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The paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PVT) is a key nucleus involved in wakefulness. PVT plays an important role in normal sleep-wake regulation, but its role may vary during anesthesia depending on the stage of anesthesia. This article will review the role of PVT in sleep and anesthesia based on its wakefulness function neural pathways.
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Objective:To evaluate the effect of orexin A on morphine-induced gastrointestinal dysfunction in mice.Methods:Forty SPF C57B/6 mice, aged 6-8 weeks, half male and half female, weighing 18-22 g, were divided into 5 groups ( n=8 each) using a random number table method: control group (group C), morphine group (group M) and morphine + different doses of orexin A groups (MOH, MOM and MOL groups). Normal saline 8 ml/kg was subcutaneously injected daily in group C, morphine 6 mg/kg was subcutaneously injected daily in the other four groups, and orexin A 75, 50 and 25 μg/kg were subcutaneously injected daily for 10 days at the same time in MOH, MOM and MOL groups.The fetal water content was calculated and averaged daily.After the last administration, the mice were gavaged with black nutrient paste, and the gastric emptying rate and small intestinal propulsion rate were detected 30 min later.Blood samples were collected from the orbit, and the concentration of serum gastrin (GAS) was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The mice were then sacrificed, and colon tissues were removed for determination of c-kit positive cell area (by immunohistochemistry) and expression of c-kit, substance P (SP) and neural nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in colon tissues (by Western blot). Results:Compared with group C, the rate of fecal water content, gastric emptying rate, small intestinal propulsion rate and serum GAS concentration were significantly decreased, the area of c-kit positive cells was decreased, and the expression of c-kit and SP was down-regulated, and the expression of nNOS was up-regulated in group M ( P<0.05). Compared with group M, the small intestinal propulsive rate and serum GAS concentration were significantly increased, and the area of c-kit positive cells was increased, and the expression of c-kit was up-regulated in group MOH, the rate of fecal water content, gastric emptying rate, small intestinal propulsion rate and serum GAS concentration were significantly increased, the area of c-kit positive cells was increased, and the expression of c-kit and SP was up-regulated, and the expression of nNOS was down-regulated in group MOM, and the serum GAS concentration and c-kit positive cell area were significantly increased in group MOL ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Orexin A 50 μg/kg can effectively alleviate the gastrointestinal dysfunction induced by morphine in mice, and the mechanism may be related to promotion of GAS secretion, interstitial cells of Cajal growth and SP release and inhibition of NO release.
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Ovarian cancer is the most malignant gynecologic malignancy. In recent years, histone modifying enzymes (HMEs) have been widely studied as an important part of epigenetic modifi-cations in ovarian cancer. Histone modifying enzymes, including histone methyltransferases and demethylases, histone acetyltransferases and deacetylases, play an important role in the prolif-eration and migration of ovarian cancer cells by modifying histone and non-histone proteins, and can regulate the development of chemoresistance. Inhibitors of various histone modifying enzymes play good anti-tumor effects in ovarian cancer by promoting cell growth arrest and apoptosis, inhibi¬ting tumor cell invasion, and increasing chemo¬therapy sensitivity, and are expected to be a new strategy for precision treatment of ovarian cancer. Therefore, this paper will review the mechanism of action and therapeutic potential of histone modifying enzymes involved in methylation and acetylation processes in ovarian cancer.
