A severe complication of J-tip guide wire during catheterization: A case report and discussion.

J-tip guide wire entrapment within the heart is a serious and dangerous complication that is rarely mentioned. We present a case in which the J-tip guide wire was entrapped in the right atrium during tunneled cuffed venous catheterization. We were unable to remove the guide wire using previously reported methods and concluded with surgery. Owing to the special structure of the guide wire itself, a safe removal process needs to be discussed. Patient consent for publication was obtained prior to the submission of the manuscript.

Application of robot-assisted endoscopic technique in the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in 106 children.

The objective is to evaluate and apply the robot-assisted endoscopic surgical technique for treatment of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in children. Clinical data of 106 children with PDA who underwent robot-assisted endoscopic operation were retrospectively analyzed from August, 2020 to March, 2022. Demographic and preoperative data were collected, including the patient's age, weight, diameter of the ductus arteriosus, operation time, length of postoperative hospital stay, postoperative complications and hospitalization cost. The age ranged from 6 months to 12 years with median age of 2.5 years. In addition, the weight ranged from 6.6 kg (kg) to 51.6 kg with median weight of 12.5 kg. Patients who received transcatheter PDA closure were also enrolled during the same period. Clinical features and perioperative data were compared between the two groups. All the 106 cases underwent robotically assisted surgery for PDA ligation. No one was converted to thoracotomy. The length of operation time was 15-84 min, with an average of 39.4 min. There was no obvious bleeding during the operation. The length of postoperative hospital stays were 1-3 days, with an average of 1.1 ± 0.2 days, which was significantly shorter than that of patients underwent transcatheter approach PDA closure (2.2 ± 0.2 days) (p < 0.05). The average hospitalization costs were US$ 8180 in the 106 patients, which were more expensive than that of ones who received transcatheter procedure (US$ 5076 ± 406) (p < 0.05). Only one case was found to have residual ductus shunt during early postoperative follow-up. One case was found with recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. The two cases recovered after 3 months of follow-up. The median duration of follow-up was 12 (1-20) months. No other short-term complications occurred during the follow-up period. Robotic surgical technique for PDA ligation in children is a safe, effective and reliable surgical method with less trauma, faster recovery and fewer surgical risks. This approach should be considered as an option in children patients requiring PDA ligation.

Fluid-Structure Interaction Model for Predicting Surgical Result of Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection and Estimating Pulmonary Venous Properties.

OBJECTIVES: To build a fluid-structure interaction model of pulmonary veins with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, which can be used to predict the result of surgical treatment and at the same time to estimate the elastic properties of pulmonary veins based on patient-specific data and clinic postoperative results. METHODS: The fluid-structure interaction (FSI) model was used to simulate the anastomosis on pulmonary veins based on computed tomography angiography data collected from three children with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC), supra-cardiac type. The deformation and the stress of anastomosis, and also the velocity of blood flow were calculated in fluid-structure coupling algorithm. During the simulation the variable boundary conditions were applied, including the thickness of vessel wall and the vessel elasticity for which was selected a range of values. The calculation results were finally compared to postoperative results of same patients and discussed. The corresponding outcomes are given in the conclusions section. RESULTS: The blood flow velocity through the outlet will vary depending on the properties of vessels, including physical properties and thickness of vessel wall. The stress on vessel is lower for smaller values of Young's modulus. The calculated blood flow velocity correlates well with the postoperative results for the Young's modulus of vessels ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 MPa. CONCLUSIONS: The FSI model has high potential to predict the result of surgery for TAPVC and to estimate the physical properties of pulmonary vein. This model also has potential to guide the strategy for surgical treatment.

Perimembranous ventricular septal defect closure via ultra-minimal trans intercostal incision in children.

