Anaesthesiology and Reanimation Education in Turkey: Residents' Views.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine opinions of medical residents undergoing anaesthesia and reanimation training about equipment, programmes, applications, study conditions and shift systems at training institutions in Turkey. METHODS: A web-based survey was sent by e-mail to residents in anaesthesiology and reanimation training programmes. The survey comprised 73 questions about demographic characteristics, satisfaction, basic specialisation knowledge, anxiety and motivation. RESULTS: The study included 270 individuals. Of the residents, 82.2% willingly chose their field, whereas 66.7% stated that specialisation was necessary because of incorrect application of first-stage and GP medical services. The mean of the weekly working hours was 91.69±36.69 hours; the mean number of monthly on-call shifts was 7.49±1.99. Of the participants, 61.9% found the predicted five-year training duration long. The intensive care training duration was sufficient for 71.1% and only 26.3% found the pain management training duration sufficient. CONCLUSION: According to the results, the number of residents is insufficient, workload is heavy, working hours are long and large numbers of shifts are worked without leave afterwards. In spite of negatives and high dissatisfaction, most residents willingly chose their departments and would choose the same branches again. Participants stated that their institutions emphasised service rather than education and research, and educators were less accessible to residents due to increasing service loads.

Morbidity and mortality predictivity of nutritional assessment tools in the postoperative care unit.

The aim was to evaluate the nutritional situation of patients admitted to the Postoperative Acute Care Unit using classic methods of objective anthropometry, systemic evaluation methods, and Nutrition Risk in Critically Ill (NUTRIC) score, and to compare them as a predictor of morbidity and mortality.At admission to the postoperative care unit, patients undergoing various surgeries were assessed for the following items: Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), Nutritional Risk Index (NRI), Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS)-2002, Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), and NUTRIC score, anthropometric measurements, serum total protein, serum albumin, and lymphocyte count. Patients were monitored for postoperative complications until death or discharge. Correlation of complications with these parameters was also analyzed.A total of 152 patients were included in the study. In this study a positive correlation was determined between mortality and NRS-2002, SGA, CCI, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation , Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment, and NUTRIC score, whereas a negative correlation was determined between mortality and NRI. There was a correlation between NUTRIC score and pneumonia, development of atrial fibrillation, delirium, renal failure, inotrope use, and duration of mechanical ventilation. In our study group of postoperative patients, MNA had no predictive properties for any complication, whereas SGA had no predictive properties for any complications other than duration of hospital stay and mortality.The NUTRIC score is an important indicator of mortality and morbidity in postoperative surgical patients. NRI correlated with many postoperative complications, and though SGA and NRS were correlated with mortality, they were not correlated with the majority of complications. MNA was determined not to have any correlation with any complication, mortality, and duration of hospital stay in our patient group.

Effectiveness of sugammadex for cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Cerebral ischemia may cause permanent brain damage and behavioral dysfunction. The efficacy and mechanisms of pharmacological treatments administered immediately after cerebral damage are not fully known. Sugammadex is a licensed medication. As other cyclodextrins have not passed the necessary phase tests, trade preparations are not available, whereas sugammadex is frequently used in clinical anesthetic practice. Previous studies have not clearly described the effects of the cyclodextrin family on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) damage. The aim of this study was to determine whether sugammadex had a neuroprotective effect against transient global cerebral ischemia. Animals were assigned to control, sham-operated, S 16 and S 100 groups. Transient global cerebral ischemia was induced by 10-minute occlusion of the bilateral common carotid artery, followed by 24-hour reperfusion. At the end of the experiment, neurological behavior scoring was performed on the rats, followed by evaluation of histomorphological and biochemical measurements. Sugammadex 16 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg improved neurological outcome, which was associated with reductions in both histological and neurological scores. The hippocampus TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) and caspase results in the S 16 and S 100 treatment groups were significantly lower than those of the I/R group. Neurological scores in the treated groups were significantly higher than those of the I/R group. The study showed that treatment with 16 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg sugammadex had a neuroprotective effect in a transient global cerebral I/R rat model. However, 100 mg/kg sugammadex was more neuroprotective in rats.

[An evaluation of the psychosocial characteristics of patients admitted to a pain clinic and their relatives]. / Agri poliklinigine basvuran hastalarin ve yakinlarinin psikososyal özelliklerinin degerlendirilmesi.

OBJECTIVES: This study tested the hypothesis that as pain brings about psychosocial changes in the pain patient, it also does in those relatives dealing with and supporting the patient. In order to test the hypothesis, comparisons of psychosocial status were made among patients with chronic pain, their relatives, and a control group (individuals having no pain and no relative with a pain disorder). METHODS: The study included 270 individuals separated into 3 groups: Patients admitted to the Pain Polyclinic at Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine with chronic pain (Group CP; n=77), relatives of these patients (Group R; n=98), and individuals age- and sex-matched to the relatives as a control group (Group C; n=95). The demographic values of all individuals were recorded, and psychological evaluations performed on all participants using the SCL 90 test. RESULTS: Somatization, anxiety, depression, interindividual sensibility, psychosis, paranoia, anger and general symptom index average scores were found to be high in Group R compared to Group C. CONCLUSION: Changes in psychosocial status were observed in pain patients and their relatives when compared to the control group. The study recommends that in addition to evaluating the psychological status of pain patients in order to provide them with psychological and medical support, relatives of these patients should also be evaluated carefully and given psychological and medical support to enable necessary diagnosis and treatment.

Rectal dexmedetomidine in rats: evaluation of sedative and mucosal effects / Dexmedetomidina retal em ratos: avaliação dos efeitos sedativos e sobre a mucosa / La dexmedetomidina rectal en ratones: evaluación de los efectos sedativos y sobre la mucosa

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In this study, we investigated the anesthetic and mucosal effects of the rectal application of dexmedetomidine to rats. METHODS: Male Wistar albino rats weighing 250-300 g were divided into four groups: Group S (n = 8) was a sham group that served as a baseline for the normal basal values; Group C (n = 8) consisted of rats that received the rectal application of saline alone; Group IPDex (n = 8) included rats that received the intraperitoneal application of dexmedetomidine (100 µg kg-1); and Group RecDex (n = 8) included rats that received the rectal application of dexmedetomidine (100 µg kg-1). For the rectal drug administration, we used 22 G intravenous cannulas with the stylets removed. We administered the drugs by advancing the cannula 1 cm into the rectum, and the rectal administration volume was 1 mL for all the rats. The latency and anesthesia time (min) were measured. Two hours after rectal administration, 75 mg kg-1 ketamine was administered for intraperitoneal anesthesia in all the groups, followed by the removal of the rats' rectums to a distal distance of 3 cm via an abdominoperineal surgical procedure. We histopathologically examined and scored the rectums. RESULTS: Anesthesia was achieved in all the rats in the Group RecDex following the administration of dexmedetomidine. The onset of anesthesia in the Group RecDex was significantly later and of a shorter duration than in the Group IPDEx (p < 0.05). In the Group RecDex, the administration of dexmedetomidine induced mild-moderate losses of mucosal architecture in the colon and rectum, 2 h after rectal inoculation. CONCLUSION: Although 100 µg kg-1 dexmedetomidine administered rectally to rats achieved a significantly longer duration of anesthesia compared with the rectal administration of saline, our histopathological evaluations showed that the rectal administration of 100 µg kg-1 dexmedetomidine led to mild-moderate damage to the mucosal structure ...

