023, fattening pigs from a swine farm in Inner Mongolia of China experienced influenza-like symptoms. Co-infection of influenza A virus with Pasteurella multocida was diagnosed in lung tissues of diseased pigs and a genotype 4 (G4) Eurasian avian-like (EA) H1N1 virus was isolated, which was named as A/swine/Neimenggu/0326/2023. We demonstrated the virus preferentially bound human-like SAα2,6Gal receptor. It was noteworthy that the virus possessed multiple genetic markers for mammalian adaptation in the internal genes. Animal studies showed that compared with genotype 1 (G1) EA H1N1 virus and early prevalent G4 EA H1N1 virus, A/swine/Neimenggu/0326/2023 virus exhibited increased virus shedding, enhanced replication in lungs, and caused more severe lung lesions in pigs. These findings indicate that the G4 EA H1N1 virus poses increased threat to pork industry, controlling the prevailing viruses in pigs should be promptly implemented.

Recombinant parainfluenza virus 5 expressing clade 2.3.4.4b H5 hemagglutinin protein confers broad protection against H5Ny influenza viruses.

The global circulation of clade 2.3.4.4b H5Ny highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) in poultry and wild birds, increasing mammal infections, continues to pose a public health threat and may even form a pandemic. An efficacious vaccine against H5Ny HPAIVs is crucial for emergency use and pandemic preparedness. In this study, we developed a parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5)-based vaccine candidate expressing hemagglutinin (HA) protein of clade 2.3.4.4b H5 HPAIV, termed rPIV5-H5, and evaluated its safety and efficacy in mice and ferrets. Our results demonstrated that intranasal immunization with a single dose of rPIV5-H5 could stimulate H5-specific antibody responses, moreover, a prime-boost regimen using rPIV5-H5 stimulated robust humoral, cellular, and mucosal immune responses in mice. Challenge study showed that rPIV5-H5 prime-boost regimen provided sterile immunity against lethal clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 virus infection in mice and ferrets. Notably, rPIV5-H5 prime-boost regimen provided protection in mice against challenge with lethal doses of heterologous clades 2.2, 2.3.2, and 2.3.4 H5N1, and clade 2.3.4.4h H5N6 viruses. These results revealed that rPIV5-H5 can elicit protective immunity against a diverse clade of highly pathogenic H5Ny virus infection in mammals, highlighting the potential of rPIV5-H5 as a pan-H5 influenza vaccine candidate for emergency use.IMPORTANCEClade 2.3.4.4b H5Ny highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have been widely circulating in wild birds and domestic poultry all over the world, leading to infections in mammals, including humans. Here, we developed a recombinant PIV5-vectored vaccine candidate expressing the HA protein of clade 2.3.4.4b H5 virus. Intranasal immunization with rPIV5-H5 in mice induced airway mucosal IgA responses, high levels of antibodies, and robust T-cell responses. Importantly, rPIV5-H5 conferred complete protection in mice and ferrets against clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 virus challenge, the protective immunity was extended against heterologous H5Ny viruses. Taken together, our data demonstrate that rPIV5-H5 is a promising vaccine candidate against diverse H5Ny influenza viruses in mammals.

New species and new record of Statherotmantis Diakonoff, 1973 from China (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae).

In China, six species of Statherotmantis Diakonoff, 1973 were previously recorded. In the present study, four other species were recognized using morphology and DNA barcording analysis. Among these, three of which, S. miniscula sp. n., S. calva sp. n., and S. longiuscula sp. n., are described as new. In addition, one species, S. laetana Kuznetzov, 1988, is a new record for China. Adults and genitalia are illustrated, and keys to identify the Chinese species of Statherotmantis are provided.

In Situ Multicolor Imaging of Photocatalytic Degradation Process of Permanganate on Single Bismuth-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks.