AIMS: This study aimed to investigate the safety, feasibility and, availability of perimembranous ventricular septal defect (PmVSD) closure via a left parasternal ultra-minimal trans intercostal incision in children. METHODS AND RESULTS: From January 2015 to January 2019, 131 children with restrictive PmVSDs were enrolled in this study and successfully done in 126 patients (96.18%). PmVSDs were occluded via an ultra-minimal trans intercostal incision (≤1 cm), and the entire occlusive process was guided and monitored by TEE. A pericardium hanging technique was employed without sternal incision. PmVSDs were closed through a short delivery sheath assembled using a concentric occluder device. All patients were followed up for a period ranging from18 months to 24 months. Thirteen patients with PmVSD had aneurysm of membranous septum (AMS). Multistream (≥2) PmVSDs with AMS were found in 11 cases. After the operation, mild residual shunt beside the amplatzer occluder in one patient was found and had self-healing result during the 5-month follow-up period. Five patients transferred to ventricular septal defect repair operation under direct visualization with a cardiopulmonary bypass. One reason was ventricular fibrillation when guidewire passed the PmVSD, another was device dislocation, and others were the guidewire cannot pass through the PmVSD. CONCLUSIONS: PmVSDs closure using a concentric occluder via a left parasternal ultra-minimal trans intercostal incision under TEE guidance is feasible, safe, and effective in children. This approach can be considered as an alternative treatment to open-heart surgery for restrictive PmVSDs.

Serum nuclear factor IB as a novel and noninvasive indicator in the diagnosis of secondary hyperparathyroidism.

BACKGROUND: Chronic renal failure (CRF) referred to chronic progressive renal parenchymal damage caused by various causes, with metabolite retention and imbalance of water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance as the main clinical manifestations. Secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT) was a common complication in maintenance hemodialysis patients with CRF. Nuclear factor IB (NFIB) was a newly found tumor suppressor gene in various cancers. The present study aimed to illustrate the role of NFIB in sHPT clinical diagnosis and treatment response. METHODS: A retrospective, case-control study, including 189 patients with sHPT and 106 CRF patients without sHPT, compared with 95 controls. Serum NFIB and 1,25(OH)2 D3 levels were measured by RT-qPCR and ELISAs, respectively. ROC analysis was conducted to verify the diagnostic value of NFIB in sHPT. Spearman's correlation analysis was conducted to verify the association between NFIB and bone mineral density (BMD) scores. After 6 months of treatment, the variance of NFIB and 1,25(OH)2 D3 in different groups was recorded. RESULTS: The expression of NFIB was significantly lower in serum samples from sHPT and non-sHPT CRF patients, compared to controls. Clinicopathological information verified sHPT was associated with NFIB, parathyroid hormone (PTH), serum calcium, serum phosphorus, time of dialysis, and serum 1,25(OH)2 D3 levels. Spearman's correlation analysis illustrated the positive correlation between NFIB levels and BMD scores. At receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the cutoff of 1.6508 for NFIB was able to identify patients with sHPT from healthy controls; meanwhile, NFIB could also discriminate sHPT among CRF patients as well (cutoff = 1.4741). Furthermore, we found that during 6 months of treatment, NFIB levels were gradually increased, while PTH and serum P levels were decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Serum NFIB was a highly accurate tool to identify sHPT from healthy controls and CRF patients. Due to its simplicity, specificity, and sensitivity, this candidate can be proposed as a first-line examination in the diagnostic workup in sHPT.

The application of virtual segmentectomy based on three-dimensional computed tomography and angiography in thoracoscopic segmentectomy for children and infants.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the efficacy of anatomic thoracoscopic pulmonary segmentectomy performed based on three-dimensional computed tomography bronchography and angiography (3D-CTBA) in children and infants. METHODS: Totally, 22 patients received thoracoscopic segmentectomy from October 2019 to February 2020. The procedures were performed virtual segmentectomy based on 3D-CTBA. The preoperative planning depended on the 3D-CTBA result. RESULTS: All of the 22 cases ( 1 left S1, 1 right S3, 1 left S1 + 2, 1 left S1 + 2 + 3, 1 left S4 + 5, 1 right S6, 1 right S10, 1 left S10, 2 right S9 + 10, 3 left S9 + 10, 1 right S7 + 8 + 9 + 10, 8 left S7 + 8 + 9 + 10) were received thoracoscopic segmentectomy successfully. The mean procedure length was 76.6 ± 17.2 min, and the intraoperative blood loss was 16.5 ± 2.8 ml. The mean duration of chest tube insertion was 3.2 ± 0.7 days, and the mean hospital stay was 8.2 ± 2.8 days. Postoperative complications included infection (n = 1), atelectasis (n = 1), hydropneumothorax (n = 1) and pneumothorax (n = 1). No recurrence or mortality was observed during the short-term follow-up period of 3 months. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the 3D-CTBA technique, the specific pulmonary segments invaded by the lesions and the relationship between the corresponding pulmonary vessels and bronchi can be acknowledged before the operation, which is of positive significance for the resection of complex pulmonary segments and good preoperative surgical planning. It's worth popularizing in the pediatric population.