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Neste estudo pesquisamos os efeitos anestésicos e sobre a mucosa da aplicação retal de dexmedetomidina em ratos. MÉTODOS: Ratos machos albinos Wistar, com 250-300 g, foram divididos em quatro grupos: Grupo S (n = 8) foi um grupo sham que serviu de parâmetro para os valores basais normais; Grupo C (n = 8) consistiu em ratos que receberam a aplicação retal apenas de soro fisiológico; Grupo IPDex (n = 8) consistiu em ratos que receberam aplicação intraperitoneal de dexmedetomidina (100 µg kg-1) e Grupo RecDex (n = 8) consistiu em ratos que receberam a aplicação retal de dexmedetomidina (100 µg kg-1). Para a administração dos fármacos por via retal, usamos cânulas intravenosas de calibre 22, com os estiletes removidos. A administração consistiu em avançar a cânula 1 cm no reto e o volume de administração retal foi de 1 mL para todos os ratos. Os tempos (min) de latência e de anestesia foram registrados. Duas horas após a administração por via retal, 75 mg kg-1 de cetamina foram administrados a todos os grupos para anestesia intraperitoneal, seguido por remoção dos retos dos ratos a uma distância 3 cm distal por meio de procedimento cirúrgico abdominoperineal. Os retos foram histopatologicamente examinados e classificados. RESULTADOS: A anestesia foi feita em todos os ratos do grupo RecDex após a administração de dexmedetomidina. O tempo de início da anestesia no Grupo RecDex foi significativamente mais longo e com uma duração mais curta do que no Grupo IPDEx (p < 0,05). No Grupo RecDex, a administração de dexmedetomidina induziu perdas leves a moderadas da arquitetura da mucosa do cólon e reto duas horas após a inoculação retal. CONCLUSÃO: Embora a administração de 100 µg kg-1 de dexmedetomidina por via retal em ratos tenha resultado em uma duração significativamente maior da anestesia, em comparação com a administração retal de soro fisiológico, nossas avaliações histopatológicas mostraram que a administração ...

JUSTIFICACIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: En este estudio investigamos los efectos anestésicos y sobre la mucosa de la aplicación rectal de la dexmedetomidina en los ratones. MÉTODOS: Ratones machos albinos Wistar, con un peso de 250-300 g, fueron divididos en 4 grupos: el grupo S (n = 8) fue un grupo simulado que sirvió de base para los valores basales normales; el grupo C(n = 8) consistió en ratones que recibieron aplicación rectal solamente de suero fisiológico; el grupo IPDex (n = 8) estaba formado por en ratones que recibieron aplicación intraperitoneal de dexmedetomidina (100 µg/kg-1); y el grupo RecDex (n = 8) consistió en ratones que recibieron la aplicación rectal de dexmedetomidina (100 µg/kg-1). Para la administración de los fármacos por vía rectal usamos cánulas intravenosas de calibre 22 sin estiletes. La administración consistió en avanzar la cánula 1 cm en el recto y el volumen de administración rectal fue de 1 mL para todos los ratones. Los tiempos (min) de latencia y de anestesia fueron registrados. Dos horas después de la administración por vía rectal, fueron administrados 75 mg/kg-1 de ketamina a todos los grupos para la anestesia intraperitoneal, seguido de la retirada de los rectos de los ratones a una distancia 3 cm distal por medio de un procedimiento quirúrgico abdominoperineal. Los rectos fueron histopatológicamente examinados y clasificados. RESULTADOS: La anestesia fue realizada en todos los ratones del grupo RecDex después de la administración de dexmedetomidina. El inicio de la anestesia en el grupo RecDex fue significativamente más tarde y con una duración más corta que en el grupo IPDEx (p < 0,05). En el grupo RecDex, la administración de dexmedetomidina indujo pérdidas leves a moderadas de la arquitectura de la mucosa del colon y del recto 2 h después de la inoculación rectal. CONCLUSIÓN: Aunque la administración de 100 µg/kg-1 de dexmedetomidina por vía rectal en ratones logra una duración significativamente más ...

Effects of various anesthesia maintenance on serum levels of selenium, copper, zinc, iron and antioxidant capacity / Efeitos da manutenção de várias anestesias sobre os níveis séricos de selênio, cobre, zinco e ferro e a capacidade antioxidante / Efectos del mantenimiento de varias anestesias sobre los niveles séricos de selenio, cobre, cinc y hierro y la capacidad antioxidante

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of sevoflurane, desflurane and propofol maintenances on serum levels of selenium, copper, zinc, iron, malondialdehyde, and glutathion peroxidase measurements, and antioxidant capacity. METHODS: 60 patients scheduled for unilateral lower extremity surgery which would be performed with tourniquet under general anesthesia were divided into three groups. Blood samples were collected to determine the baseline serum levels of selenium, copper, zinc, iron, malondialdehyde and glutathion peroxidase. Anesthesia was induced using 2-2.5 mg kg-1 propofol, 1 mg kg-1 lidocaine and 0.6 mg kg-1 rocuronium. In the maintenance of anesthesia, under carrier gas of 50:50% O2:N2O 4 L min-1, 1 MAC sevoflorane was administered to Group S and 1 MAC desflurane to Group D; and under carrier gas of 50:50% O2:air 4 L min-1 6 mg kg h-1 propofol and 1 µg kg h-1 fentanyl infusion were administered to Group P. At postoperative blood specimens were collected again. RESULTS: It was observed that only in Group S and P, levels of MDA decreased at postoperative 48th hour; levels of glutathion peroxidase increased in comparison to the baseline values. Selenium levels decreased in Group S and Group P, zinc levels decreased in Group P, and iron levels decreased in all three groups, and copper levels did not change in any groups in the postoperative period. CONCLUSION: According to the markers of malondialdehyde and glutathion peroxidase, it was concluded that maintenance of general anesthesia using propofol and sevoflurane activated the antioxidant system against oxidative stress and using desflurane had no effects on oxidative stress and antioxidant system. .