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Objective:To evaluate the role of mitochondrial calcium homeostasis in hyperoxia-induced injury to alveolar epithelial cells typeⅡ(AECⅡ) in rats.Methods:Rat AECⅡcell lines (RLE-6TN) were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n=18 each) using a random number table method: nomoxia group (group C), hyperoxia group (group H), and hyperoxia plus ruthenium red group (group HR). The cell lines were cultured in a conventional incubator for 4 h in group C. The cell lines were incubated in an incubator with 90% O 2 for 4 h in group H. In group HR, ruthenium red 2 μmol/L was added first, and then the cell lines were incubated in an incubator with 90% O 2 for 4 h. After the treatment, the Ca 2+ concentrations in mitochondria were measured using the mitochondrial Ca 2+ specific fluorescent probe Rhod-2-AM, the ROS level was measured using the fluorescent probe DCFH-DA, and the cell morphology and mitochondrial ultrastructure were observed. Results:Compared with group C, the Ca 2+ concentrations in mitochondria and ROS level were significantly increased in H and HR groups ( P<0.05). Compared with group H, the Ca 2+ concentrations in mitochondria and ROS level were significantly decreased in group HR ( P<0.05). Compared group C, the cell volume was reduced, the morphology was shrunken round, the cell arrangement was loose, the mitochondrial double-layer membrane structure was broken, and the mitochondrial cristal fragments were observed in group H. Compared with group H, the cell morphology was significantly improved, and the slight damage to mitochondrial double-layer membrane structure was found, and the structure of mitochondrial cristae was normal in group HR. Conclusion:Mitochondrial calcium homeostasis is involved in the pathophysiological process of hyperoxia-induced injury to AECⅡ in rats.
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Objective@#To evaluate the effect of deferoxamine on hyperoxic lung injury in rats.@*Methods@#Twenty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 170-230 g, were divided into 3 groups (n=8 each) using a random number table method: hyperoxia group (group H), deferoxamine group (group D) and air control group (group C). Mechanical ventilation was performed after tracheal intubation, group C inhaled air, and H and D groups inhaled 90% oxygen.Deferoxamine 50 mg·kg-1·h-1 was continuously infused via the tail vein for 4 h via the tail vein at the same time of mechanical ventilation in group D. The equal volume of normal saline was infused in H and C groups.At 4 h of mechanical ventilation, lungs were removed for examination of pathological changes of lung tissues and for determination of wet/dry weight ratio (W/D ratio) and levels of pulmonary surfactant protein C (SP-C), xanthine oxidase (XOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) in lung tissues and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.@*Results@#Compared with group C, the pathological score of lung tissues and W/D ratio were significantly increased, the levels of SP-C and GR in lung tissues and BALF were decreased, and the level of XOD in lung tissues and BALF was increased in H and D groups (P<0.05). Compared with group H, the pathological score of lung tissues and W/D ratio were significantly decreased, the levels of SP-C and GR in lung tissues and BALF were increased, and the level of XOD in lung tissues and BALF was decreased in group D (P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Deferoxamine can inhibit oxidative stress response and alleviate hyperoxic lung injury in rats.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of deferoxamine on hyperoxic lung injury in rats.Methods Twenty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 170-230 g,were divided into 3 groups (n=8 each) using a random number table method:hyperoxia group (group H),deferoxamine group (group D) and air control group (group C).Mechanical ventilation was performed after tracheal intubation,group C inhaled air,and H and D groups inhaled 90％ oxygen.Deferoxamine 50 mg · kg-1 · h-1 was continuously infused via the tail vein for 4 h via the tail vein at the same time of mechanical ventilation in group D.The equal volume of normal saline was infused in H and C groups.At 4 h of mechanical ventilation,lungs were removed for examination of pathological changes of lung tissues and for determination of wet/dry weight ratio (W/D ratio) and levels of pulmonary surfactant protein C (SP-C),xanthine oxidase (XOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) in lung tissues and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results Compared with group C,the pathological score of lung tissues and W/D ratio were significantly increased,the levels of SP-C and GR in lung tissues and BALF were decreased,and the level of XOD in lung tissues and BALF was increased in H and D groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group H,the pathological score of lung tissues and W/D ratio were significantly decreased,the levels of SP-C and GR in lung tissues and BALF were increased,and the level of XOD in lung tissues and BALF was decreased in group D (P＜0.05).Conclusion Deferoxamine can inhibit oxidative stress response and alleviate hyperoxic lung injury in rats.