ABSTRACT
La Academia Nacional de Medicina es un espacio esencial para discutir la ciencia de la regulación en salud y posicionar su impacto en la salud y la economía. Enmarcada dentro de la función rectora de la autoridad sanitaria, la regulación en salud es la acción de proteger a la población de los peligros sanitarios involuntarios contra los cuales el individuo no puede protegerse; es una función esencial de la salud pública, componente institucional del sistema de salud y, por ende, vinculada a sus reformas y a la cobertura universal. La regulación tiene sustento en un cuerpo teórico epidemiológico, organizacional, legal, sociológico y económico. Tiene un cuerpo metodológico que sustenta su proceso en el análisis de riesgos y se traduce en normas, implementaciones, cumplimiento, monitoreo y evaluación de la regulación. Tiene una arquitectura profesional, financiera, organizacional, legal y de gobernanza. Dada su acción universal tiene un impacto generalizado en la población y un sustancial efecto económico, influyendo en al menos 17 % del comercio internacional regional. La salud a través de sus autoridades regulatorias debe ser parte del dialogo comercial internacional.The National Academy of Medicine is an essential space to discuss regulatory science in health, and to position its impact on health and economy. Framed within the stewardship role of the health authority, health regulation is the action of protecting the population against involuntary health hazards against which the individual cannot protect him/herself. It is an essential function of public health, an institutional component of the health system and, therefore, linked to its reforms and to universal coverage. Regulation has its support on an epidemiological, organizational, legal, sociological and economic theoretical body. It has a methodological body that supports its regulatory process based on risk analysis and that is translated into regulations, implementations, compliance, monitoring and evaluation of the regulation. It has a professional, financial, organizational, legal and governance architecture. Given its universal action, it has a widespread impact on the population and a substantial economic effect, influencing on at least 17% of regional international trade. Health through its regulatory authorities should be an early part of international trade discussions.
Subject(s)
Delivery of Health Care/legislation & jurisprudence , Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration , Social Control, Formal , Chronic Disease/prevention & control , Government , Humans , MexicoABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to identify the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacterial DNA in samples extracted from fresh cheeses; 95 samples of fresh cheese were obtained from municipal markets in the state of Hidalgo, in central Mexico, and were analyzed in triplicate. The exogenous control for the amplification was the mitochondrial gene for cytochrome b (cyt-b). M. tuberculosis complex DNA was detected by nested-PCR amplification of a fragment of the mpb70 gene in six samples, four of which were obtained from regions with enzootic bovine tuberculosis. These results suggest that cheeses prepared with raw milk contaminated with M. bovis are being sold and consumed by humans, which may cause tuberculosis.
Subject(s)
Cheese/microbiology , Food Contamination/analysis , Milk/microbiology , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolation & purification , Animals , Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , Cattle , Cheese/economics , Cytochromes b/genetics , Mexico , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/classification , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Tuberculosis, Bovine/microbiologyABSTRACT
Determinar niveles de bioacumulación de metales (Cd, Cr, Pb y Al) en tejidos y fluidos corporales de los habitantes de Xochitlán, Estado de Hidalgo, ha sido el objetivo de este estudio. Con vistas a realizar valoraciones de riesgo y probables daños a la salud de sus pobladores, se inició el estudio con una caracterización sociodemográfica, con pobladores de entre seis y 90 años de edad. Como criterio de exclusión se consideró: malformaciones congénitas, padecimientos inmunosupresivos y menos de cinco años de residencia en la localidad. Se presentó una pirámide poblacional invertida; de un total de 1947 habitantes, la población de entre 10 y 19 años ocupa el centro de la pirámide, que adelgaza en los extremos de la vida (5 > X > 60 años). Se ha propuesto una metodología, combinada con los lineamientos establecidos por la Agencia Para Sustancias Tóxicas y Registro de Enfermedades (ATSDR 2000) y la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de Estados Unidos (U.S. EPA 2005) y adicionando un instrumento de encuesta (anamnesis clínica) para la caracterización de individuos y poblaciones con amplio enfoque clínico. De la interrelación de concentraciones de metales en fluidos y tejidos con aspectos de riesgos ambientales, se podrá decantar un diagnóstico situacional actual, retrospectivo y una visión a futuro sobre el comportamiento de la contaminación y su impacto en factores de salud. La bioacumulación de metales evaluados estuvo presente entodos los fluidos y tejidos de los pobladores seleccionados de entre seis y 90 años de edad. Se ha encontrado relación entre estos resultados y los de estudios previos de acumulación de metales en aguas, suelos y cultivos.