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Investigar os efeitos da manutenção de sevoflurano, desflurano e propofol sobre nos níveis séricos de selênio, cobre, zinco, ferro e malondialdeído, as mensurações de glutationa peroxidase e a capacidade antioxidante. MÉTODOS: Foram alocados em três grupos 60 pacientes agendados para cirurgia unilateral de membros inferiores, feita com torniquete sob anestesia geral. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para determinar os níveis séricos basais de selênio, cobre, zinco, ferro, malondialdeído e glutationa peroxidase. A anestesia foi induzida com 2-2,5 mg kg-1 de propofol, 1 mg kg-1 de lidocaína e 0,6 mg kg-1 de rocurônio. Na manutenção da anestesia, sob gás de transporte de 50% O2 e 50% N2O (4 L min-1), sevoflurano a 1 CAM foi administrado ao Grupo S e desflurano a 1 CAM ao Grupo D e, sob gás de transporte em mistura de 50% O2 e 50% ar (4 L min-1), 6 mg kg h-1 de propofol e 1 mg kg h-1 de fentanil foram administrados ao Grupo P. No pós-operatório, amostras de sangue foram novamente coletadas. RESULTADOS: Apenas nos grupos S e P os níveis de MDA diminuíram em 48 horas de pós-operatório; os níveis de glutationa peroxidase aumentaram em comparação com os valores basais. Os níveis de selênio diminuíram no Grupo S e no Grupo P, os níveis de zinco diminuíram no Grupo P, os níveis de ferro diminuíram em todos os grupos e não houve alteração nos níveis de cobre em nenhum grupo no período pós-operatório. CONCLUSÃO: De acordo com os marcadores de malondialdeído e glutationa peroxidase, concluímos que a manutenção da anestesia geral com propofol e sevoflurano ativou o sistema antioxidante contra o estresse oxidativo e o uso de desflurano não teve efeitos sobre o estresse oxidativo e o sistema antioxidante. .

JUSTIFICACIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: Investigar los efectos del mantenimiento de sevoflurano, desflurano y propofol sobre los niveles séricos de selenio, cobre, cinc, hierro y malondialdehído, las medidas de glutatión peroxidasa y la capacidad antioxidante. MÉTODOS: Fueron ubicados en 3 grupos 60 pacientes programados para cirugía unilateral de miembros inferiores, realizada con torniquete bajo anestesia general. Fueron recogidas muestras de sangre para determinar los niveles séricos basales de selenio, cobre, cinc, hierro, malondialdehído y glutatión peroxidasa. La anestesia fue inducida con 2-2,5 mg/kg-1 de propofol, 1 mg/kg-1 de lidocaína y 0,6 mg/kg-1 de rocuronio. En el mantenimiento de la anestesia, bajo gas portador de 50% de O2 y 50% de N2O (4 L/min-1), sevoflurano a 1 CAM fue administrado al grupo S; y desflurano a 1 CAM al grupo D y bajo gas portador en mezcla de 50% O2 y 50% aire (4 L/min-1), 6 mg/kg/h-1 de propofol y 1 µg/kg/h-1 de fentanilo fueron administrados al grupo P. En el postoperatorio se recogieron de nuevo muestras de sangre. RESULTADOS: Solamente en los grupos S y P los niveles de malondialdehído disminuyeron en las 48 h del postoperatorio; los niveles de glutatión peroxidasa aumentaron en comparación con los valores basales. Los niveles de selenio disminuyeron en el grupo S y en el grupo P, los niveles de cinc disminuyeron en el grupo P, los de hierro disminuyeron en todos los grupos y no hubo alteración en los niveles de cobre en ningún grupo en el período postoperatorio. CONCLUSIÓN: De acuerdo con los marcadores de malondialdehído y glutatión peroxidasa, llegamos a la conclusión de que el mantenimiento de la anestesia general con propofol y sevoflurano activó el sistema antioxidante contra el estrés oxidativo y el uso de desflurano no tuvo efectos sobre el estrés oxidativo y el sistema antioxidante. .

Effects of smoking on venous cannulation pain: a randomized prospective trial / Efeitos do tabagismo sobre a dor durante o cateterismo venoso: um estudo prospectivo e randomizado / Efectos del tabaquismo sobre el dolor durante el cateterismo venoso: un estudio prospectivo y aleatorizado

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It has been demonstrated that smoking increases pain perception; however the effect of smoking on perception of pain during venous cannulation is not known. The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not smoking has an effect on pain perception due to peripheral venous cannulation. METHODS: 220 patients scheduled to have elective surgery were enrolled in the study and were divided into two groups (Group S and C, n = 110 for each) according to their smoking habits. Numerical rating scale was introduced to the patients and then peripheral venous cannulation at the dorsum of the hand was made with a 20 G intracath. Pain perception of the patients was scored by subsequent numerical rating scale questioning. RESULTS: The demographic characteristics of the groups were identical. Numerical rating scale scores in Group S and C were 3.31 ± 1.56 and 1.65 ± 1.23, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Pain perception due to peripheral venous cannulation is higher in smokers. Future studies on pain treatment should consider the smoking habits of patients. .

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Sabe-se que o tabagismo aumenta a percepção de dor; porém, o efeito do tabagismo sobre a percepção da dor durante o cateterismo venoso não é conhecido. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar se o tabagismo tem ou não algum efeito sobre a percepção da dor durante a punção venosa periférica. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos no estudo 220 pacientes agendados para cirurgia eletiva randomicamente alocados em dois grupos: Grupo S (n = 110) e Grupo C (n = 110), de acordo com seus hábitos tabagísticos. Os pacientes foram instruídos sobre o uso da escala numérica de classificação da dor e, em seguida, a punção venosa periférica foi feita no dorso da mão com um cateter de calibre 20G (Intracath(r)). A percepção de dor dos pacientes foi posteriormente registrada de acordo com os escores da escala numérica. RESULTADOS: As características demográficas dos grupos eram idênticas. Os escores da escala numérica de dor dos grupos S e C foram 3,31 ± 1,56 e 1,65 ± 1,23, respectivamente (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A percepção da dor por causa da punção venosa periférica é maior em fumantes. Estudos futuros sobre o tratamento da dor devem considerar os hábitos tabagísticos dos pacientes. .

JUSTIFICACIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: Se sabe que el tabaquismo aumenta la percepción de dolor; sin embargo, el efecto del tabaquismo sobre la percepción del dolor durante el cateterismo venoso no se conoce. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si el tabaquismo tiene o no algún efecto sobre la percepción del dolor durante la punción venosa periférica. MÉTODOS: Fueron incluidos en el estudio 220 pacientes programados para cirugía electiva aleatoriamente ubicados en 2 grupos: grupo S (n = 110) y grupo C (n = 110), de acuerdo con sus hábitos tabáquicos. A los pacientes se les informó sobre el uso de la escala numérica de clasificación del dolor y a continuación se realizó la punción venosa periférica en el dorso de la mano con un catéter de calibre 20 G (Intracath(r)). La percepción de dolor de los pacientes fue posteriormente registrada de acuerdo con las puntuaciones de la escala numérica. RESULTADOS: Las características demográficas de los grupos eran idénticas. Las puntuaciones de la escala numérica de dolor de los grupos S y C fueron 3,31 ± 1,56 y 1,65 ± 1,23 respectivamente (p < 0,001). CONCLUSIÓN: La percepción del dolor por punción venosa periférica es mayor en los fumadores. Estudios futuros sobre el tratamiento del dolor deben tener en cuenta los hábitos tabáquicos de los pacientes. .

[Rectal dexmedetomidine in rats: evaluation of sedative and mucosal effects]. / Dexmedetomidina retal em ratos: avaliação dos efeitos sedativos e sobre a mucosa.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In this study, we investigated the anesthetic and mucosal effects of the rectal application of dexmedetomidine to rats. METHODS: Male Wistar albino rats weighing 250-300g were divided into four groups: Group S (n=8) was a sham group that served as a baseline for the normal basal values; Group C (n=8) consisted of rats that received the rectal application of saline alone; Group IPDex (n=8) included rats that received the intraperitoneal application of dexmedetomidine (100µgkg(-1)); and Group RecDex (n=8) included rats that received the rectal application of dexmedetomidine (100µgkg(-1)). For the rectal drug administration, we used 22G intravenous cannulas with the stylets removed. We administered the drugs by advancing the cannula 1cm into the rectum, and the rectal administration volume was 1mL for all the rats. The latency and anesthesia time (min) were measured. Two hours after rectal administration, 75mgkg(-1) ketamine was administered for intraperitoneal anesthesia in all the groups, followed by the removal of the rats' rectums to a distal distance of 3cm via an abdominoperineal surgical procedure. We histopathologically examined and scored the rectums. RESULTS: Anesthesia was achieved in all the rats in the Group RecDex following the administration of dexmedetomidine. The onset of anesthesia in the Group RecDex was significantly later and of a shorter duration than in the Group IPDEx (p<0.05). In the Group RecDex, the administration of dexmedetomidine induced mild-moderate losses of mucosal architecture in the colon and rectum, 2h after rectal inoculation. CONCLUSION: Although 100µgkg(-1) dexmedetomidine administered rectally to rats achieved a significantly longer duration of anesthesia compared with the rectal administration of saline, our histopathological evaluations showed that the rectal administration of 100µgkg(-1) dexmedetomidine led to mild-moderate damage to the mucosal structure of the rectum.

[Effects of various anesthesia maintenance on serum levels of selenium, copper, zinc, iron and antioxidant capacity]. / Efeitos da manutenção de várias anestesias sobre os níveis séricos de selênio, cobre, zinco e ferro e a capacidade antioxidante.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of sevoflurane, desflurane and propofol maintenances on serum levels of selenium, copper, zinc, iron, malondialdehyde, and glutathion peroxidase measurements, and antioxidant capacity. METHODS: 60 patients scheduled for unilateral lower extremity surgery which would be performed with tourniquet under general anesthesia were divided into three groups. Blood samples were collected to determine the baseline serum levels of selenium, copper, zinc, iron, malondialdehyde and glutathion peroxidase. Anesthesia was induced using 2-2.5mgkg(-1) propofol, 1mgkg(-1) lidocaine and 0.6mgkg(-1) rocuronium. In the maintenance of anesthesia, under carrier gas of 50:50% O2:N2O 4Lmin(-1), 1 MAC sevoflorane was administered to Group S and 1 MAC desflurane to Group D; and under carrier gas of 50:50% O2:air 4Lmin(-1) 6mgkgh(-1) propofol and 1µgkgh(-1) fentanyl infusion were administered to Group P. At postoperative blood specimens were collected again. RESULTS: It was observed that only in Group S and P, levels of MDA decreased at postoperative 48th hour; levels of glutathion peroxidase increased in comparison to the baseline values. Selenium levels decreased in Group S and Group P, zinc levels decreased in Group P, and iron levels decreased in all three groups, and copper levels did not change in any groups in the postoperative period. CONCLUSION: According to the markers of malondialdehyde and glutathion peroxidase, it was concluded that maintenance of general anesthesia using propofol and sevoflurane activated the antioxidant system against oxidative stress and using desflurane had no effects on oxidative stress and antioxidant system.

[Effects of smoking on venous cannulation pain: a randomized prospective trial]. / Efeitos do tabagismo sobre a dor durante o cateterismo venoso: um estudo prospectivo e randomizado.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It has been demonstrated that smoking increases pain perception; however the effect of smoking on perception of pain during venous cannulation is not known. The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not smoking has an effect on pain perception due to peripheral venous cannulation. METHODS: 220 patients scheduled to have elective surgery were enrolled in the study and were divided into two groups (Group S and C, n=110 for each) according to their smoking habits. Numerical rating scale was introduced to the patients and then peripheral venous cannulation at the dorsum of the hand was made with a 20G intracath. Pain perception of the patients was scored by subsequent numerical rating scale questioning. RESULTS: The demographic characteristics of the groups were identical. Numerical rating scale scores in Group S and C were 3.31±1.56 and 1.65±1.23, respectively (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Pain perception due to peripheral venous cannulation is higher in smokers. Future studies on pain treatment should consider the smoking habits of patients.

Efficiency of levobupivacaine and bupivacaine for supraclavicular block: a randomized double-blind comparative study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Success rate of catheter applications is low in supraclavicular block. Thus, bupivacaine and levobupivacaine become important with their long effect time in single injection practices. In this study, we aimed to compare the effectiveness, side effects and complications of bupivacaine and levobupivacaine in supraclavicular block. METHODS: Sixty patients aged between 20 and 65, with body weight between 50 and 100 kg, in the ASA I-II-III group who were scheduled for hand, forearm and arm surgery using supraclavicular block were randomized into two groups of 30. The patients received 30 ml 0.5% bupivacaine (Group B) or 30 ml 0.5% levobupivacaine (Group L). Motor and sensory blocks were evaluated. Motor and sensory block onset times, total block durations, postoperative pain, amount of postoperative analgesic used and patient satisfaction were recorded. RESULTS: Demographic data, distribution of surgical area and hemodynamic data were similar between the two groups. Surgery, motor and sensory block durations of Group B and L patients did not vary statistically significantly. However, motor and sensory block onset times in Group B were significantly shorter than Group L (p<0.05). The mean time for first postoperative analgesic demand were 16.6 ± 8.0 h in Group B and 14.4 ± 7.3h in Group L (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: 30 ml 0.5% bupivacaine and levobupivacaine provide similar block characteristics for supraclavicular block. Bupivacaine leads to faster motor and sensory block onset compared to levobupivacaine however similar duration of postoperative analgesia.