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of peiminine preconditioning on ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) in mice.Methods Thirty-two clean healthy male BALB/c mice,aged 9-10 weeks,weighing 20-25 g,were divided into 4 groups (n=8 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),VILI group,dexamethasone group (group D) and peiminine preconditioning group (group P).Normal saline 0.2 ml was administered by intragastric gavage for 7 days in C and VILI groups,dexamethasone 10 mg/kg was administered by intragastric gavage for 7 days in group D,and peiminine 1 mg/kg was administered by intragastric gavage for 7 days in group P.VILI model (respiratory rate 80 breaths/min,tidal volume 40 ml/kg,fraction of inspired oxygen 21％,inspiratory/expiratory ratio 1 ∶ 2,for 4 h) was established on the 7th day of intragastric administration.After the end of ventilation,blood samples were collected from hearts for determination of serum interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay),and bilateral lung tissues were obtained for examination of the pathological changes after haematoxylin and eosin staining and for determination of contents of aquaporin 1 (AQP-1) and AQP-5 in lung tissues.Results Compared with group C,the concentrations of IL-8 and TNF-α in serum were significantly increased and the contents of AQP-1 and AQP-5 in lung tissues were decreased in group VILI (P＜0.05),and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in D and P groups (P＞0.05).Compared with group VILI,the concentrations of IL-8 and TNF-α in serum were significantly decreased,the content of AQP-1 in lung tissues was increased (P＜0.05),no significant change was found in AQP-1 content (P＞0.05),and the pathological changes were significantly attenuated in D and P groups.Compared with group D,no significant change was found in concentrations of IL-8 and TNF-α in serum or contents of AQP-1 and AQP-5 in lung tissues (P＞0.05),and the pathological changes were comparable in group P.Conclusion Peiminine preconditioning can reduce VILI in mice.
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Objective To study the incidence and prevalence in the children aged 1-2 years and 1-6 years with cerebral palsy(CP) in Qinghai province,and to identify the epidemiological characteristics and control status of the children with CP.Methods A stratified cluster random sampling method was used to conduct epidemiological survey of 10 000 children in Qinghai province.Children diagnosed as CP were asked to fill in the CP questionnaires,including children's development,and the status of prevention and treatment of CP.Compared with the children diagnosed as CP,4 healthy children at the same age were asked to fill in the questionnaires related to children's development.SPSS 15.0 statistical software was used for data analysis.Results Seven children with CP were diagnosed at the aged 1-2 years,and the total incidence rate was 3.3‰(7/2 148 cases).The incidence between the urban (0) and the rural areas (12‰) (7/582 cases) was significantly different(P =0.000 1),while there was no significant difference statistically between boys (5 cases) and girls (2 cases) (P ＞ 0.05).Fifty-four children with CP were diagnosed at the age of 1-6 years,and the total prevalence rate was 5.4‰(54/10 000 cases).The prevalence between the urban (2.3‰,17/7 348 cases) and the rural areas (13.9‰,37/2 652 cases) was statistically different (x2 =49.144,P ＜ 0.01),while there was no significant difference statistically between boys (31 cases) and girls (23 cases) (P ＞ 0.05).The proportions of various types of CP were as follows:29 cases(53.70％) of spastic type,9 cases(16.67％) of hypotonia,7 cases (12.96％) of mixed type,4 cases (7.41％) of ataxia,3 cases (5.56％) of rigidity and2 cases (3.70％) of dyskinetic,respectively.Among the spastic types,there were 16 cases (55.17％)of spastic quadriplegia,6 cases (20.69％) of spastic hemiplegia,4 cases (13.79 ％) of spastic diplegia,2 cases (6.89 ％) of spastic monoplegia and 1 case (3.45％) of spastic triplegia,respectively.The top three risk factors were premature (13 cases,24.1％),hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (9 cases,16.7％) and maternal threatened abortion (8 cases,14.8％).The first three complications were mental retardation,language dysfunction and epilepsy.Conclusions The incidence and prevalence of CP in children in Qinghai province are very high,which is higher in the rural areas than that in the urban areas.The most common CP is spastic type.The main risk factors for CP are preterm labor,hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and maternal threatened abortion.Intellectual disability,speech disability and epilepsy are the most common complications of CP.Maternal and perinatal infant health care and early intervention need to be further strengthened.