A study on eccentric occluder via ultra minimal incision of doubly committed subarterial ventricular septal defects.

OBJECT: To compare the clinical data of sternotomy and left intercostals incision, combined with the literature, to provide the best surgical incision for committed subarterial ventricular septal defect (DCS-VSD). METHODS: From July 2016 to July 2020, a total of 117 cases of occlusion surgeries for DCSVSD, which guided by transoesophagel echocardiography (TEE) were completed, including 34 cases with sternotomy incision and 83 cases with left intercostal incision. Statistics and analysis of the operation and follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 115 cases successfully occluded, the successful rate was 98.29%, and 1 case failed in each group. Pericardial effusion occurred in five children after the drainage device was removed, and the pericardial effusion disappeared after diuretic treatment. There was no statistical difference between the two groups in operation time, occlusion time, thoracotomy time and postoperative hospital stay. All the children recovered and were discharged from the hospital, and were followed-up for 2-30 months after operation. CONCLUSION: TEE-guided intercostal DCS-VSD occlusion is safe and effective. There is no statistical difference between two approach with the operation time, chest opening and closing time, occluder placing time, and postoperative hospital staying. At the same time, the surgical incision by intercostal incisionis smaller and the operation invasion is less, it is a surgical approach which worth to develop.

Lessons learned from ECMO support in pediatric patients with D-transposition of the great arteries: preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative.

Background: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support on D-transposition of the great arteries (D-TGA) carries formidable challenges. Methods: A retrospective study was performed on pediatric patients with D-TGA supported by ECMO from July 2007 to December 2019. This study summarized the clinical experience of ECMO support in pediatric patients with D-TGA preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative. Results: Overall, 16 children with D-TGA received ECMO support during this period. Two (2 of 16) were supported before cardiac surgery, 3 (3 of 16) were supported postoperatively in the intensive care unit, and 11 (11 of 16) failed to wean off cardiopulmonary bypass. Two cases of preoperative ECMO support for patients with D-TGA with an intact ventricular septum and restrictive atrial septum due to severe hypoxemia died. In this study, D-TGA with coronary artery malformation and other complicated deformities died (8 of 14), whereas uncomplicated D-TGA without coronary artery malformation all survived (6 of 14). The wean-off rate of ECMO patients supported in D-TGA was 62.5% (10 of 16), while the 30-day survival rate was 44% (7 of 16). Conclusion: Although a promising ECMO weaning rate was obtained, 30-day survival of this population was frustrating, mainly attributed to the original anatomy of coronary arteries and the concomitant deformities.

Outcomes of One-Stage Surgical Repair for Berry Syndrome in Neonates.