Efficiency of levobupivacaine and bupivacaine for supraclavicular block: a randomized double-blind comparative study / Eficiência de levobupivacaína e bupivacaína para bloqueio supraclavicular: estudo comparativo, duplo-cego e randomizado / Eficiencia de la levobupivacaína y la bupivacaína para el bloqueo supraclavicular: estudio comparativo, doble ciego y aleatorizado

Background and objectives: Success rate of catheter applications is low in supraclavicular block. Thus, bupivacaine and levobupivacaine become important with their long effect time in single injection practices. In this study, we aimed to compare the effectiveness, side effects and complications of bupivacaine and levobupivacaine in supraclavicular block. Methods: Sixty patients aged between 20 and 65, with body weight between 50 and 100 kg, in the ASA I-II-III group who were scheduled for hand, forearm and arm surgery using supraclavicular block were randomized into two groups of 30. The patients received 30 ml 0.5% bupivacaine (Group B) or 30 ml 0.5% levobupivacaine (Group L). Motor and sensory blocks were evaluated. Motor and sensory block onset times, total block durations, postoperative pain, amount of postoperative analgesic used and patient satisfaction were recorded. Results: Demographic data, distribution of surgical area and hemodynamic data were similar between the two groups. Surgery, motor and sensory block durations of Group B and L patients did not vary statistically significantly. However, motor and sensory block onset times in Group B were significantly shorter than Group L (p < 0.05). The mean time for first postoperative analgesic demand were 16.6 ± 8.0 h in Group B and 14.4 ± 7.3 h in Group L (p > 0.05). Conclusion: 30 ml 0.5% bupivacaine and levobupivacaine provide similar block characteristics for supraclavicular block. Bupivacaine leads to faster motor and sensory block onset compared to levobupivacaine however similar duration of postoperative analgesia. .

Justificativa e objetivos: a taxa de sucesso de aplicações de cateter é baixa em bloqueio supraclavicular. Assim, bupivacaína e levobupivacaína tornaram-se importantes por causa do efeito de longa duração em práticas de injeção única. Neste estudo, o objetivo foi comparar a eficácia, os efeitos colaterais e as complicações de bupivacaína e levobupivacaína em bloqueio supraclavicular. Métodos: foram randomizados em grupos de 30 cada 60 pacientes, entre 20-65 anos, 50-100 kg, estado físico ASA I-II-III, programados para cirurgia de mão, antebraço e braço com bloqueio supraclavicular. Receberam 30 mL de bupivacaína a 0,5% (Grupo B) ou 30 mL de levobupivacaína a 0,5% (Grupo L). Os bloqueios sensorial e motor foram avaliados e o tempo de início dos bloqueios, a duração dos bloqueios, a dor pós-operatória, a quantidade de analgesia pós-operatória e a satisfação dos pacientes foram registrados. Resultados: os dados demográficos, a distribuição da área cirúrgica e os dados hemodinâmicos foram semelhantes entre os dois grupos. A duração da cirurgia e dos bloqueios sensorial e motor não foi estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos B e L. Contudo, os tempos de início dos bloqueios sensorial e motor do Grupo B foram significativamente menores do que os do Grupo L (p < 0,05). O tempo médio para a primeira solicitação de analgésico no pós-operatório foi de 16,6 ± 8 horas no grupo B e 14,4 ± 7,3 horas no Grupo L (p > 0,05). Conclusão: características semelhantes para o bloqueio supraclavicular são fornecidas por 30 mL de bupivacaína a 0,5% e levobupivacaína. Bupivacaína proporciona início mais rápido de bloqueio sensorial e motor em comparação ...

Justificación y objetivos: la tasa de éxito de las aplicaciones de catéter es baja en el bloqueo supraclavicular. Así, la bupivacaína y la levobupivacaína son importantes debido al efecto a largo plazo en las prácticas de inyección única. En este estudio, el objetivo fue comparar la eficacia, los efectos colaterales y las complicaciones de la bupivacaína y la levobupivacaína en el bloqueo supraclavicular. Métodos: sesenta pacientes, con edades entre 20-65 años, 50-100 kg, estado físico ASA I-II-III, programados para cirugía de mano, antebrazo y brazo con bloqueo supraclavicular, fueron aleatorizados en grupos de 30 pacientes cada uno. Los pacientes recibieron 30 mL de bupivacaína al 0,5% (grupo B) o 30 mL de levobupivacaína al 0,5% (grupo L). Se evaluaron los bloqueos sensorial y motor y se registraron los tiempos de inicio de los bloqueos, duración de los bloqueos, dolor postoperatorio, cantidad de analgesia postoperatoria y satisfacción de los pacientes. Resultados: los datos demográficos, la distribución del área quirúrgica y los datos hemodinámicos fueron similares en los 2 grupos. La duración de la cirugía y de los bloqueos sensorial y motor no fue estadísticamente diferente entre los grupos B y L. Sin embargo, los tiempos de inicio de los bloqueos sensorial y motor del grupo B fueron significativamente menores que los del grupo L (p < 0,05). El tiempo promedio para la primera solicitación de analgésico en el postoperatorio fue de 16,6 ± 8,0 h en el grupo B y 14,4 ± 7,3 h en el grupo L (p > 0,05). Conclusión: los 30 mL de bupivacaína al 0,5% y levobupivacaína suministran características de bloqueo similares para el bloqueo supraclavicular. La bupivacaína proporciona un inicio más rápido de bloqueo sensorial y motor en comparación ...

Efeitos de esmolol, lidocaína e fentanil nos intervalos dispersão da onda P, QT, QTc e respostas hemodinâmicas à intubação endotraqueal durante indução com propofol: um estudo comparativo / Effects of esmolol, lidocaine and fentanyl on P wave dispersion, QT, QTc intervals and hemodynamic responses to endotracheal intubation during propofol induction: a comparative study / Efectos del esmolol, de la lidocaína y del fentanilo en los intervalos dispersión de la onda, QT, QTc y respuestas hemodinámicas a la intubación endotraqueal durante inducción con propofol: un estudio comparativo