To determine levels of metal bio accumulation (Cd, Cr, Pb and Al) in weaves and corporal fluids of the inhabitants of Xochitlán, Hidalgo, has been the objective of this study. With a view to realising valuations of risk and probable damages to the health of its settlers, the study with a sociodemographic characterization began, with settlers between six and 90 years of age. As exclusion criterion were considered, congenital malformations, immuno suppressive sufferings and less than five years of residence in the locality. An inverted population pyramid appeared; of a total of 1947 inhabitants, the population between 10 and 19 years occupies the center of the pyramid, that thins in the ends of the life (5> X> 60 years). A methodology, combined with the established by the ATSDR and the EPA has seted out and adding an instrument of survey (clinical anamnesis) for the characterization of individuals and populations with ample clinical approach. Of the interrelation of flowed and woven metal concentrations in, with aspects of environmental risks it will be possible to be poured off a present, retrospective situational diagnosis and a vision to future, on the behavior of the contamination and its impact in health factors. The evaluated metal bio accumulation was present in all the fluids and weaves of the settlers selected between six and 90 years of age. One has been a relation between these results and those of previous studies of metal accumulation in waters, grounds and cultures.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Middle Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Bioaccumulation , Impacts of Polution on Health , Metals/adverse effects , MexicoABSTRACT
Sanitary Microbiology is a science based on the detection of risks associated with the production, manufacture and consumption of foods and water. It has been established that environment facts determine the survival, growing and inactivation of the microorganisms. These risks are commonly associated with the presence of microbiological hazards and represent a serious problem from the Public Health viewpoint. The types of microorganisms presents in products will depend of the way they have been elaborated, transportated, stored, taking or prepared before eating. The guarantee of safety foods have impacted both to single and collective level: and also in economics. socials and sanitaries aspects. The sanitary microbiology like a science must be in context to the regional and national needs. with an important vinculation between different sectors of the society such as academy, industry and government, taking care of infrastructure and qualified personal, based on novel technology, actualized normative and making basical and applied research. The application of novel technology for the microbiological analysis of water and foods allows to show the microbial risk and also identify practices that compromise the safety of themself, with the final proposes of diminish or eliminate healthy risk due the food consumption.
Subject(s)
Food Microbiology , Public Health , ADP Ribose Transferases/genetics , Diarrhea/microbiology , Food Handling , Humans , Mexico , Salmonella/genetics , Virulence Factors/geneticsABSTRACT
In countries such as Mexico, brucellosis is still an important public health problem due to the consumption of non-pasteurized milk and dairy products, contaminated with Brucella spp. The aim of this study was to look into the survival of Brucella abortus during fermentation of milk with a yoghurt starter culture and storage at refrigeration temperature. Sterile skim milk was inoculated with B. abortus at two concentrations, 10(5) and 10(8) CFU/ml simultaneously with a yoghurt starter culture of lactic acid bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecie bulgaricus). Inoculated flasks were incubated at 42 degrees C, followed by refrigeration at 4 degrees C. Samples were taken during fermentation and during storage and viable count of B. abortus and lactic acid bacteria and pH were determined. Results showed that after 10 days of storage at 4 degrees C, B. abortus was recovered in fermented milk at a level of 10(5) CFU/ml, despite the low pH below 4.0. Therefore B. abortus is able to survive in fermented milk. This finding may imply that non-pasteurized fermented milk contaminated with Brucella abortus could be a means of transmission of these bacteria.