BACKGROUND: Berry syndrome is a challenging disease for surgeons to make early diagnosis and successful surgical correction in the neonatal period. Here, we summarized the clinical features of three neonates with berry syndrome in our center to optimize the therapeutic effect in the future. METHODS: From January 2014 to December 2019, three neonates with berry syndrome underwent one-stage surgical repair in our center. We mainly used two different surgical techniques to repair it, and collected clinical data retrospectively from hospitalization history, outpatient records, and telephone follow-up. RESULTS: The age at operation was 28, 8, and 8 days and the body weight was 3.65, 3.86, and 3.0 kg, respectively. The morphology of the interrupted aortic arch (IAA) was type A in two patients and type B in one patient. The aortopulmonary window (APW) morphology was type IIa, III, and IIb, respectively. The phenotype of the IAA type B combined with APW type III in our second patient was reported for the first time so far. All patients survived and were followed up to date. The second patient using intra-aortic baffle experienced twice reoperation for right pulmonary artery (RPA) stenosis. All patients grew well so far. CONCLUSION: Once diagnosed in the neonatal period, berry syndrome can be safely corrected by one-stage surgical repair in experienced cardiac centers. Considering the variability of the location where the RPA arises from the posterior wall of the aorta, it is difficult to find the best surgical method for each patient.

Transesophageal echocardiography and fluoroscopy for percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects: A comparative study.

The aim of the study was to compare transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and fluoroscopy for percutaneous atrial septal defect (ASD) closure.This was a retrospective analysis of children who underwent percutaneous ASD closure. The procedure was guided by TEE without fluoroscopy in 130 patients (TEE group) and by fluoroscopy in 163 patients (fluoroscopy group). Baseline demographic/clinical characteristics were recorded. Patients were followed until hospital discharge. Outcomes were procedure duration, peri/postoperative complications, hospital stay, and costs.The TEE and fluoroscopy groups showed no significant differences in age (71.7 ±â€Š40.7 vs 62.5 ±â€Š38.8 months), male/female ratio (54/76 vs 66/97), weight (22.0 ±â€Š12.0 vs 20.1 ±â€Š9.0 kg), ASD diameter (9.9 ±â€Š4.2 vs 9.3 ±â€Š3.9 cm), distances to the superior vena cava (13.4 ±â€Š4.6 vs 13.3 ±â€Š4.2 cm), inferior vena cava (13.4 ±â€Š4.3 vs 13.9 ±â€Š4.1 cm) and atrial septal roof (12.1 ±â€Š4.0 vs 12.3 ±â€Š3.2 cm), or atrial septal size (38.2 ±â€Š6.2 vs 39.4 ±â€Š26.6 cm); distance to the mitral valve was greater in the TEE group (13.2 ±â€Š4.4 vs 11.3 ±â€Š3.9 cm; P < .001). The TEE and fluoroscopy groups showed no significant differences in occlusion device size (14.3 ±â€Š4.6 vs 13.8 ±â€Š4.0 cm) or sheath size (8.7 ±â€Š1.8 vs 8.7 ±â€Š0.9 cm), but procedure duration was shorter in the TEE group (21.5 ±â€Š14.6 vs 28.6 ±â€Š10.9 minutes; P < .001). Postoperative fever (>38°C) occurred less frequently in the TEE group than in the fluoroscopy group (0.8% vs 9.2%; P < .001); there were no significant differences for the other complications. No patient had postoperative residual shunt, occlusion device shedding/displacement, or pericardial effusion. The TEE group had longer hospital stay (3.2 ±â€Š0.6 vs 2.9 ±â€Š0.6 days; P < .001) and higher procedure cost (29,687 ±â€Š4218 vs 28,530 ±â€Š1668 CNY (China Yuan); P = .002) than the fluoroscopy group.TEE-guided percutaneous ASD closure can be used as an alternative to fluoroscopy-guided procedures and avoids the use of radiation or contrast agents.