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Investigar o efeito de esmolol, lidocaína e fentanil na dispersão da onda P (DP), durações dos intervalos QT e QT corrigido (QTc) e as respostas hemodinâmicas à intubação endotraqueal durante a indução com propofol. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 80 pacientes adultos, estado físico ASA I ou II, idade entre 18 e 60 anos, neste estudo prospectivo, randômico e duplo-cego. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a exame eletrocardiográfico (ECG) antes da indução da anestesia. Os pacientes foram randomicamente alocados em quatro grupos iguais. O grupo controle (Grupo C) recebeu 5 mL de solução salina; o grupo esmolol (Grupo E) recebeu 0,5 mg.kg-1 de esmolol; o grupo fentanil (Grupo F) recebeu 2 µg.kg-1 de fentanil e o grupo lidocaína (Grupo L) recebeu 1,5 mg.kg-1 de lidocaína antes da indução anestésica. A anestesia foi induzida com propofol. ECG foi feito em todos os pacientes durante o primeiro e o terceiro minutos de indução, 3 minutos após a administração de relaxante muscular e 5 e 10 minutos após intubação. A DP e intervalos QT foram medidos em todos os ECGs. Os intervalos QTc foram determinados com o uso da fórmula de Bazett. Frequência cardíaca (FC) e pressão arterial média (PAM) foram registradas antes e depois da indução anestésica, imediatamente após a intubação e em 1, 3, 5, 7 e 10 minutos após a intubação. RESULTADOS: Após a intubação, a FC aumentou significativamente nos Grupos C, L e F em comparação com o grupo controle. Porém, não houve diferença significativa nos valores da FC após a intubação entre os grupos E e controle. Nos Grupos C e L, a PAM aumentou significativamente após a intubação em comparação com o grupo controle. No entanto, nos Grupos L, F e E não houve diferença significativa entre os valores da PAM após a intubação em comparação com o grupo controle. A DP foi significativamente mais longa no Grupo C após a intubação em comparação com o grupo controle. Porém, nos grupos L, F e E não houve diferença significativa entre os valores de DP após a intubação em comparação com o grupo controle. A duração do intervalo QTc foi significativamente maior nos grupos C e L após a intubação em comparação com o grupo controle. Porém, não houve diferença significativa na duração do QTc nos grupos F e E após a intubação em comparação com o grupo controle. CONCLUSÃO: Concluímos que a administração de esmolol antes da intubação previne a taquicardia, o aumento da PAM e as durações da onda P e intervalo QTc causados pela laringoscopia e intubação traqueal.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In our study we aimed to investigate the effect of esmolol, lidocaine and fentanyl on P-wave dispersion (Pwd), QT and corrected QT (QTc) durations and hemodynamic responses to endotracheal intubation during propofol induction. METHODS: A total of eighty adult patients, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status I or II aged 18 to 60 years were included in this prospective, randomised, double-blind study. All patients had control electrocardiograms (ECGs) done before anesthesia induction. The patients were randomised into four equal groups. The control group (Group C) received saline 5 mL, the esmolol group (Group E) received esmolol 0.5 mg.kg-1, the fentanyl group (Group F) received fentanyl 2 µg.kg-1 and the lidocaine group (Group L) received lidocaine 1.5 mg.kg-1 before anesthesia induction. Anesthesia was induced with intravenous propofol. ECGs for all patients were performed during the 1st and 3rd minutes of induction, 3 minutes after administration of muscle relaxant, and at 5 minutes and 10 minutes after intubation. Pwd and QT intervals were measured on all ECGs. QTc intervals were determined using the Bazett formula. Heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded before and after induction of anesthesia, immediately after intubation, and 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 minutes after intubation. RESULTS: Compared with control, HR significantly increased in Group C, Group L and Group F after intubation. However, in Group E, there was no significant difference in HR values between control and after intubation. Compared with control, MAP significantly increased in Group C and Group L after the intubation. However, in Group E and Group F, there was no significant difference in MAP values between control and after the intubation. Compared with control, Pwd significantly increased in Group C after intubation. In Group L, Group F and Group E, there was no significant difference in Pwd values between control and after the intubation. Compared with control, QTc duration significantly increased in Group C and L after the intubation. In Group F and Group E, there was no significant difference in QTc durations between control and after the intubation. CONCLUSION: We concluded that administration of esmolol before intubation prevents tachycardia and an increase in MAP, Pwd and QTc duration caused by laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Investigar el efecto del esmolol, lidocaína y fentanilo en la dispersión de la onda P (DOP), duraciones de los intervalos QT y QT corregido (QTc) y las respuestas hemodinámicas a la intubación endotraqueal durante la inducción con propofol. MÉTODOS: En este estudio prospectivo, aleatorio y doble ciego, fueron incluidos 80 pacientes adultos, con estado físico ASA I o II, y edad entre 18 y 60 años. Todos los pacientes se sometieron al examen electrocardiográfico (ECG) antes de la inducción de la anestesia. Los pacientes fueron aleatoriamente divididos en cuatro grupos iguales. El grupo control (Grupo C) recibió 5 mL de solución salina; el grupo esmolol (Grupo E) recibió 0,5 mg.kg-1 de esmolol; el grupo fentanilo (Grupo F) recibió 2 µg.kg-1 de fentanilo y el grupo lidocaína (Grupo L) recibió 1,5 mg.kg-1 de lidocaína antes de la inducción anestésica. La anestesia fue inducida con propofol. El ECG se hizo en todos los pacientes durante el primero y el tercer minuto de inducción, 3 minutos después de la administración del relajante muscular y 5 y 10 minutos después de la intubación. La DOP y los intervalos QT se midieron en todos los ECGs. Los intervalos QTc fueron determinados con el uso de la fórmula de Bazett. La frecuencia cardíaca (FC) y la presión arterial promedio (PAP) fueron registradas antes y después de la inducción anestésica, inmediatamente después de la intubación y en 1, 3, 5, 7 y 10 minutos después de la intubación. RESULTADOS: Después de la intubación, la FC aumentó significativamente en los Grupos C, L y F en comparación con el grupo control. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencia significativa en los valores de la FC después de la intubación entre los grupos E y control. En los Grupos C y L, la PAP aumentó significativamente después de la intubación en comparación con el grupo control. Sin embargo, en los Grupos L, F y E no hubo diferencia significativa entre los valores de la PAP posteriormente a la intubación en comparación con el grupo control. La DOP fue significativamente más larga en el Grupo C después de la intubación en comparación con el grupo control. No obstante, en los grupos L, F y E no hubo diferencia significativa entre los valores de DOP después de la intubación en comparación con el grupo control. La duración del intervalo QTc fue significativamente mayor en los grupos C y L después de la intubación en comparación con el grupo control. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencia significativa en la duración del QTc en los grupos F y E después de la intubación en comparación con el grupo control. CONCLUSIONES: Llegamos entonces a la conclusión, de que la administración del esmolol antes de la intubación previene la taquicardia, el aumento de la PAP y las duraciones de la onda P e intervalo QTc causados por la laringoscopia y por la intubación traqueal.