Bismuth-based metal-organic frameworks (Bi-MOFs) have emerged as important photocatalysts for pollutant degradation applications. Understanding the photocatalytic degradation mechanism is key to achieving technological advantage. Herein, we apply dark-field optical microscopy (DFM) to realize in situ multicolor imaging of the photocatalytic degradation process of permanganate (MnO4-) on single CAU-17 Bi-MOFs. Three reaction kinetic processes such as surface adsorption, photocatalytic reduction, and disproportionation are revealed by combining the time-lapsed DFM images with optical absorption spectra, indicating that the photocatalytic reduction of purple MnO4- first produces beige red MnO42- through a one-electron pathway, and then MnO42- disproportionates into yellow MnO2 on CAU-17. Meanwhile, we observe that the deposition of MnO2 cocatalysts enhances the surface adsorption reaction and the photocatalytic reduction of MnO4- to MnO42-. Unexpectedly, it is found that isopropanol as a typical hole scavenger can stabilize MnO42-, avoiding disproportionation and causing the alteration of the photocatalytic reaction pathway from a one-electron avenue to a three-electron (1 + 2) process for producing MnO2 on CAU-17. This research opens up the possibility of comprehensively tracking and understanding the photocatalytic degradation reaction at the single MOF particle level.

Airborne transmission of human-isolated avian H3N8 influenza virus between ferrets.

H3N8 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in China caused two confirmed human infections in 2022, followed by a fatal case reported in 2023. H3N8 viruses are widespread in chicken flocks; however, the zoonotic features of H3N8 viruses are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that H3N8 viruses were able to infect and replicate efficiently in organotypic normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells and lung epithelial (Calu-3) cells. Human isolates of H3N8 virus were more virulent and caused severe pathology in mice and ferrets, relative to chicken isolates. Importantly, H3N8 virus isolated from a patient with severe pneumonia was transmissible between ferrets through respiratory droplets; it had acquired human-receptor-binding preference and amino acid substitution PB2-E627K necessary for airborne transmission. Human populations, even when vaccinated against human H3N2 virus, appear immunologically naive to emerging mammalian-adapted H3N8 AIVs and could be vulnerable to infection at epidemic or pandemic proportion.

Proteomics coupled transcriptomics reveals lipopolysaccharide inhibiting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors signalling pathway to reduce lipid droplets accumulation in mouse liver.

Lipid droplets (LDs) are multifunctional organelles consisting of a central compartment of non-polar lipids shielded from the cytoplasm by a phospholipid monolayer. The excessive accumulation of LDs in cells is closely related to the development and progression of many diseases in humans and animals, such as liver-related and cardiovascular diseases. Thus, regulating the LDs size and abundance is necessary to maintain metabolic homeostasis. This study found that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation reduced the LDs content in the mouse liver. We tried to explain the possible molecular mechanisms at the broad protein and mRNA levels, finding that inhibition of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) signalling pathway by LPS may be a critical factor in reducing LDs content.

Descriptions of two new species of Phaecadophora Walsingham, 1900 (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae, Olethreutinae) from China.

Two new species of the genus Phaecadophora, P.dactylinasp. nov. and P.vascularissp. nov., are described from the southwest China. Photographs of the adults and the genitalia are provided. Keys to the species of the genus based on the male and female genitalia are given.

Operando Imaging of Crystallinity-Dependent Multicolor Thermochromic Processes for Single Hydrated Hybrid Perovskite Particles.

The thermochromic properties of hydrated metal halide perovskites (MHPs) are promising for applications in smart windows, solar cells, optical sensors, and information storage. Traditional ensemble characterization methods always study the averaged thermochromic activity, lacking the accurate structure-activity correlation. Here we utilize dark-field microscopy (DFM) to in situ image the thermochromic processes of single isolated hydrated hybrid perovskite (CH3NH3)4PbI6-xClx·2H2O (MA4PbI6-xClx·2H2O) microparticles. The thermal-induced dehydration transition is demonstrated to alter the color of single MA4PbI6-xClx·2H2O particles. Operando single-particle mapping results reveal the significant intra- and interparticle variations of thermochromic behaviors, yielding unexpected single or multistep multicolor thermochromic processes. These phenomena are confirmed to be governed by the crystallinity of single MA4PbI6-xClx·2H2O particles that results in distinct composition-dependent bandgaps and thermal decomposition pathways. The present work highlights the important role of single-particle imaging for resolving the intrinsic thermochromic characteristic of hydrated MHPs, therefore opening a way for rational design of stimuli-responsive materials.