[Efficacy of percutaneous atrial septal defect closure guided by transesophageal echocardiography in children].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of percutaneous atrial septal defect (ASD) closure guided by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) or guided by fluoroscopy in pediatric patients. METHODS: Medical records of patients who underwent percutaneous ASD closure in the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine from January 2017 to March 2018 were reviewed. There were 120 patients whose procedures were guided by TEE (TEE group), and 125 patients who had their procedures guided by fluoroscopy (fluoroscopy group). The performance of surgery, efficacy and postoperative complications were compared between two groups. RESULTS: Percutaneous ASD closure was successful in all patients. The operation time was shorter in the TEE group than that in fluoroscopy group[(20±14) min vs. (29±11) min, t=-7.939, P<0.05]. The size of the defect was larger in the TEE group than that of fluoroscopy group[(11±4) mm vs. (9±4) mm, t=2.512, P<0.05], but there was no significant difference in the sizes of occluder and occluder sheath between two groups (all P>0.05). No residual shunt, occluder shedding or displacement, severe arrhythmia or pericardial effusion were observed in either group. The incidence rates of fever, cough and diarrhea were not statistically different between two groups (all P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference in the outcome of percutaneous ASD closure guided by TEE or by fluoroscopy, but the procedure guided by TEE may reduce the operation time and can evaluate the size of ASD more accurately without involving radiation exposure, contrast agents use and large digital subtraction equipment.

Non-fluoroscopic percutaneous transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects in children under transesophageal echocardiographic guidance.

BACKGROUND: This study sought to investigate the feasibility, safety and effectiveness of transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects (ASDs) under the guidance of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in children. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of patients who underwent percutaneous ASD closure at our center from August 2016 to December 2017. For a total of 88 patients who were identified as having a single-hole defect and were undergoing percutaneous transcatheter ASD closure, a procedure completely guided by TEE was performed. There were 31 male patients and 57 female patients. The patients' mean age was 60.09 ± 36.42 months (13-182 months), and their mean body weight was 20.16 ± 10.04 kg (9-77 kg). Patients were followed up by performing transthoracic echocardiography and obtaining chest X-rays and electrocardiograms. RESULTS: The transcatheter closure of ASDs was successful in all patients. The mean ASD size was 11.58 ± 5.31 mm (3-28 mm), and the mean size of the occlusion device was 16.07 ± 5.29 mm (6-36 mm). The mean procedural times were 13.33 ± 2.82 minutes (6-16 minutes). The mean hospitalization costs were 27,259.66 ± 2507.04 RMB (25,200.00-33,911.45 RMB). The mean postoperative hospital stay was 3.22 ± 0.53 days (3-5 days). Residual shunt, occlusion device shedding or displacement, and pericardial effusion were not observed during or after the operation. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous transcatheter ASD closure completely guided by TEE is a feasible, safe, non-invasive and easy procedure.

Plasma levels of alarmin HNPs 1-3 associate with lung dysfunction after cardiac surgery in children.

BACKGROUND: Early onset of lung injury is considerable common after cardiac surgery and is associated with increasing in morbidity and mortality, but current clinical predictors for the occurrence of this complication always have limited positive warning value. This study aimed to evaluate whether elevated plasma levels of human neutrophil peptides (HNPs) 1-3 herald impaired lung function in infants and young children after cardiac surgery necessitating cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). METHODS: Consecutive children younger than 3 years old who underwent cardiac surgery were prospectively enrolled. Plasma concentrations of HNPs 1-3 and inflammatory cytokines were measured before, and immediately after CPB, as well as at 1 h, 12 h, and 24 h after CPB. RESULTS: Thirty patients were enrolled, 18 (60%) of whom were infants. Plasma levels of HNPs 1-3 and the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) significantly increased immediately after CPB (P < 0.001), while IL-8 increased 1 h after the CPB operation (P = 0.002). The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels were also significantly elevated immediately after CPB compared with the baseline (P < 0.001). The stepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed that the plasma HNPs 1-3 levels immediately after CPB was independent correlated with the declined lung function, as reflected by the PaO2/FiO2 ratio on the first 2 days after operation (for the first day: OR, -1.067, 95% CI, -0.548 to -1.574; P < 0.001; for the second day: OR, -0.667, 95% CI, -0.183 to -1.148; P = 0.009) and prolonged mechanical ventilation time (OR, 0.039, 95% CI, 0.005 to 0.056; P = 0.011). Plasma levels of HNPs 1-3 and IL-10 returned to the baseline values, while IL-6 and IL-8 levels remained significantly higher than baseline 24 h after CPB (P ≤ 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated HNPs 1-3 levels immediately after CPB correlate with impaired lung function, and HNPs 1-3 could serve as a quantifiable early alarmin biomarker for onset of lung injury in infants and young children undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB.