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OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the dissolution determination of Pentoxyverine citrate and guaifenesin tab-lets,and to compare the difference of preparations from different manufactures. METHODS:The paddle method was used to deter-mine the dissolution,using water as medium with medium volume of 1000 mL and rotation speed of 75 r/min,sampling at 45 min. HPLC method was used to determine the accumulative dissolution of pentoxyverine citrate and guaifenesin:CAPCELL PAK C18 MGⅡ S-5 column;mobile phase of acetonitrile-triethylamine phosphoric buffer solution(pH 2.6±0.05)(33:67,V/V),flow rate of 1.0 mL/min,detection wavelength of 215 nm(pentoxyverine citrate)and 275 nm(guaifenesin),column temperature of 35 ℃,sample size of 20 μL. RESULTS:The linear range of pentoxyverine citrate and guaifenesin were 5.0916-50.9155 μg/mL(r=0.9999)and 29.9995-299.9952 μg/mL(r=0.9999),respectively. RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were all lower than 2.0%. Average recoveries were 97.90%-100.68%(RSD=0.95%,n=9)and 97.09%-101.85%(RSD=1.32%,n=9). Average accu-mulative dissolution of pentoxyverine citrate in 6 manufactures of samples were 12%,98%,66%,97%,91%,32%(n=3);those of guaifenesin were 8%,95%,68%,90%,93%,18%(n=3),respectively. CONCLUSIONS:The method is simple,ac-curate,sensitive,specific and suitable for the dissolution determination of Pentoxyverine citrate and guaifenesin tablets. The dissolu-tion of samples between different manufactures and the same manufactures different batches are quite different.
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Objective To explore the effects of dexmedetomidine on peripheral blood T lymphocyte proliferation and T lymphocyte subsets of juvenile rats with splenectomy.Methods Twenty-four healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 130-150 g,aged six weeks were enrolled in this study.Half of the rats received splenectomy to make an immunosuppressive model,then they were randomly divided into 2 groups (n=6 each): splenectomy+normal saline group (group SN) and splenectomy+dexmedetomidine group(group SD).The another half of the rats without splenectomy were randomly divided into 2 groups: normal saline group(group S) and dexmedetomidine group(group D).After one week of normal feeding,normal saline 10 ml/kg was injected intraperitoneally (ip) in groups S and SN,dexmedetomidine 50 μg/kg was injected ip in groups D and SD respectively.Two hours after the injection,blood samples were collected.MTT was utilized to examine the peripheral blood T lymphocyte proliferative capability.T lymphocyte subsets CD4+,CD8+ were determined by flow cytometry.CD4+/CD8+ was calculated.Results Compared with group S,T lymphocyte proliferative capability,the percentages CD4+,CD8+ and CD4+/CD8+ ratio were significantly decreased in group SN (P<0.05);T lymphocyte proliferative capability in group D was decreased (P<0.05),but no significant changes was found in the percentages CD4+,CD8+ and CD4+/CD8+ ratio.Compared with the group D,T lymphocyte proliferative capability,the percentages CD4+,CD8+ and CD4+/CD8+ ratio in group SD were significantly decreased (P<0.05).Compared with the group SN,T lymphocyte proliferative capability in group SD was significantly decreased (P<0.05).Conclusion Cellular immune function of juvenile rats with or without splenectomy is suppressed by dexmedetomidine,and the suppressive function is more severe in splenectomy rats than that in normal juvenile rats.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on humoral immune function in septic mice. Methods Ninety SPF healthy male BALB∕c mice, aged 1 month, weighing 18-22 g, were divided into 3 groups(n=30 each)using a random number table: sham operation group(group S), sep-sis group(group SEP)and dexmedetomidine group(group DEX). Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture in SEP and DEX groups, and group S only underwent exploratory laparotomy. Dexmedetomi-dine 30 μg∕kg was intraperitoneally injected immediately after peritoneum closure in group DEX, and the e-qual volume of normal saline was given instead in S and SEP groups. The orbital venous blood samples were collected at 6, 12 and 24 h after operation(T1-3)for determination of serum concentrations of IgG, IgA, IgM and complement C3 and C4 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Then the spleen was removed, and the proliferation of spleen B lymphocytes was detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. Results Compared with group S, the serum IgG and IgM concentrations and proliferation of spleen B lymphocytes were significantly decreased at T2,3, the proliferation of spleen B lymphocytes was enhanced at T1, the ser-um concentrations of complement C3 and C4 were increased at T1-3(P<005), and no significant change was found in serum IgA concentrations in SEP and DEX groups(P>005). Compared with group SEP, the serum concentrations of IgG and IgM were significantly increased at T2,3, the proliferation of spleen B lymphocytes was enhanced at T1,2, the serum concentrations of complement C3 and C4 were decreased at T1-3(P<005), and no significant change was observed in serum IgA concentration in group DEX(P>005). Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can improve humoral immune function in septic mice.
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Objective To evaluate the efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in preventing propofol infusion syndrome in rats.Methods Thirty pathogen-free healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 8-10 weeks,weighing 250-280 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=10 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),propofol group (group P) and coenzyme Q10 group (group CoQ10).Normal saline was infused intravenously in group C.In group P,1％ propofol in medium-and long-chain triglyceride emulsion injection was infused intravenously.In group CoQ10,CoQ10 100 mg/kg was administrated by intragastric gavage,and 1 h later propofol was infused intravenously.The infusion rate was 20mg·kg-1 ·h-1 within the first6hand40mg· kg-1 · h-1fortherest6h,and the total time was 12hin the three groups.Immediately after the start of administration (To),and at 6 and 12 h after the start of administration (T1,2),blood samples 2 ml were taken from the common carotid artery,with 0.5 ml for blood gas analysis and 1.5 ml for determination of the levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST),alanine aminotransferase (ALT),creatine kinase (CK),creatine kinase isoenzyme-MB (CK-MB),cardiac troponin Ⅰ (cTnⅠ),blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr).After blood sampling,the rats were sacrificed,and myocardial tissues were obtained for pathological examination.Results Compared with group C,the serum AST,ALT,CK,CK-MB and cTnⅠ levels were significantly increased at T1,2 (P＜0.05),no significant changes were found in serum BUN and Cr levels (P＞0.05),the pathological changes of myocardium were aggravated in P and CoQ10 groups.Compared with group P,the serum AST,ALT,CK,CK-MB and cTnⅠ levels were significantly decreased at T1,2 (P＜0.05),no significant changes were found in serum BUN and Cr levels (P＞0.05),and the pathological changes of myocardium were significantly attenuated in group CoQ10.Conclusion Coenzyme Q10 can effectively prevent the development of propofol infusion syndrome in rats.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) pretreatment at different times for heart arrest induced by bupivacaine poisoning in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>With a randomized, blind, control study, 24 SD rats were divided into a control group, a EA for 60 min (EA 60) group and a EA for 30 min (EA 30) group, 8 cases in each one. Rats in the EA 60 group and EA 30 groups were treated with EA at bilateral "Neiguan" (PC 6), "Zusanli" (ST 36) and "Fenglong" (ST 40) for 60 min and 30 min respectively. While no treatment was given in the control group. Then rats were monitored by leadⅡelectrocardiograph; catheters were inserted into the femoral vein to open the vein access and into the carotis to monitor the arterial pressure. Three hours after EA, 10 mg/kg bupivacaine was injected through femoral vein. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were automatically recorded by PowerLab system. The time points when QRS widened by 20 percent and cardiac arrest and the survival rates were observed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After the injection of bupivacaine, five rats in the EA 60 group caught cardiac arrest,while all the rats in the other two groups caught it. The survival rates were not statistically significant among the three groups (>0.05). The time of QRS widening by 20 percent in the EA 60 group was (87.4±14.8) s,which was longer than (63.6±14.2) s in the EA 30 group and (51.2±12.4) s in the control group (both<0.05). From injection of bupivacaine to cardiac arrest, the time of (375.3±23.7) s in the EA 60 group and that of (328.3±47.7)s in the EA 30 group were more than (235.5±91.5) s in the control group (both<0.05). After the injection, MAP and HR in the EA 60 group were higher than those in the EA 30 group and control group at most time points (all<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>EA pretreatment apparently decreases the vulnerability of bupivacaine-induced heart arrest, with better protective effect of 60 min pretreatment than that of 30 min.</p>
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Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of calf pulmonary surfactant for injection on respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in full term infant of cesarean section.Methods A total of 30 RDS in full term infant of cesarean section were divided into 2 groups according to family members intend.A group with 17 cases was given endotracheal drip into the calf pulmonary surfactant for injection and breath machine treatment according to the illness needs.B group with 13 cases was given the same treatment with A group except for calf pulmonary surfactant for injection.The changes of blood gas analysis before and after treatment,mechanical ventilation time,X-ray recovery time and hospital stays were compared between 2 groups.Results Arterial blood oxygen partial pressure after treatment in A,B group were (75.6±16.2),(54.8±12.4) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),and there was significant difference between 2 groups,t=3.84,P＜0.01.The incidence of cure,ventilation related lung injury and oxygen time needs,hospital stays were 16/17,1/17,(3.2±1.4) d,(7.2±1.8) d in A group,and 7/13,6/13,(5.6±2.1) d,(14.7±2.4) d in B group,and there were significant differences,P＜0.05 or ＜0.01.Conclusion Calf pulmonary surfactant for injection in treatment of RDS in full term infant of cesarean section,which is safe and effective and is worthy of promotion.
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Objective To know the understanding of acupuncture and moxibustion and learning interest of students in western medical colleges and universities;To analyze the feasibility and possibility of establishing acupuncture and moxibustion course in western medical colleges and universities. Methods A survey was made among 535 medical students in five majors from grade one to grade three in Medical School in Nanchang University:clinical specialty, anesthesiology, medical imaging, prophylactic medicine and nursing. Data were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results Among all the students, 46.2%of them did not know anything about acupuncture and moxibustion, but 97% of them were interested in learning it. 76.8% students wished to learn the acupuncture theories based on modern science and clinical research. In addition, 79.3%students chose elective course as teaching form. Compared with the freshmen and junior students, sophomores were more interested in accepting acupuncture and moxibution course, with statistical significance (P0.05). Conclusion Students of western medical colleges and universities are interested in learning acupuncture and moxibustion. The feasibility and possibility of establishing acupuncture and moxibustion course in western medical colleges and universities are affirmed.
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Through literature retrieval, the effects of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) in peri-anesthesia period are summarized. It is found out that TEAS can reduce anesthetics consumption, relieve stress reaction of surgery, stabilize patients' hemodynamics, reduce surgical complication and improve immune function and quality of recovery; besides, it has protective function on heart, brain, liver, stomach, intestines and so on. However, except certain analgesic effect, the sham TEAS and transcutaneous electrial nerve stimulation do not have other functions of TEAS. The acupoint selection and stimulation parameter of TEAS in assisting anesthesia are still needed be improved and united.