Effects of esmolol, lidocaine and fentanyl on P wave dispersion, QT, QTc intervals and hemodynamic responses to endotracheal intubation during propofol induction: a comparative study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In our study we aimed to investigate the effect of esmolol, lidocaine and fentanyl on P-wave dispersion (Pwd), QT and corrected QT (QTc) durations and hemodynamic responses to endotracheal intubation during propofol induction. METHODS: A total of eighty adult patients, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status I or II aged 18 to 60 years were included in this prospective, randomised, double-blind study. All patients had control electrocardiograms (ECGs) done before anesthesia induction. The patients were randomised into four equal groups. The control group (Group C) received saline 5mL, the esmolol group (Group E) received esmolol 0.5mg.kg(-1), the fentanyl group (Group F) received fentanyl 2µg.kg(-1) and the lidocaine group (Group L) received lidocaine 1.5mg.kg(-1) before anesthesia induction. Anesthesia was induced with intravenous propofol. ECGs for all patients were performed during the 1(st) and 3(rd) minutes of induction, 3minutes after administration of muscle relaxant, and at 5minutes and 10minutes after intubation. Pwd and QT intervals were measured on all ECGs. QTc intervals were determined using the Bazett formula. Heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded before and after induction of anesthesia, immediately after intubation, and 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10minutes after intubation. RESULTS: Compared with control, HR significantly increased in Group C, Group L and Group F after intubation. However, in Group E, there was no significant difference in HR values between control and after intubation. Compared with control, MAP significantly increased in Group C and Group L after the intubation. However, in Group E and Group F, there was no significant difference in MAP values between control and after the intubation. Compared with control, Pwd significantly increased in Group C after intubation. In Group L, Group F and Group E, there was no significant difference in Pwd values between control and after the intubation. Compared with control, QTc duration significantly increased in Group C and L after the intubation. In Group F and Group E, there was no significant difference in QTc durations between control and after the intubation. CONCLUSION: We concluded that administration of esmolol before intubation prevents tachycardia and an increase in MAP, Pwd and QTc duration caused by laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation.

The effect of levobupivacaine and bupivacaine on QT, corrected QT (Qtc), and P wave dispersions in cesarean section.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In our study we aimed to investigate the effect of bupivacaine and levobupivacaine on QT, corrected QT (QTc), and P wave dispersion durations during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. METHODS: Sixty parturients scheduled for elective cesarean section in ASA I-II risk groups were included in the study. Baseline electrocardiographic (ECG) records of the patients were obtained in the operation room. Heart rate (HR), non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and respiration rates (RR) were recorded. Venous cannulation was performed with 18G cannula and fl uid preload made with 10mL.kg(-1). Lactated Ringer solution. After fl uid preload, second ECG recordings were taken and the patients were randomly separated into two groups. Group B (n=30) received 10mg of bupivacaine and Group L (n=30) received 10mg of levobupivacaine for spinal anesthesia. ECG recordings were repeated at 1, 5 and 10minutes after spinal block. HR, NIBP, SpO2 , RR and sensory block levels were also recorded at the same time intervals. At predetermined time intervals of spinal anesthesia, P wave dispersion (Pwd), QT dispersion (QTd), and QTc dispersion (QTcd) durations were measured from ECG records. QT and QTc durations are calculated with Bazzett formula.

Efeito de levobupivacaína e bupivacaína nas dispersões da onda P, QT e QT corrigido (QTc) em cesariana / The Effect of levobupivacaine and bupivacaine on QT, corrected QT (Qtc), and P wave dispersions in cesarean section / Efecto de la levobupivacaína y la bupivacaína en las dispersiones de la onda P, QT y QT corregido (QTc) en cesárea

OBJETIVOS E JUSTIFICATIVA: Nosso estudo teve como objetivo investigar o efeito de bupivacaína e levobupivacaína na duração das dispersões do QT, QT corrigido (QTc) e da onda P durante raquianestesia em cesariana. MÉTODOS: Sessenta parturientes programadas para cesariana eletiva ASA I-II foram incluídas no estudo. Exames eletrocardiográficos (ECG) foram feitos após a entrada das pacientes na sala de operação. Frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial não invasiva (PANI), saturação periférica de oxigênio (SpO2) e frequência respiratória (RR) foram registradas. Para o acesso venoso, uma cânula de calibre 18G foi usada. A pré-carga de líquidos foi feita com solução de Ringer com lactato (10 mL.kg-1). Após a pré-carga de líquidos, um segundo exame eletrocardiográfico foi feito e as pacientes foram designadas aleatoriamente para dois grupos. O Grupo B (n = 30) recebeu 10 mg de bupivacaína e o Grupo L (n = 30) recebeu 10 mg de levobupivacaína para raquianestesia. Exames ECG foram repetidos nos minutos um, cinco e 10 após a anestesia. FC, PANI, SpO2, FR e os níveis de bloqueio sensorial também foram registrados nos mesmos intervalos de tempo. Em intervalos de tempo pré-determinados de raquianestesia, as durações da dispersão da onda P (OPd), QT (QTd) e QTc (QTcd) foram medidas a partir dos registros do ECG. As durações de QT e QTc foram calculadas com a fórmula de Bazzett. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença entre os dois grupos quanto aos níveis de bloqueio, parâmetros hemodinâmicos, OPd, QTd, QTc e QTcd. CONCLUSÃO: Levobupivacaína e bupivacaína podem ser os anestésicos de escolha para raquianestesia em grávidas com dispersões prolongadas da OPd e QTcd no período pré-operatório.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In our study we aimed to investigate the effect of bupivacaine and levobupivacaine on QT, corrected QT (QTc), and P wave dispersion durations during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. METHODS: Sixty parturients scheduled for elective cesarean section in ASA I-II risk groups were included in the study. Baseline electrocardiographic (ECG) records of the patients were obtained in the operation room. Heart rate (HR), non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and respiration rates (RR) were recorded. Venous cannulation was performed with 18G cannula and fluid preload made with 10 mL.kg-1. Lactated Ringer solution. After fluid preload, second ECG recordings were taken and the patients were randomly separated into two groups. Group B (n = 30) received 10 mg of bupivacaine and Group L (n = 30) received 10 mg of levobupivacaine for spinal anesthesia. ECG recordings were repeated at 1, 5 and 10 minutes after spinal block. HR, NIBP, SpO2 , RR and sensory block levels were also recorded at the same time intervals. At predetermined time intervals of spinal anesthesia, P wave dispersion (Pwd), QT dispersion (QTd), and QTc dispersion (QTcd) durations were measured from ECG records. QT and QTc durations are calculated with Bazzett formula. RESULTS: There was no difference between two groups according to block levels, hemodynamic parameters, Pwd, QTd, QTc and QTcd durations. CONCLUSION: Bupivacaine and levobupivacaine may be preferred in spinal anesthesia in pregnant patients who have extended Pwd and QTcd preoperatively.