Doubly committed ventricular septal defect closure using eccentric occluder via ultraminimal incision.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the safety, feasibility and availability of doubly committed ventricular septal defect (DCVSD) closure via an ultraminimal intercostal incision under the guidance of transoesophageal echocardiography in children. METHODS: From August 2014 to August 2016, 35 children with DCVSDs (≤5 mm in diameter) were enrolled in this study. A left parasternal ultraminimal intercostal incision (≤1 cm) and a pericardium hanging technique were employed without sternal incision. DCVSDs were closed through a short delivery sheath assembled with an eccentric occluder device. Transoesophageal echocardiography was used to guide and monitor the entire procedure. All patients were followed up. RESULTS: All 35 children had complete closures with an operation success rate of 100%. The average size of DCVSDs was 3.50 ± 0.79 (range 2.2-5.0) mm, and the average device size was 5 ± 2 (range 4-9) mm. The average operation duration was 45.42 ± 11.77 (range 25-70) min, and the average hospital stay was 8 ± 2 (range 7-16) days. The median follow-up period was 17 months (range 6 months-2.5 years). Pre-existing aortic regurgitation disappeared after surgery in 1 patient and remained the same in 4 patients. No other complications were found during the operation or during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Under transoesophageal echocardiography guidance, DCVSD closure using an eccentric occluder via an ultraminimal intercostal incision is feasible, safe and effective in children. The use of this approach is recommended.

Reconstruction of a new pulmonary artery in arterial switch operation.

BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to evaluate the new method for the reconstruction of the pulmonary artery in arterial switch operation (ASO). METHODS: A total of 108 consecutive infants with congenital heart disease were treated with ASO in our department between January 2004 and June 2012. The new pulmonary arterial root was reconstructed with a fresh autologuos pericardium which was clipped pants-like with continuous mattress suture of 6-0 Prolene thread. Patients were reexamined consecutively at 3 and 6 months and 1, 2 and 6 years after discharge. The pulmonary arterial blood velocity was measured by continuous Doppler during systole. The pulmonary flow of healthy children of same age was also measured in the control group. Simplified Bernoulli formula was used to calculate the pressure gradient via the pulmonary artery for determining whether there was pulmonary stenosis. RESULTS: In this series, 96 infants survived after the surgery and 88 were followed up with a mean peirod of (22±4) months. No pulmonary stenosis was detected with the simplified Bernoulli formula. CONCLUSION: No pulmonary stenosis was detected with the simplified Bernoulli formula.

Retrospective cohort analysis of a single dose of aprotinin use in children undergoing cardiac surgery: a single-center experience.

OBJECTIVES: The great difference in side effects of aprotinin was noted in adult and pediatric fields in recent reports because aprotinin was suspended for safety reasons. The aim of this study is to describe associations between aprotinin using and red blood cells transfusion, renal injury, and mortality in pediatric with cardiac surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed a cohort of 507 consecutive children who received a single dose of aprotinin (March-November 2007 before the FDA's decision for withdrawal of aprotinin) and a cohort of 494 consecutive children who did not receive aprotinin or other antifibrinolytic drugs (December 2007-August 2008). RESULTS: The two groups' demographics were assessed by the Aristotle basic complexity (ABC) propensity score. Postoperative blood loss was significantly reduced in the aprotinin group [P < 0.001, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.00-0.00], but postoperative red blood cell transfusion was not different between two groups (P = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.393-0.412). No statistical significant differences were noted in postoperative dialysis [0.39% vs. 0.40%, P = 0.98, OR: 0.974, 95% CI: 0.137-6.944] and intra-hospital mortality (2.37% vs. 1.82%, P: 0.547, OR:1.306, 95% CI: 0.546-3.129)) and reoperations for bleeding, thrombotic, and respiratory morbidity between two groups; however, the aprotinin group had temporarily a higher rate of 1.5-fold increased creatinine (class R) in the first postoperative 72 h (22.95% vs. 13.93%, P < 0.001, OR: 1.840, 95% CI: 1.323-2.560), a longer duration of mechanical intubation [6.50 (4.50-24.00) h vs. 6.00 (4.50-22.00) h, P = 0.004, 95% CI: 0.002-0.005] and a 0.55% increased clinical mortality (although not statistically significant). More complex surgery had a higher rate of the increased creatinine (class R) in the first postoperative 72 h (ABC level 3 + 4 vs. level 1 + 2, P = 0.017, OR: 0.599, 95% CI: 0.392-0.915). The multivariate analysis showed that age (<1 year), CPB >100 min, and the larger amount of transfusion (≥14 ml·kg(-1) ) were also important risk factors for the postoperative renal dysfunction (class R). CONCLUSIONS: Except reducing postoperative bleeding, we did not find other benefits of aprotinin. However, much higher postoperative creatinine levels, longer duration of mechanical ventilation, not less postoperative RBCs transfusion, and a 0.55% increased clinical mortality (although not statistically significant) were found in the aprotinin populations.