50 Years of Cumulative Open-Source Data Confirm Stable and Robust Biodiversity Distribution Patterns for Macrofungi.

Fungi are a hyper-diverse kingdom that contributes significantly to the regulation of the global carbon and nutrient cycle. However, our understanding of the distribution of fungal diversity is often hindered by a lack of data, especially on a large spatial scale. Open biodiversity data may provide a solution, but concerns about the potential spatial and temporal bias in species occurrence data arising from different observers and sampling protocols challenge their utility. The theory of species accumulation curves predicts that the cumulative number of species reaches an asymptote when the sampling effort is sufficiently large. Thus, we hypothesize that open biodiversity data could be used to reveal large-scale macrofungal diversity patterns if these datasets are accumulated long enough. Here, we tested our hypothesis with 50 years of macrofungal occurrence records in Norway and Sweden that were downloaded from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). We first grouped the data into five temporal subsamples with different cumulative sampling efforts (i.e., accumulation of data for 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 years). We then predicted the macrofungal diversity and distribution at each subsample using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) species distribution model. The results revealed that the cumulative number of macrofungal species stabilized into distinct distribution patterns with localized hotspots of predicted macrofungal diversity with sampling efforts greater than approximately 30 years. Our research demonstrates the utility and importance of the long-term accumulated open biodiversity data in studying macrofungal diversity and distribution at the national level.

Complete mitochondrial genome analysis and molecular phylogenetic implications of Kennelia xylinana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).

Kennelia is a small genus in Tortricidae that is distributed in the Oriental and Palaearctic regions, and its taxonomic position within the subfamily Olethreutinae is controversial. For a comprehensive understanding of the genus, we sequenced the mitogenome of Kennelia xylinana, the type species of Kennelia, and Ancylis unculana, a species of Enarmoniini; analyzed the mitogenome characteristics of K. xylinana; and explored its phylogenetic position. Similar to other members of Lepidoptera, the mitogenome of K. xylinana is 15,762-bp long and consists of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and a noncoding control region. In particular, we found a structure (TATAATTAATAA)11 in the middle of the AT-rich region. Based on the Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses of the 13 PCGs of 40 tortricid species, representing 8 tribes of 2 subfamilies, K. xylinana was clustered with two members of Enarmoniini, A. unculana and Loboschiza koenigiana, and formed highly supported monophyly. The results indicate that Kennelia should be placed in the tribe Enarmoniini.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Clepsis pallidana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with phylogenetic implications.

The leaf roller, Clepsis pallidana (Fabricius, 1776) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is an important pest of many crops in China. The circular genome is 15,679 bp in length, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and a non-coding AT-rich region. The base composition of the whole mitogenome is 41.2% A, 40.1% T, 11.1% C, and 7.7% G, which shows a strong AT bias. Phylogenetic analysis based on 13 PCGs showed that C. pallidana was closely related to Epiphyas postvittana and clustered within Archipini clade, which was consistent with the traditional classification.

Mapping the spatial distribution of T cells in repertoire dimension.