OBJETIVOS Y JUSTIFICATIVA: Nuestro estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar el efecto de la bupivacaína y la levobupivacaína en la duración de las dispersiones del QT, QT corregido (QTc) y de la onda P durante la raquianestesia en cesárea. MÉTODOS: Sesenta parturientes programadas para cesárea electiva en grupos de riesgo ASA I-II fueron incluidas en el estudio. Los exámenes electrocardiográficos (ECG) se hicieron después de la entrada de las pacientes al quirófano. Se registraron la frecuencia cardíaca (FC), presión arterial no invasiva (PANI), saturación periférica de oxígeno (SpO2) y frecuencia respiratoria (RR). Para el acceso venoso, se usó una cánula de calibre 18. La precarga de líquidos fue hecha con una solución de Ringer con lactato (10 mL.kg-1). Después de la precarga de líquidos, un segundo examen electrocardiográfico se hizo y las pacientes fueron designadas aleatoriamente para dos grupos. El Grupo B (n = 30) recibió 10 mg de bupivacaína y el Grupo L (n = 30) recibió 10 mg de levobupivacaína para la raquianestesia. Los exámenes ECG se repitieron en los minutos 1, 5 y 10 después de la anestesia. FC, PANI, SpO2, FR y los niveles de bloqueo sensorial también fueron registrados en los mismos intervalos de tiempo. En intervalos de tiempo predeterminados de raquianestesia, las duraciones de la dispersión de la onda P (OPd), QT (QTd) y QTc (QTcd) fueron medidas a partir de los registros del ECG. Las duraciones de QT y QTc fueron calculadas con la fórmula de Bazzett. RESULTADOS: No hubo diferencia entre los dos grupos en cuanto a los niveles de bloqueo, parámetros hemodinámicos, OPd, QTd, QTc y QTcd. CONCLUSIONES: La levobupivacaína y la bupivacaína pueden ser los anestésicos de elección para la raquianestesia en las embarazadas con dispersiones prolongadas de la OPd y QTcd en el período preoperatorio.

Effect of ghrelin on inflammatory response in lung contusion.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of ghrelin on inflammatory response and tissue damage following trauma-induced acute lung injury. Thirty male wistar albino rats (300-400 g) were randomly assigned into three groups: control group (n = 6), lung contusion plus saline (saline-treated, n = 12), and lung contusion plus ghrelin (ghrelin-treated, n = 12). Saline- or ghrelin-treated traumatic rats were sacrificed at two time points (24 and 72 hours) after lung contusion. Blood was collected for the analysis of serum adenosine deaminase (ADA). Tissue transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-ß1) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and histopathological examination was performed on the lung tissue samples. Our results indicated that ghrelin significantly reduced morphologic damages. Serum ADA activities were significantly decreased after lung contusion and this decline started early with ghrelin treatment. TGF-ß1 and MMP-2 levels in lung tissue were elevated at 72 hours after lung contusion and treatment with ghrelin significantly increased TGF-ß1 level and reduced MMP-2 level. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that acute lung injury initiated proinflammatory responses and ghrelin administration showed an anti-inflammatory effect in lung contusion.

Dexmedetomidine did not reduce the effects of tourniquet-induced ischemia-reperfusion injury during general anesthesia.

Ischemia reperfusion injury causes the release of free oxygen radicals. Free oxygen radicals initiate the production of toxic metabolites, such as malondialdehyde (MDA), through the lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes. Following lipid peroxidation, the antioxidant enzyme system is activated against reactive oxygen species (ROS) and attempts to protect cells from oxidative damage. There is a balance between the scavenging capacity of antioxidant enzymes and ROS. Because of this balance, the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) measurement is a sensitive indicator of the overall protective effects of the antioxidants. Alpha(2) receptor agonists are effective in preventing hemodynamic reactions during extremity surgeries by preventing the release of catecholamines secondary to tourniquet application. They have also been shown to possess preventive effects in various ischemia-reperfusion injury models. In our study, we examined the effects of dexmedetomidine on tourniquet-induced ischemia-reperfusion injury in lower extremity surgeries performed under general anesthesia. The effects of dexmedetomidine were measured with serum MDA and TAC levels. We studied 60 adult American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I or II patients undergoing one-sided lower extremity surgery with tourniquet. The patients were randomly divided into two groups. Group D was administered a dexmedetomidine infusion at a rate of 0.1µg/kg/minute(-1) for 10 minutes prior to induction and then at 0.7µg/kg/hour(-1) until 10 minutes before the end of the operation. The control group (Group C) received a saline infusion of the same amount and for the same period of time. General anesthesia was induced with thiopental, fentanyl, and rocuronium and maintained with nitrous oxide and sevoflurane in both groups. Venous blood samples were obtained before the administration of the study drugs (basal) at 1 minute before tourniquet release and at 5 and 20 minutes after tourniquet release (ATR). In both groups, MDA levels decreased at 5 and 20 minutes ATR when compared with the basal values (p<0.05). TAC levels decreased at 1 and 5 minutes ATR and then returned to basal values at 20 minutes ATR (p<0.05). In reference to the prevention of lipid peroxidation in tourniquet-induced ischemia-reperfusion injury, the results from the two groups in our study showed that dexmedetomidine did not have an additional protective role during routine general anesthesia.

The effect of levobupivacaine and bupivacaine on QT, corrected QT (Qtc), and P wave dispersions in cesarean section.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In our study we aimed to investigate the effect of bupivacaine and levobupivacaine on QT, corrected QT (QTc), and P wave dispersion durations during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. METHODS: Sixty parturients scheduled for elective cesarean section in ASA I-II risk groups were included in the study. Baseline electrocardiographic (ECG) records of the patients were obtained in the operation room. Heart rate (HR), non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and respiration rates (RR) were recorded. Venous cannulation was performed with 18G cannula and fluid preload made with 10 mL.kg(-1). Lactated Ringer solution. After fluid preload, second ECG recordings were taken and the patients were randomly separated into two groups. Group B (n = 30) received 10mg of bupivacaine and Group L (n = 30) received 10mg of levobupivacaine for spinal anesthesia. ECG recordings were repeated at 1, 5 and 10 minutes after spinal block. HR, NIBP, SpO2, RR and sensory block levels were also recorded at the same time intervals. At predetermined time intervals of spinal anesthesia, P wave dispersion (Pwd), QT dispersion (QTd), and QTc dispersion (QTcd) durations were measured from ECG records. QT and QTc durations are calculated with Bazzett formula. RESULTS: There was no difference between two groups according to block levels, hemodynamic parameters, Pwd, QTd, QTc and QTcd durations. CONCLUSION: Bupivacaine and levobupivacaine may be preferred in spinal anesthesia in pregnant patients who have extended Pwd and QTcd preoperatively.