Plasma sRAGE enables prediction of acute lung injury after cardiac surgery in children.

INTRODUCTION: Acute lung injury (ALI) after cardiac surgery is associated with a high postoperative morbidity and mortality, but few predictors are known for the occurrence of the complication. This study evaluated whether elevated plasma levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) and S100A12 reflected impaired lung function in infants and young children after cardiac surgery necessitating cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). METHODS: Consecutive children younger than 3 years after cardiac surgery were prospectively enrolled and assigned to ALI and non-ALI groups, according to the American-European Consensus Criteria. Plasma concentrations of sRAGE and S100A12 were measured at baseline, before, and immediately after CPB, as well as 1 hour, 12 hours, and 24 hours after operation. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients were enrolled and 16 (27.6%) developed postoperative ALI. Plasma sRAGE and S100A12 levels increased immediately after CPB and remained significantly higher in the ALI group even 24 hour after operation (P < 0.01). In addition, a one-way MANOVA revealed that the overall sRAGE and S100A12 levels were higher in the ALI group than in the non-ALI group immediately after CPB (P < 0.001). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the plasma sRAGE level immediately after CPB was an independent predictor for postoperative ALI (OR, 1.088; 95% CI, 1.011 to 1.171; P = 0.025). Increased sRAGE and S100A12 levels immediately after CPB were significantly correlated with a lower PaO2/FiO2 ratio (P < 0.01) and higher radiographic lung-injury score (P < 0.01), as well as longer mechanical ventilation time (sRAGEN: r = 0.405; P = 0.002; S100A12N: r = 0.322; P = 0.014), longer surgical intensive care unit stay (sRAGEN: r = 0.421; P = 0.001; S100A12N: r = 0.365; P = 0.005) and hospital stay (sRAGEN: r = 0.329; P = 0.012; S100A12N: r = 0.471; P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated sRAGE and S100A12 levels correlate with impaired lung function, and sRAGE is a useful early biomarker of ALI in infants and young children undergoing cardiac surgery.

Factors associated with prolonged recovery after the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries in infants.

This study aimed specifically to identify the predictors of prolonged recovery after the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries in infants. The clinical records of all infants admitted to the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) between January 2000 and March 2011 after an arterial switch operation were retrospectively reviewed. The cohort was divided into a prolonged recovery group that included all patients who exceeded the 75th percentile for duration of SICU stay and a standard recovery group that included all the remaining patients. Of the 102 patients in the final analysis, 31 experienced prolonged recovery. The median SICU stay was 18 days (range, 14-58 days) for the patients in the prolonged recovery group and only 8 days (range, 5-13 days) for the patients in the standard recovery group. After univariate analysis, a stepwise logistic regression model analysis was used to compare the demographic data as well as the pre-, intra-, and postoperative variables between the two groups. Of all the variables analyzed, high postbypass serum lactate level [odds ratio (OR), 2.610; 95 % confidence interval (CI), 1.464-4.653; p = 0.039], need for larger volume of resuscitation fluid (OR, 3.154; 95 % CI, 1.751-5.682; p = 0.018), and noninfectious pulmonary complication (OR, 2.844; 95 % CI, 1.508-5.363; p = 0.025) were identified as independent risk factors for prolonged recovery among infants undergoing an arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries.