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Humans , Acupuncture Points , Anesthesia , Electric Stimulation , Hemodynamics , Transcutaneous Electric Nerve StimulationABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the effect of trimetazidine pretreatment on myocardial injury induced by propofol in rats.Methods Forty healthy Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 240-250 g,aged 2.5 months,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n =10 each):fat emulsion group (group L),propofol group (group P),and different doses of trimetazidine groups (TL and TH groups).In group L,10％ fat emulsion was infused intravenously for 12 h at a rate of 30 mg·kg-1 ·h-1.In group P,1％ propofol was infused intravenously for 12 h at a rate of 30 mg·kg-1 ·h-1.In TL and TH groups,trimetazidine 2 and 5 mg/kg were injected intravenously,respectively,and 1.5 h later propofol was infused intravenously for 12 h at a rate of 30 mg·kg-1 ·h-1.At 6 and 12 h after beginning of administration,blood samples from the internal jugular vein were taken for determination of the levels of serum creatine kinase (CK),creatine kinase isoenzyme-MB (CK-MB),lactate dehydrogenase (LDH),α-hydroxybutyric acid dehydrogenase (α-HBDH),cardiac troponin Ⅰ (cTnⅠ),triglycerides (TG),low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL).After blood sampling at 12 h after beginning of administration,myocardial specimens were obtained for microscopic examination of the pathological changes with light and electron microscope.Results Compared with group L,the serum CK,CK-MB,LDH,α-HBDH,cTnⅠ and TG levels were significantly increased,HDL was decreased,and no significant changes were found in LDL concentrations in P and TL groups,and the serum TG,HDL and LDL were increased,and no significant changes were found in the other parameters in group TH.Compared with group P,the serum CK,CK-MB,LDH,α-HBDH,and cTnⅠ levels were significantly decreased in TL and TH groups,the serum TG level was increased in TL group,and the serum TG,HDL and LDL levels were increased in TH group.Compared with group TL,the serum CK,CK-MB,LDH,α-HBDH and cTnⅠ levels were significantly decreased,and the serum TG,HDL and LDL levels were increased in group TH.Conclusion Trimetazidine pretreatment can attenuate myocardial injury induced by propofol,but it induces increase in blood lipids.
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Re-evaluation of bioequivalence of generic drugs is one of the key research focus currently. As a means to ensure consistency of the therapeutic effectiveness of drug products, clinical bioequivalence has been widely accepted as a gold standard test. In vitro dissolution testing based on the theory of the BCS is the best alternative to in vivo bioequivalence study. In this article, the conventional dissolution method and flow-through cell method were used to investigate the dissolution profiles of domestic amoxicillin capsules in different dissolution media, and the absorption behavior of the drugs with different release rates (t85% = 15-180 min) in the gastrointestinal tract was predicted by Gastro Plus. The flow-through cell method was thought better to reflect the release characteristics in vivo, and amoxicillin capsules with regard to the release rates up to 45 min (t85% = 45 min) were having a satisfied bioequivalence with the oral solution according to the C(max) and AUC. Although two different dissolution profiles of domestic amoxicillin capsules were found by flow-through cell methods, prediction results revealed that domestic capsules were probably bioequivalent to each other.
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The phenomenon of secondary ischemic brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage is more common in clinical practice.In recent years,a growing number of studies are trying to find an effective therapy to avoid the occurrence of ischemic brain injury and improve the prognosis in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.This article reviews the incidence and mechanisms of ischemic brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage.
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OBJECTIVE@#To study the expression of VEGF in sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma and its correlations with microvessel density (MVD), microlymphatic vessel density (MLVD).@*METHOD@#The expression of VEGF, MVD and MLVD in 41 cases of sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma were detected by immunohistochemical technique.@*RESULT@#In the sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma, the positive rate of VEGF was 82.9% (34/41). The over expression of VEGF was related with tumor invasion, histological grading and lymphatic metastasis (P 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#VEGF may participate in the metastasis of sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma through promoting vascularization in the tumors, but not promoting MLVD.