T cells mediate adaptive immunity in diverse anatomic compartments through recognition of specific antigens via unique T cell receptor (TCR) structures. However, little is known about the spatial distribution of an organism's TCR repertoire. Here, using high-throughput TCR sequencing (TCRseq), we investigated the TCR repertoires of sixteen tissues in healthy C57B/L6 mice. We found that TCR repertoires generally classified into three categories (lymph nodes, non-lymph node tissues and small intestine) based on sequence similarity. Clonal distribution and diversity analyses showed that small intestine compartment had a more skewed repertoire as compared to lymph nodes and non-lymph node tissues. However, analysis of TRBV and TRBJ gene usage across tissue compartments, as well as comparison of CDR3 length distributions, showed no significant tissue-dependent differences. Interestingly, analysis of clonotype sharing between mice showed that although non-redundant public clonotypes were found more easily in lymph nodes, small intestinal CD4 + T cells harbored more abundant public clonotypes. These findings under healthy physiological conditions offer an important reference dataset, which may contribute to our ability to better manipulate T cell responses against infection and vaccination.

Imaging adsorption of iodide on single Cu2O microparticles reveals the acid activation mechanism.

Imaging an adsorption reaction taking place at the single-particle level is a promising avenue for fundamentally understanding the adsorption mechanism. Here, we employ a dark-field microscopy (DFM) method for in situ imaging the adsorption process of I- on single Cu2O microparticles to reveal the acid activation mechanism. Using the time-lapsed DMF imaging, we find that a relatively strong acid is indispensable to trigger the adsorption reaction of I- on single Cu2O microparticle. A hollow microparticle with the increase in size is obtained after the adsorption reaction, causing the enhancement of the scattering intensity. Correlating the change of the scattering light intensity or particle size with adsorption capacity of I-, we quantitatively analyze the selective uptake, slightly heterogeneous adsorption behavior, pH/temperature-dependent adsorption capacity, and adsorption kinetics as well as isotherms of individual Cu2O microparticles for I-. Our observations demonstrate that the acid-initiated Kirkendall effect is responsible for the high-reaction activity of single Cu2O microparticles for adsorption of I- in the acidic environment, through breaking the unfavorable lattice energy between Cu2O and CuI as well as generating high-active hollow intermediate microparticle.

Altering the substituents of salicylic acid to improve Berthelot reaction for ultrasensitive colorimetric detection of ammonium and atmospheric ammonia.

The Berthelot reaction is a classic method for detection of ammonium (NH4+) and atmospheric ammonia (NH3) by using salicylic acid (SA) as the chromogenic substrate. However, there lacks a method for improving the activity of the Berthelot reaction to enhance the analytical performance for detection of NH4+ and NH3. Here, five SA analogues with electron-withdrawing groups (-F) and electron-donating groups (-CH3 and -OCH3) at different positions of the aromatic ring have been chosen as the alternative to SA for Berthelot reaction. Among these analogues, 4-methoxysalicylic acid (4-OCH3-SA) shows the best colorimetric response and color change at a NH4+ concentration of 30 µM, and the sensitivity of 4-OCH3-SA-based colorimetric assay for NH4+ increases 1.75-fold compared with that of SA-based colorimetric method. This enhancement effect is attributed to the strong electron-donating property of 4-OCH3 group, activating the two-step electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction in the Berthelot reaction. Additionally, visual and sensitive detection of NH3 is realized, along with a low limit of detection down to 0.037 ppm. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this assay is reliable and practical for detection of NH4+ and NH3 in real water and air samples with good accuracy.

Visualization of gaseous iodine adsorption on single zeolitic imidazolate framework-90 particles.

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are very useful as high-capacity iodine (I2) adsorbents. The adsorption performance is usually probed by measuring a statistical average property over an entire sample consisting of a large number of ZIF particles, leaving the interparticle heterogeneity information among individuals. Here we report a dark-field microscopy (DFM) method to visualize gaseous I2 adsorption on single ZIF-90 particles in situ and in real time. The adsorption of I2 is found to alter the scattering spectrum of ZIF-90 particles, inducing a distinct color change from bluewhite to yellow. According to correlating the adsorption amount of gaseous I2 with the change of B value from DFM images, we quantitatively image the adsorption process and estimate the related kinetic parameters at the single particle level. Single particle measurements clarify the large particle-to-particle heterogeneity in adsorption reactivity and significant adsorption activity improvement of ZIF-90 after introduction of linker defects, which provides a microscopic understanding of the structure-activity relationship. We further demonstrate the capacity of this strategy for studying gaseous I2 adsorption on single ZIF-91 particle as a derivative of ZIF-90 to illustrate the generality.