[Efficacy of arterial duct stenting in neonatal pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of arterial duct stenting in neonates with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum. METHODS: Eleven neonatal pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum patients received arterial duct stenting in our hospital from December 2007 to September 2010 were involved in this study. The average age was (8.20 +/- 2.90) days (ranged from 3 to 13 days). The average weight was (3.41 +/- 0.29) kg (ranged from 3.00 to 3.88 kg). The stents were selected according to digital subtracted angiography measurements. After checking for correct position by angiography, the balloon was inflated to expand the stent to desired diameter. Oxygen saturation was monitored, echocardiography was measured and stent diameter and location were observed by chest Xray. Patients were followed up at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months post procedure. RESULTS: Stents were successfully implanted in all 11 patients. The preoperative peripheral oxygen saturation was (63.27 +/- 8.47)%, while increased to (82.73 +/- 5.59)% after alprostadil application and to (86.18 +/- 3.19)% after operation (all P < 0.01). After the operation, the peripheral oxygen saturation was higher than alprostadil application (P < 0.05). The intraoperative narrowest diameter of patent ductus arteriosus was (1.69 +/- 0.37) mm, the length was (16.72 +/- 2.37) mm. The internal diameter of implant stents was 4 mm, the length was (20.18 +/- 3.40) mm. After the operation, surgical B-T shunt operation was performed in one patient due to stent shift and pulse oxygen saturation decrease. One patient died post operation with unknown reason, another patient received stent balloon dilatation due to pulse oxygen saturation decrease at 4 months after the surgery. Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum surgeries were performed in 2 patients at 5 and 7 months after stent implantation. CONCLUSION: The neonatal pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum arterial stent implantation was a feasible and effective procedure and this method could be used as preferred treatment in pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum for neonates.

[Anatomic variations and corresponding surgical techniques of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the anatomic variations of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) and its corresponding surgical techniques. METHODS: A total of 143 TAPVC subjects were hospitalized from April 1981 to July 2010. Those patients with other complex congenital heart diseases, such as transposition of great artery and single ventricle, were excluded. A pathological diagnosis was made by echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, catheterization and intra-operative findings. The specific types of TAPVC were as follows:supra-cardiac (49.7%, 71/143), cardiac (40.6%, 58/143), infra-cardiac (4.2%, 6/143) and mixed (5.6%, 8/143). The subtypes were classified by the pathway of common confluence, distribution of pulmonary vein and their orifice site. The techniques of surgical repairs included modified Warden procedure and pulmonary vein transplantation. RESULTS: The patients with supra-cardiac type were further divided into 4 subtypes according to the course of vertical veins and their orifice site: right and left veins forming a common confluence, then draining into vertical and innominate veins (n = 65); common confluence of pulmonary vein drainage into superior vena cava through a short vertical vein at the right pulmonary hilus (n = 3); right and left pulmonary veins separately draining into superior vena cava (n = 2); common confluence draining into innominate vein through a right path beside trachea (n = 1). Cardiac types were further divided into 3 subtypes: coronary sinus (n = 20), right atrium (n = 37) and right atrium & sinus (n = 1). Infra-cardiac type had no subtype. Mixed type was more complex and it was further divided into 3 subtypes: bilateral & symmetrical connection (right 2 + left 2, n = 5); bilateral & asymmetrical connection (3 + 1, n = 3). Surgical repairs were performed on 135 patients. The surgical mortality of TAPVC was 5.9% (8/135). And there was no late death. The major causes of death were pulmonary infection and low cardiac output syndrome. CONCLUSION: A detailed classification of TAPVC is of great importance for surgical approaches and methodological designs. And an individualized surgical plan yields excellent patient outcomes.