Estrogen normalizes maternal HFD-induced cardiac hypertrophy in offspring by regulating AT2R.

Our previous study has demonstrated maternal high-fat diet (HFD) caused sex-dependent cardiac hypertrophy in adult male, but not female offspring. The present study tested the hypothesis that estrogen normalizes maternal HFD-induced cardiac hypertrophy by regulating angiotensin II receptor (ATR) expression in adult female offspring. Pregnant rats were divided into the normal diet (ND) and HFD (60% kcal fat) groups. Ovariectomy (OVX) and 17ß-estradiol (E2) replacement were performed on 8-week-old female offspring. Maternal HFD had no effect on left ventricular (LV) wall thickness, cardiac function and molecular markers of cardiac hypertrophy function in sham groups. However, maternal HFD caused cardiac hypertrophy of offspring in OVX groups, which was abrogated by E2 replacement. In addition, maternal HFD had no effect on ERα and ERß in sham groups. In contrast, HFD significantly decreased ERα, but not ERß in OVX groups. In sham groups, there was no difference in the cardiac ATR type 1 (AT1R) and ATR type 2 (AT2R) between ND and HFD offspring. HFD significantly increased AT2R, but not AT1R in OVX groups. Furthermore, maternal HFD resulted in decreased glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) binding to the glucocorticoid response elements at the AT2R promoter, which was due to decreased GRs in hearts from OVX offspring. These HFD-induced changes in OVX groups were abrogated by E2 replacement. These results support a key role of estrogen in the sex difference of maternal HFD-induced cardiac hypertrophy in offspring, and suggest that estrogen protects female offspring from cardiac hypertrophy in adulthood by regulating AT2R.

The genus Syntozyga Lower (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) in China, with descriptions of two new species.

Species of the genus Syntozyga Lower, 1901 (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae, Olethreutinae) from China are studied. Syntozyga apicispinata sp. nov. and S. similispirographa sp. nov. are described, S. pedias (Meyrick, 1920) is recorded for the first time from China, and S. spirographa (Diakonoff, 1968) is newly recorded from the Chinese mainland. Adults and genitalia are illustrated, and a distribution map of the Chinese species is given. Keys to identify the Chinese species of Syntozyga are provided. Species of the genus are well clustered in a neighbor-joining tree based on the sequence data of the COI gene. COI sequences corresponding to the new species and S. spirographa (Diakonoff, 1968) are submitted to BOLD.

Synergistic Recognition-Triggered Charge Transfer Enables Rapid Visual Colorimetric Detection of Fentanyl.

As a new psychoactive substance, abuse of fentanyl (FTN) is currently spreading around the world, resulting in an urgent need of on-site and rapid analytical methods for detection of FTN. Here, we present a synergistic recognition strategy for rapid, cost-effective, selective, sensitive, and visual colorimetric detection of FTN by taking advantage of Rose Bengal (RB) as the specific probe. This assay is based on the halogen- and hydrogen-bonding interactions between them, generating a charge transfer and accompanying a red shift in the RB absorption band as well as color change from red to purple. The utility of the present visual colorimetric assay is demonstrated in aqueous solution, diluted urine, and domestic sewage samples. A detection limit of 0.7 mg·L-1 in aqueous solution is achieved, and the naked-eye detection of FTN is also realized in different real matrices within 6 min. Moreover, this method is insusceptible to interference from various substances (other opioids, cutting agents of street drugs, FTN precursors, amino acids, and small-molecular amines). Additionally, we successfully fabricate a smartphone-based portable device to determine FTN, which is appropriate for field tests. The present work not only provides the first visual assay for FTN but also reveals the molecular structure-property relationship, which will guide the design and development of various probes for recognizing FTN.